and 
, without the need for chemicals addition. In turn, ROS are capable of penetrating cell walls and membranes of microorganisms, effectively inactivating them. Although multiple types of VLA photocatalysts have been used experimentally for disinfection of water, noble-metal-based photocatalysts have gained the most interest due to their surface plasma resonance (SPR) effect, which acts synergistically to increase the disinfection potential of the photocatalytic process. This paper is a review of the different types of noble-metal-based VLA photocatalysts used for water disinfection in different experimental settings, their synthesis procedures and disinfection mechanisms. It also discusses innovative approaches to overcome a major hurdle in photocatalysis, that is, the rapid recombination of the electron and hole pair, by including specific dopants into the structure of the photocatalyst.
[1] Magnusson, R. (2001) Water Technology in the Middle Ages. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
[2] Johnson, S. (2006) The Ghost Map. Riverhead Books, New York.
[3] Sedgwick, W. (1943) Principles of Sanitary Science and the Public Health. 3rd Edition, Macmillan Company, London.
[4] World Health Organization (2018) Drinking-Water.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water
[5] Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Toledano, M., Eaton, N., Fawell, J. and Elliott, P. (2000) Chlorination Disinfection Byproducts in Water and Their Association with Adverse Reproductive Outcomes: A Review. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57, 73-85.
https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.57.2.73
[6] Maeda, K., Teramura, K., Lu, D.L., Takata, T., Saito, N., Inoue, Y. and Domen, K. (2006) Photocatalyst Releasing Hydrogen from Water. Nature, 440, 295.
https://doi.org/10.1038/440295a
[7] Warren, S. and Thimsen, E. (2012) Plasmonic Solar Water Splitting. Energy, Environmental Science, 5, 5133-5146.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C1EE02875H
[8] Liu, Q., Zhou, Y., Kou, J.H., Chen, X.Y., Tian, Z.P., Gao, J., Yan, S.C. and Zou, Z.G. (2010) ChemInform Abstract: High-Yield Synthesis of Ultralong and Ultrathin Zn2GeO4 Nanoribbons toward Improved Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 into Renewable Hydrocarbon Fuel. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132, 14385-14387. https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.201104009
[9] Fujishima, A. and Honda, K. (1972) Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode. Nature, 238, 37-38.
https://doi.org/10.1038/238037a0
[10] Bard, A.J. (1979) Photoelectrochemistry and Heterogeneous Photocatalysis at Semiconductors. Journal of Photochemistry, 10, 59-75.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(79)80037-4
[11] Bard, A.J. (1980) Photoelectrochemistry. Science, 207, 139-144.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4427.139
[12] Bard, A.J. (1982) Design of Semiconductor Photo-Electrochemical Systems for Solar-Energy Conversion. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 86, 172-177.
https://doi.org/10.1021/j100391a008
[13] Kalyanasundaram, K., Gratzel, M. and Pelizzetti, E. (1986) Interfacial Electron-Transfer in Colloidal Metal and Semiconductor Dispersions and Photodecomposition of Water. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 69, 57-125.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-8545(86)85009-3
[14] Bavykin, V., Dmitry, M., Friedrich, J. and Walsh, F. (2006) Protonated Titanates and TiO2 Nanostructured Materials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Advanced Materials, 18, 2807-2824.
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200502696
[15] Yoon, P., Tehshik, A., Ischay, M. and Du, J. (2010) Visible Light Photocatalysis as a Greener Approach to Photochemical Synthesis. Nature Chemistry, 2, 527-532.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.687
[16] Wang, P., Huang, B.B., Qin, X.Y., Zhang, X.Y., Dai, Y., Wei, J.Y. and Whangbo, M.-H. (2008) Ag@AgCl: A Highly Efficient and Stable Photocatalyst Active under Visible Light. Angewandte Chemie, 47, 7931-7933.
