Two-Stage Dilute Acid Hydrolysis of Dairy Manure for Nutrient Release, Solids Reduction and Reducing Sugar Production
ABSTRACT
The microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW/H2O2-AOP) aided with dilute sulfuric acid was applied in a two-stage treatment of dairy manure for nutrient release, solids reduction, and reducing sugar production. A much higher hydrogen peroxide dosage (1.2 g H2O2/g TS) was used in Stage 2 than that in Stage 1 (0.38 g H2O2/g TS). Most of the reducing sugar was produced in Stage 1, and only a small amount produced in Stage 2. The highest reducing sugar yield of 15.5% was obtained at 160℃, 0 mL H2O2/, and 20 min of heating time. With a high hydrogen peroxide dosage and a higher operating temperature of 160℃ in Stage 2, the nutrient release conversion rate was much higher in Stage 2 than Stage 1. All of total phosphorus was converted to orthophosphate, and a very high ammonia concentration was obtained in the treated solution. The results indicated that the MW/H2O2/-AOP operated under the reducing process (without hydrogen peroxide) provided the best yield of reducing sugar; however, when operated under an oxidative process (with hydrogen peroxide), it favoured nutrient release and solids disintegration. The concentration of total chemical oxidation demand (TCOD) in the treated solution decreased with an increase of temperature, hydrogen peroxide dosage and heating time. Soluble chemical oxidation demand (SCOD) concentration decreased with a very high hydrogen peroxide dosage. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration decreased with an increase of hydrogen peroxide dosage. Ammonia and orthophosphate concentrations increased with an increase of temperature and hydrogen peroxide dosage.
The microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW/H2O2-AOP) aided with dilute sulfuric acid was applied in a two-stage treatment of dairy manure for nutrient release, solids reduction, and reducing sugar production. A much higher hydrogen peroxide dosage (1.2 g H2O2/g TS) was used in Stage 2 than that in Stage 1 (0.38 g H2O2/g TS). Most of the reducing sugar was produced in Stage 1, and only a small amount produced in Stage 2. The highest reducing sugar yield of 15.5% was obtained at 160℃, 0 mL H2O2/, and 20 min of heating time. With a high hydrogen peroxide dosage and a higher operating temperature of 160℃ in Stage 2, the nutrient release conversion rate was much higher in Stage 2 than Stage 1. All of total phosphorus was converted to orthophosphate, and a very high ammonia concentration was obtained in the treated solution. The results indicated that the MW/H2O2/-AOP operated under the reducing process (without hydrogen peroxide) provided the best yield of reducing sugar; however, when operated under an oxidative process (with hydrogen peroxide), it favoured nutrient release and solids disintegration. The concentration of total chemical oxidation demand (TCOD) in the treated solution decreased with an increase of temperature, hydrogen peroxide dosage and heating time. Soluble chemical oxidation demand (SCOD) concentration decreased with a very high hydrogen peroxide dosage. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration decreased with an increase of hydrogen peroxide dosage. Ammonia and orthophosphate concentrations increased with an increase of temperature and hydrogen peroxide dosage.
KEYWORDS
Microwave, Advanced Oxidation, Solids Destruction, Reducing Sugar Generation, Nutrient Solubilization
Microwave, Advanced Oxidation, Solids Destruction, Reducing Sugar Generation, Nutrient Solubilization
Cite this paper
nullS. Yawson, P. Liao and K. Lo, "Two-Stage Dilute Acid Hydrolysis of Dairy Manure for Nutrient Release, Solids Reduction and Reducing Sugar Production," Natural Resources, Vol. 2 No. 4, 2011, pp. 224-233. doi: 10.4236/nr.2011.24028.
nullS. Yawson, P. Liao and K. Lo, "Two-Stage Dilute Acid Hydrolysis of Dairy Manure for Nutrient Release, Solids Reduction and Reducing Sugar Production," Natural Resources, Vol. 2 No. 4, 2011, pp. 224-233. doi: 10.4236/nr.2011.24028.
