Improving the water productivity of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation through water saving irrigation treatments
ABSTRACT
Rice grows well under certain condition and environment including soil, water and nutrients. Some researches have shown that traditional method with continues flooding need tremendeous amount of water for rice cultivation and gives low water productivity. To increase the water productivity, number of water saving irigation techniques have been studied and applied. Study on effect of number of water irrigation treatments on water productivity of rice was carried out. Eight irrigation treatments were conducted for growing rice in pot experiment i.e. shallow intermittent irrigation (SII), alternate wetting and drying (AWD1, AWD2, AWD3 and AWD4), shallow water depth with wetting and drying (SWD1 and SWD2), and semi-dry cultivation (SDC). The performance of those treatments in terms of agronomic and water parameters was compared to the shallow intermittent irrigation as a control method. The study reveals that the shallow intermittent irrigation needs the highest amount of water compare with other treatments. The lowest amount of water was achieved under the semi-dry cultivation. It could save water up to 18.4% compare to the control treatment. By using the alternate wetting and drying and the shallow water depth with wetting and drying treatments, irrigated water can be reduced up to 13.1% and 5.4%, respectively. The highest grain was obtained by alternate wetting and drying (AWD4) and the semi-dry cultivation yielded the smalest grain. On average the alternate wetting and drying and shallow water depth with wetting and drying increased the grain yield by 22.9% and 17.9%, whereas the semi-dry cultivation reduced the yield up to 14% compare to the shallow water depth treatment. The alternate wetting and drying treatments have significantly improved the water productivity by 41.6%, shallow water depth with wetting and drying increased by 24.2% relative to the shallow intermittent irrigation treatment, whereas the most saving water treatment i.e. the semi-dry cultivation performed quite similar with the shallow water depth treatment, as a result of low grain yields under the treatment.
Rice grows well under certain condition and environment including soil, water and nutrients. Some researches have shown that traditional method with continues flooding need tremendeous amount of water for rice cultivation and gives low water productivity. To increase the water productivity, number of water saving irigation techniques have been studied and applied. Study on effect of number of water irrigation treatments on water productivity of rice was carried out. Eight irrigation treatments were conducted for growing rice in pot experiment i.e. shallow intermittent irrigation (SII), alternate wetting and drying (AWD1, AWD2, AWD3 and AWD4), shallow water depth with wetting and drying (SWD1 and SWD2), and semi-dry cultivation (SDC). The performance of those treatments in terms of agronomic and water parameters was compared to the shallow intermittent irrigation as a control method. The study reveals that the shallow intermittent irrigation needs the highest amount of water compare with other treatments. The lowest amount of water was achieved under the semi-dry cultivation. It could save water up to 18.4% compare to the control treatment. By using the alternate wetting and drying and the shallow water depth with wetting and drying treatments, irrigated water can be reduced up to 13.1% and 5.4%, respectively. The highest grain was obtained by alternate wetting and drying (AWD4) and the semi-dry cultivation yielded the smalest grain. On average the alternate wetting and drying and shallow water depth with wetting and drying increased the grain yield by 22.9% and 17.9%, whereas the semi-dry cultivation reduced the yield up to 14% compare to the shallow water depth treatment. The alternate wetting and drying treatments have significantly improved the water productivity by 41.6%, shallow water depth with wetting and drying increased by 24.2% relative to the shallow intermittent irrigation treatment, whereas the most saving water treatment i.e. the semi-dry cultivation performed quite similar with the shallow water depth treatment, as a result of low grain yields under the treatment.
Cite this paper
nullSujono, J. , Matsuo, N. , Hiramatsu, K. and Mochizuki, T. (2011) Improving the water productivity of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation through water saving irrigation treatments. Agricultural Sciences, 2, 511-517. doi: 10.4236/as.2011.24066.
nullSujono, J. , Matsuo, N. , Hiramatsu, K. and Mochizuki, T. (2011) Improving the water productivity of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation through water saving irrigation treatments. Agricultural Sciences, 2, 511-517. doi: 10.4236/as.2011.24066.