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200802483
[17] Watanabe, K., Menzel, D., Nilius, N. and Freund, H.-J. (2006) Photochemistry on Metal Nanoparticles. Chemical Reviews, 106, 4301-4320.
https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050167g
[18] Camden, J.P., Dieringer, J.A., Zhao, J. and Van Duyne, R.P. (2008) Controlled Plasmonic Nanostructures for Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopy and Sensing. Accounts of Chemical Research, 41, 1653-1661.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800041s
[19] Stewart, M.E., Anderton, C.R., Thompson, L.B., Maria, J., Gray, S., Rogers, J.A. and Nuzzo, R.G. (2008) Nanostructured Plasmonic Sensors. Chemical Reviews, 108, 494-521.
https://doi.org/10.1021/cr068126n
[20] Kneipp, K., Kneipp, H. and Kneipp, J. (2006) Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering in Local Optical Fields of Silver and Gold Fields of Silver and Gold Nanoaggregates—From Single-Molecule Raman Spectroscopy to Ultrasensitive Probing in Live Cells. Accounts of Chemical Research, 39, 443-450.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ar050107x
[21] Ghosh, S. and Pal, T. (2007) Interparticle Coupling Effect on the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Gold Nanoparticles: From Theory to Applications. Chemical Reviews, 107, 4797-4862.
https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0680282
[22] Wang, H., Brandl, D.W., Nordlander, P. and Halas, N. (2007) Plasmonic Nanostructures: Artificial Molecules. Accounts of Chemical Research, 40, 53-62.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ar0401045
[23] Kühn, S., Håkanson, U., Rogobete, L. and Sandoghdar, V. (2006) Enhancement of Single-Molecule Fluorescence Using a Gold Nanoparticle as an Optical Nanoantenna. Physical Review Letters, 97, Article ID: 017402.
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.017402
[24] Murray, W.A. and Barnes, L.W. (2007) Plasmonic Materials. Advanced Materials, 19, 3771-3782.
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200700678
[25] Chen, H.J., Sun, Z.H., Ni, W.H., Woo, K.C., Lin, H.-Q., Sun, L.D., Yan, C.H. and Wang, J.F. (2009) Plasmon Coupling in Clusters Composed of Two-Dimensionally Ordered Gold Nanocubes. Small, 5, 2111-2119.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200900256
[26] Schmucker, A.L., Harris, N., Banholzer, M.J., Blaber, M., Osberg, K.D., Schatz, G.C. and Mirkin, C.A. (2010) Correlating Nanorod Structure with Experimentally Measured and Theoretically Predicted Surface Plasmon Resonance. ACS Nano, 4, 5453-5463.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nn101493t
[27] Oh, J., Chang, Y.W., Kim, H.J., Yoo, S., Kim, D.J., Im, S., Park, Y.J., Kim, D. and Yoo, K.-H. (2010) Carbon Nano-tube-Based Dual-Mode Biosensor for Electrical and Surface Plasmon Resonance Measurements. Nano Letters, 10, 2755-2760.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl100125a
[28] Liu, H., Wang, B., Leong, E., Yang, P., Zong, Y., Si, G.Y., Teng, J. and Maier, S. (2010) Enhanced Surface Plasmon Resonance on a Smooth Silver Film with a Seed Growth Layer. ACS Nano, 4, 3139-3146.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nn100466p
[29] Jain, P., Huang, X.H., El-Sayed, I. and El-Sayed, M. (2008) Noble Metals on the Nanoscale: Optical and Photothermal Properties and Some Applications in Imaging, Sensing, Biology, and Medicine. Accounts of Chemical Research, 41, 1578-1586.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ar7002804
[30] Skrabalak, S.E., Chen, J.Y., Sun, Y.G., Lu, X.M., Au, L., Cobley, C. and Xia, Y.N. (2008) Gold Nanocages: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Accounts of Chemical Research, 41, 1587-1595.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800018v
[31] Daniel, M.-C. and Astruc, D. (2004) Gold Nanoparticles: Assembly, Supramolecular Chemistry, Quantum-Size-Related Properties, and Applications toward Biology, Catalysis, and Nanotechnology. Chemical Reviews, 104, 293-346.