References
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[1] W. Liao, Y. Liu, C. Liu and S. Chen, “Optimizing Dilute Acid Hydrolysis of Hemicelluloses in a Nitrogen-Rich Cellulosic Material––Dairy Manure,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 94, No. 1, 2004, pp. 33-41. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2003.11.011 [2] C. E. Wyman, “Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Technology, Economics, and Opportunities,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 50, No. 1, 1994, pp. 3-16. doi:10.1016/0960-8524(94)90214-3 [3] Y. Sun and J. Cheng, “Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Ma- Terials for Ethanol Production: A Review,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 83, No. 1, 2002, pp. 1-11. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00212-7 [4] N. Mosier, C. Wyman, B. Dale, R. Elander, Y. Y. Lee, M. Holtzapple and M. Ladisch, “Features of Promising Technologies for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 96, No. 6, 2005, pp. 673- 686. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.06.025 [5] W. Liao, Z. Wen, S. Hurley, Y. Liu, C. Liu and S. Chen, “Effects of Hemeicellulose and Lignin on Enzyme Hydro- Lysios of Cellulose from Dairy Manure,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 124, No. 1-3, 2005, pp. 1017-1030. doi:10.1385/ABAB:124:1-3:1017 [6] S. Chen, Z. Wen, W. Liao, C. Liu, R. L. Kincaid, J. H. Har- rison, D. C. Elliot, M. D. Brown and D. J. Stevens, “Studies into Using Manure in a Biorefinery Concept,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 124, No. 1-3, 2005, pp. 999-1015. doi:10.1385/ABAB:124:1-3:0999 [7] M. J. Taherzadeh and K. Karimi, “Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Wastes to Improve Ethanol and Biogas Production: A Review,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 9, 2008, pp. 1621-1651. doi:10.3390/ijms9091621 [8] A. T. W. Hendriks and G. Zeeman, “Pretreatments to Enhance the Digestibility of Lignocellulosic Biomass,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, No. 1, 2009, pp. 10-18. [9] A. Kenge, “Enhancing Nutrient Solubilization from Organic Waste Using the Microwave Technology,” MASc Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 2008. [10] S. K. Yawson, “Dairy Manure Treatment Using Solid- Liquid Separation and Microwave Enhanced Advanced Oxidation Process,” MASc Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 2010. [11] American Public Health Association, “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater” 20th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1998. [12] K. Raunkjaer, T. Hvitved-Jacobsen and P. H. Nielsen, “Measurement of Pools of Protein, Carbohydrate and Lipid in Domestic Wastewater,” Water Research, Vol. 28, No. 2, 1994, pp. 251-262. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)90261-5 [13] A. M. Wolf, P. A. Kleinman, A. N. Sharpley and D. B. Beegle, “Development of a Water-Extractable Phosphorus Test for Manure: An Interlaboratory Study,” Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Vol. 69, No. 3, 2005, pp. 695-700. doi:10.2136/sssaj2004.0096 [14] W. Liao, Y. Liu, C. Liu, Z. Wen and S. Chen, “Acid Hydrolysis of Fibers from Dairy Manure,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 97, No. 14, 2006, pp. 1687-1695. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.07.028 [15] A. Qureshi, K. V. Lo and P. H. Liao, “Microwave Treatment and Struvite Recovery Potential of Dairy Manure,” Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2008, pp. 350-357. doi:10.1080/03601230801941709 [16] S. H. Pan, K. V. Lo, P. H. Liao and H. Schreier, “Microwave Pretreatment for enhancement of Phosphorus Release from Dairy Manure,” Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2006, pp. 451-458. doi:10.1080/03601230600619068 [17] Y. Jin, Z. Hu and Z. Wen, “Enhancing Anaerobic Digestibility and Phosphorus Recovery of Dairy Manure Through Microwave-Based Thermochemical Pretreatment,” Water Research, Vol. 43, No. 14, 2009, pp. 3493-3502. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.017