References
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[1] IRRI, (2009) Consumption and calorie supply: Rough rice consumption, by country and geographical region- USDA. http://beta.irri.org/solutions/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=250. [2] Li, Y. and Barker, R. (2004) Increasing water productiv- ity for paddy irrigation in China. Paddy and Water Envi- ronmental, 2,187-193. [3] Zhi, M., (2002) Water efficient irrigation and environ- mentally sustainable irrigated rice production in China. http://www.icid.org/wat_mao.pdf [4] Rijsberman, F. (2004) Growing more rice with less water. Paddy and Water Environmental, 2, 181-183. doi:10.1007/s10333-004-0059-y [5] Barker, R., Tuong, T.P., Li., Y., Castillo, E.G. and Bouman, B.A.M. (2004) Growing more rice with less water: Research findings from a study in China. Paddy and Water Environmental, 2, 185. doi:10.1007/s10333-004-0067-y [6] Satyanarayana, A., Thiyagarajan, T.M. and Uphoff, N. (2007) Opportunities for water saving with higher yield from the system of rice intensification. Irrigation Science, 25, 99-115. doi:10.1007/s00271-006-0038-8 [7] Sujono, J., Nurrochmad, F. and Jayadi, R. (2006) Grow- ing more paddy with less water. Research Report, De- partment Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. [8] Sujono, J. (2007) Water saving irrigation on paddy fields for increasing productivity and for flood reduction, IASTED International Conference on Water Resources Management (WRM 2007) 20 August 2007, Honolulu. [9] Chapagain, T. and Yamaji, E. (2009) The effects of irri- gation method, age of seedling and spacing on crop per- formance, productivity and water-wise rice production in Japan. Paddy and Water Environmental, 8, 81-90. doi:10.1007/s10333-009-0187-5v [10] Namara R.E., Weligamage, P. and Barker, R. (2003) Prospects for adopting system of rice intensification in Sri Lanka: A socio-economics assessment. Research Re- port 75, International Water Management Institute, Co- lombo. [11] Nippon Koei (2005) The system of rice intensification in East Indonesia. Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Tokyo. [12] Sato S. (2006) An evaluation of the system of rice inten- sification (SRI) in Eastern Indonesia for its potential to save water while increasing productivity and profitability. International Dialogue on Rice and Water: Exploring Options for Food Security and Sustainable Environments, IRRI, Los Banos, 7-8 March 2006. [13] Uphoff, N. and Randriamiharisoa, R. (2002) Reducing water use in irrigated rice production with the Madagas- car System of Rice Intensification. In: Bouman, B.A.M., et al., Eds., Water-Wise Rice Production: Proceeding of the International Workshop on Water-Wise Rice Produc- tion, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, 8-11 April 2002. [14] Sheehy, J.E., Peng, S., Dobermann, A., Mitchell, P.L., Ferrer, A., Yang, J., Zou, Y., Zhong, X. and Huang, J. (2004) Fantastic yields in the system of rice intensifica- tion: Fact or fallacy? Field Crops Research, 88, 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2003.12.006 [15] Dobermann, A. (2004) A critical assessment of the sys- tem of rice intensification (SRI). Agricultural Systems, 79, 261-281. doi:10.1016/S0308-521X(03)00087-8 [16] Sinclair, T.R. and Cassman, K.G. (2004) Agronomic UFOs? Field Crops Research, 88, 9-10. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2004.01.001 [17] Horie, T., Shiraiwa, T., Homma, K., Katsura, K., Maeda, S. and Yoshida, H., (2005) Can yields of lowland rice resume the increases that they showed in the 1980s? Plant Production Science, 8, 259-274. doi:10.1626/pps.8.259 [18] Lin, X., Zhou W., Zhu D. and Zhang, Y. (2005) Effect of SWD irrigation on photosyntesis and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Field Crops Research, 94, 67-75. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2004.11.007 [19] Won, J.G., Choi, J.S., Lee, S.P., Son, S.H. and Chung, S.O. (2005) Water saving by shallow intermittent irriga- tion and growth. Plant Production Science, 8, 487-492. doi:10.1626/pps.8.487 [20] Uphoff, N. (2006) The system of rice intensification (SRI) as a methodology for reducing water requirements in irrigated rice production. International Dialogue on Rice and Water: Exploring Options for Food Security and Sustainable Environments, IRRI, Los Ba?os, 7-8 March 2006. [21] Moser, C.M. and Barrett, C.B. (2003) The disappointing adoption dynamics of a yield-increasing, low external- input technology: The case of SRI in Madagascar. Agri- cultural Systems, 76, 1085-1100. doi:10.1016/S0308-521X(02)00041-0 [22] Senthilkumar, K., Bindraban, P.S., Thiyagarajan, T.M., De Ridder, N., Giller, K.E. (2008) Modified rice cultivation in Tamil Nadu, India: Yield gains and farmers. Agricultural Systems, 98, 82-94. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2008.04.002 [23] Matsuo, N. and Mochizuki, T., (2009) Growth and yield of six rice cultivars under three water-saving cultivations, Plant Production Science, 12, 514-525. doi:10.1626/pps.12.514