https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030698+
[32] Zhao, J., Pinchuk, A., McMahon, J.M., Li, S.Z., Ausman, L.K., Atkinson, A.L. and Schatz, G.C. (2008) Methods for Describing the Electromagnetic Properties of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles. Accounts of Chemical Research, 41, 1710-1720.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800028j
[33] Brus, L. (2008) Noble Metal Nanocrystals: Plasmon Electron Transfer Photochemistry and Single-Molecule Raman Spectroscopy. Accounts of Chemical Research, 41, 1742-1749.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800121r
[34] Wang, X.C., Yu, J.C., Yip, H.Y., Wu, L., Po, K.W. and Lai, S.Y. (2005) A Mesoporous Pt/TiO2 Nanoarchitecture with Catalytic and Photocatalytic Function. Chemistry—A European Journal, 11, 2997-3004.
https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200401248
[35] Wang, Q., Wen, Z.H. and Li, J.H. (2006) A Hybrid Supercapacitor Fabricated with a Carbon Nanotube Cathode and a TiO2-B Nanowire Anode. Advanced Functional Materials, 16, 2141-2146.
https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200500937
[36] Ibhadon, A. and Fitzpatrick, P. (2013) Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Recent Advances and Applications. Catalysts, 3, 189-218.
https://doi.org/10.3390/catal3010189
[37] Chong, M., Jin, B., Chow, C. and Saint, C. (2010) Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Water Treatment Technology: A Review. Water Research, 44, 2997-3027.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.039
[38] Masschelin, W. and Rice, R. (2002) Ultraviolet Light in Water and Wastewater Sanitation. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
[39] Li, F. and Li, X. (2002) The Enhancement of Photodegradation Efficiency Using Pt-TiO2 Catalyst. Chemosphere, 48, 1103-1111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00201-1
[40] Ni, M., Leung, M., Leung, D. and Sumathy, K. (2007) A Review and Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Water-Splitting Using TiO2 for Hydrogen Production. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11, 401-425.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.01.009
[41] Sun, Y. and Pignatello, J. (1995) Evidence for a Surface Dual Hole-Radical Mechanism in the TiO2 Photocatalytic Oxidation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid. Environmental Science & Technology, 29, 2065-2072.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es00008a028
[42] Rabani, J., Yamashita, K., Ushida, K., Stark, J. and Kira, A. (1998) Fundamental Reactions in Illuminated Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystallite Layers Studied by Pulsed Laser. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 102, 1689-1695.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp973411j
[43] Chen, Y., Yang, S., Wang, K. and Lou, L. (2005) Role of Primary Active Species and TiO2 Surface Characteristic in UV-Illuminated Photodegradation of Acid Orange 7. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 172, 47-54.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.11.006
[44] Turchi, C. and Ollis, D. (1990) Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic-Water Contaminants-Mechanisms Involving Hydroxyl Radical Attack. Journal of Catalysis, 122, 178-192.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(90)90269-P
[45] Sakai, H., Baba, R., Hashimoto, K., Fujishima, A. and Heller, A. (1995) Local Detection of Photoelectrochemically Produced H2O2 with a Wired Horseradish-Peroxidase Microsensor. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 99, 11896-11900.
https://doi.org/10.1021/j100031a017
[46] Kikuchi, Y., Sunada, K., Iyoda, T., Hashimoto, K. and Fujishima, A. (1997) Photocatalytic Bactericidal Effect of TiO2 Thin Films: Dynamic View of the Active Oxygen Species Responsible for the Effect. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 106, 51-56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(97)00038-5
[47] Ranjit, K., Willner, I., Bossmann, S. and Braun, A. (2001) Lanthanide Oxide-Doped Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts: Novel Photocatalysts for the Enhanced Degradation of p-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid. Environmental Science & Technology, 35, 1544-1549.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es001613e
[48] Cho, M., Chung, H., Choi, W. and Yoon, J. (2004) Linear Correlation between Inactivation of E. coli and OH Radical Concentration in TiO2 Photocatalytic Disinfection. Water Research, 38, 1069-1077.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.029
[49] Rincon, A. and Pulgarin, C. (2004) Effect of pH, Inorganic Ions, Organic Matter and H2O2 on E. coli K12 Photocatalytic Inactivation by TiO2-Implications in Solar Water Disinfection. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 51, 283-302.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.03.007
[50] Serpone, N. (2006) Is the Band Gap of Pristine TiO2 Narrowed by Anion-and Cation-Doping of Titanium Dioxide in Second-Generation Photocatalysts? The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110, 24287-24293.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp065659r
[51] Sunada, K., Kikuchi, Y., Hashimoto, K. and Fujishima, A. (1998) Bactericidal and Detoxification Effects of TiO2 Thin Film Photocatalysts. Environmental Science & Technology, 32, 726-728.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es970860o
[52] Booshehri, A., Goh, S., Hong, J., Jiang, R. and Xu, R. (2014) Effect of Depositing Silver Nanoparticles on BiVO4 in Enhancing Visible Light Photocatalytic Inactivation of Bacteria in Water. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2, 6209-6217.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TA15392D
[53] Wang, P., Huang, B.B., Dai, Y. and Whangbo, M.-H. (2012) Plasmonic Photocatalysts: Harvesting Visible Light with Noble Metal Nanoparticles. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics: PCCP, 14, 9813-9825.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp40823f
[54] Gordon, R., Sinton, D., Kavanagh, K.L. and Brolo, A. (2008) A New Generation of Sensors Based on Extraordinary Optical Transmission. Accounts of Chemical Research, 41, 1049-1057.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800074d
[55] Kelly, K.L., Coronado, E., Zhao, L.L. and Schatz, G.C. (2003) The Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size Shape and Dielectric Environment. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107, 668-677.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp026731y
[56] Eustis, S. and El-Sayed, M. (2006) Why Gold Nanoparticles Are More Precious than Pretty Gold: Noble Metal Surface Plasmon Resonance and Its Enhancement of the Radiative and Nonradiative Properties of Nanocrystals of Different Shapes. Chemical Society Reviews, 35, 209-217.
https://doi.org/10.1039/B514191E
[57] Atwater, H. and Polman, A. (2010) Plasmonics for Improved Photovoltaic Devices. Nature Materials, 9, 865.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2866
[58] Chen, X., Zheng, Z., Ke, X., Jaatinen, E., Xie, T., Wang, D., Guo, C., Zhao, J. and Zhu, H. (2010) Supported Silver Nanoparticles as Photocatalysts under Ultraviolet and Visible Light Irradiation. Green Chemistry, 12, 414-419.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b921696k
[59] Bohren, C. and Huffman, D. (1983) Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. Wiley, New York, 290-291.
[60] Barnes, W.L., Dereux, A. and Ebbesen, T.W. (2003) Surface Plasmon Subwavelength Optics. Nature, 424, 824-830.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01937
[61] Kreibig, U. (1995) Optical Properties of Metal Clusters. Springer, Berlin, 25.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09109-8
[62] Kochuveedu, S., Jang, Y. and Kim, D. (2013) A Study on the Mechanism for the Interaction of Light with Noble Metal-Metal Oxide Semiconductor Nanostructures for Various Photophysical Applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 42, 8467-8493.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60043b
[63] Sarina, S., Waclawik, E.R. and Zhu, H. (2013) ChemInform Abstract: Photocatalysis on Supported Gold and Silver Nanoparticles under Ultraviolet and Visible Light Irradiation. Green Chemistry, 15, 1814-1833.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc40450a
[64] Tian, Y. and Tatsuma, T. (2005) Mechanisms and Applications of Plasmon-Induced Charge Separation at TiO2 Films Loaded with Gold Nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 7632-7637.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja042192u
[65] Yu, K., Tian, Y. and Tatsuma, T. (2006) Size Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on Plasmon-Induced Photocurrents of Gold-TiO2 Nanocomposites. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics: PCCP, 8, 5417-5420.
https://doi.org/10.1039/B610720F
[66] Furube, A., Du, L., Hara, K., Katoh, R. and Tachiya, M. (2008) Ultrafast Plasmon-Induced Electron Transfer from Gold Nanodots into TiO2 Nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129, 14852-14853.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja076134v
[67] Zaleska, A. (2008) Doped-TiO2: A Review. Recent Patents on Engineering, 2, 157-164.
https://doi.org/10.2174/187221208786306289
[68] Kowalska, E., Remita, H., Colbeau-Justin, C., Jan, H. and Belloni, J. (2008) Modification of Titanium Dioxide with Platinum Ions and Clusters: Application in Photocatalysis. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112, 1124-1131.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp077466p
[69] Wu, X.-F., Song, H.-Y., Yoon, J.-M., Yu, Y.-T. and Chen, Y.-F. (2009) Synthesis of Core-Shell Au@TiO2 Nanoparticles with Truncated Wedge-Shaped Morphology and Their Photocatalytic Properties. Langmuir, 25, 6438-6447.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la900035a
[70] Ma, J., Xiong, Z., Waite, T., Ng, W. and Zhao, X. (2011) Enhanced Inactivation of Bacteria with Silver-Modified Mesoporous TiO2 under Weak Ultraviolet: Irradiation. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 144, 97-104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.03.040
[71] Wang, X., Tang, Y., Chen, Z. and Lim, T. (2012) Highly Stable Heterostructure Ag-AgBr/TiO2 Composite: A Bifunctional Visible-Light Active Photocatalyst for Destruction of Ibuprofen and Bacteria. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22, 23149-23158.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm35503e
[72] Tsukamoto, D., Shiraishi, Y., Sugano, Y., Ichikawa, S., Tanaka, S. and Hirai, T. (2012) Gold Nanoparticles Located at the Interface of Anatase/Rutile TiO2 Particles as Active Plasmonic Photocatalysts for Aerobic Oxidation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134, 6309-6315.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja2120647
[73] Zheng, Z.F., Teo, J., Chen, X., Liu, H.W., Yuan, Y., Waclawik, E.R., Zhong, Z.Y. and Zhu, H. (2009) Correlation of the Catalytic Activity for Oxidation Taking Place on Various TiO2 Surfaces with Surface OFF Groups and Surface Oxygen Vacancies. Chemistry, 16, 1202-1211.
https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200901601
[74] Awazu, K., Fujimaki, M., Rockstuhl, C., Tominaga, J., Murakami, H., Ohki, Y., Yoshida, N. and Watanabe, T. (2008) A Plasmonic Photocatalyst Consisting of Silver Nanoparticles Embedded in Titanium Dioxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130, 1676-1680.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja076503n
[75] Hu, C., Hu, X., Wang, L., Qu, J. and Wang, A. (2006) Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Azodyes in Aqueous AgI/TiO2 Dispersion. Environmental Science Technology, 40, 7903-7907.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es061599r
[76] Henle, J., Simon, P., Frenzel, A., Scholz, S. and Kaskel, S. (2007) Nanosized BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) Particles Synthesized in Reverse Microemulsions. Chemistry of Materials, 19, 366-373.
https://doi.org/10.1021/cm061671k
[77] Zhang, X., Ai, Z., Jia, F. and Zhang, L. (2008) Generalized One-Pot Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of Hierarchical BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) Nanoplate Microspheres. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112, 747-753.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp077471t
[78] Xia, J., Yin, S., Li, H., Xu, H., Yan, Y. and Zhang, Q. (2010) Self-Assembly and Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties of BiOI Hollow Microspheres via a Reactable Ionic Liquid. Langmuir, 27, 1200-1206.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la104054r
[79] Li, Y., Wang, J., Yao, H., Dang, L. and Li, Z. (2011) Efficient Decomposition of Organic Compounds and Reaction Mechanism with BiOI Photocatalyst under Visible Light Irradiation. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 334, 116-122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2010.11.005
[80] Zhang, L.S., Wong, K.-H., Yip, H.-Y., Hu, C., Yu, J.C., Chan, C.-Y. and Wong, P.-K. (2010) Effective Photocatalytic Disinfection of E. coli K-12 Using AgBr-Ag-Bi2WO6 Nanojunction System Irradiated by Visible Light: The Role of Diffusing Hydroxyl Radicals. Environmental Science Technology, 44, 1392-1398.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es903087w
[81] Yu, C., Yu, J.C., Fan, C., Wen, H. and Hu, S. (2010) Synthesis and Characterization of Pt/BiOI Nanoplate Catalyst with Enhanced Activity under Visible Light Irradiation. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 166, 213-219.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2009.11.029
[82] Bi, Y., Ouyang, S., Cao, J., et al. (2011) Facile Synthesis of Rhombic Dodecahedral AgX/Ag3PO4 (X = Cl, Br, I) Heterocrystals with Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties and Stabilities. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 13, 10071-10075.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp20488b
[83] Tong, Z.W., Yang, D., Sun, Y.Y., et al. (2015) In Situ Fabrication of Ag3PO4/TiO2 Nanotube Heterojunctions with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17, 12199-12206.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP05851H
[84] Li, Y., Zhang, W., Niu, J.F. and Chen, Y.S. (2012) Mechanism of Photogenerated Reactive Oxygen Species and Correlation with the Antibacterial Properties of Engineered Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles. ACS Nano, 6, 5164-5173.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nn300934k
[85] Zhu, L.F., He, C., Huang, Y.L., Chen, Z.H., Xia, D., Su, M.H., Xiong, Y., Li, S.Y. and Shu, D. (2011) Enhanced Photocatalytic Disinfection of E. coli 8099 Using Ag/BiOI Composite under Visible Light Irradiation. Separation and Purification Technology, 91, 59-66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.10.026
[86] Huang, T.-Y., Chen, Y.-J., Lai, C.-Y. and Lin, Y.-W. (2015) Synthesis, Characterization, Enhanced Sunlight Photocatalytic Properties, and Stability of Ag/Ag3PO4 Nanostructure-Sensitized BiPO4. RSC Advances, 5, 43854-43862.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA07101A
[87] Ren, J.W., Wang, W., Sun, S., Zhang, L. and Chang, J. (2009) Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Bi2WO6 Loaded with Ag Nanoparticles under Visible Light Irradiation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 92, 50-55.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.07.022
[88] Liu, H., Li, D.R., Yang, X.L. and Li, H.F. (2018) Fabrication and Characterization of Ag3PO4/TiO2 Heterostructure with Improved Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity for the Degradation of Methyl Orange and Sterilization of E. coli. Materials Technology, 34, 192-203.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2018.1545391
[89] Hu, X.X., Hu, C., Peng, T.W., Zhou, X.F. and Qu, J.H. (2010) Plasmon-Induced Inactivation of Enteric Pathogenic Microorganisms with Ag-AgI/Al2O3 under Visible-Light Irradiation. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 7058-7062.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es1012577
[90] Lan, Y.Q., Hu, C., Hu, X.X. and Qu, J.H. (2007) Efficient Destruction of Pathogenic Bacteria with AgBr/TiO2 under Visible Light Irradiation. Applied Catalysis B—Environmental, 73, 354-360.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.01.004
[91] Yang, X.F., Qin, J.L., Jiang, Y., Li, R., Li, Y. and Tang, H. (2014) Bifunctional TiO2/Ag3PO4/Graphene Composites with Superior Visible Light Photocatalytic Performance and Synergistic Inactivation of Bacteria. RSC Advances, 4, 18627-18636.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA01559B
[92] Liang, Q.H., Shi, Y., Ma, W.J., Li, Z. and Yang, X.M. (2012) Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity and Structural Stability by Hybridizing Ag3PO4 Nanospheres with Graphene Oxide Sheets. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics: PCCP, 14, 10.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp42465g
[93] Sheu, F.-J., Cho, C.-P., Liao, Y.-T. and Yu, C.-T. (2018) Ag3PO4-TiO2-Graphene Oxide Ternary Composites with Efficient Photodegradation, Hydrogen Evolution, and Antibacterial Properties. Catalysts, 8, 57.
https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8020057
[94] Chen, G.D., Sun, M., Wei, Q., Zhang, Y.F., Zhu, B.C. and Du, B. (2012) Ag3PO4/Graphene-Oxide Composite with Remarkably Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Activity toward Dyes in Water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 244-245, 86-93.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.032
[95] Erkan, A., Bakir, U. and Karakas, G. (2006) Photocatalytic Microbial Inactivation over Pd Doped SnO2 and TiO2 Thin Films. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 184, 313-321.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.05.001
[96] Hu, C., Lan, Y.Q., Qu, J.H., Hu, X.X. and Wang, A.M. (2006) Ag/AgBr/TiO2 Visible Light Photocatalyst for Destruction of Azodyes and Bacteria. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110, 4066-4072.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0564400
[97] Hu, C., Guo, J., Qu, J.H. and Hu, X.X. (2007) Photocatalytic Degradation of Pathogenic Bacteria with AgI/TiO2 under Visible Light Irradiation. Langmuir: The ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids, 23, 4982-4987.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la063626x
[98] Xu, J.-W., Gao, Z.-D., Han, K., Liu, Y.M. and Song, Y.-Y. (2014) Synthesis of Magnetically Separable Ag3PO4/TiO2/Fe3O4 Heterostructure with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance under Visible Light for Photoinactivation of Bacteria. ACS Applied Materials, Interfaces, 6, 15122-15131.
https://doi.org/10.1021/am5032727
[99] Ma, S.L., Zhan, S.H., Jia, Y.N., Shi, Q. and Zhou, Q.X. (2016) Enhanced Disinfection Application of Ag-Modified g-C3N4 Composite under Visible Light. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 186, 77-87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.12.051
[100] Wang, P., Huang, B.B., Qin, X.Y., Zhang, X.Y., Dai, Y. and Whangbo, M.-H. (2009) Ag/AgBr/WO3 Center Dot H2O: Visible-Light Photocatalyst for Bacteria Destruction. Inorganic Chemistry, 48, 10697-10702. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic9014652
[101] Cheng, H.F., Huang, B.B., Wang, P., Wang, Z.Y., Lou, Z.Z., Wang, J.P., Qin, X.Y., Zhang, X.Y. and Dai, Y. (2011) In Situ Ion Exchange Synthesis of the Novel Ag/AgBr/BiOBr Hybrid with Highly Efficient Decontamination of Pollutants. Chemical Communications, 47, 7054-7056.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc11525a
[102] Hu, C., Peng, T., Hu, X., Nie, Y., Zhou, X., Qu, J. and He, H. (2009) Plasmon-Induced Photodegradation of Toxic Pollutants with Ag-AgI/Al2O3 under Visible-Light Irradiation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132, 857-862.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja907792d
[103] Xu, B., Xiao, T., Yan, Z., Sun, X., Sloan, J., González-Cortés, S., Alshahrani, F. and Green, M.L.H. (2006) Synthesis of Mesoporous Alumina with Highly Thermal Stability Using Glucose Template in Aqueous System. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 91, 293-295.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.12.007
[104] Zhang, Z., Ma, Y., Bu, X., Wu, Q., Hang, Z., Dong, Z. and Wu, X. (2018) Facile One-Step Synthesis of TiO2/Ag/SnO2 Ternary Heterostructures with Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity. Scientific Reports, 8, Article No. 10532.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28832-w