[1] Adachi, N., Shinoda, K. I., Umetsu, K., & Matsumura, H. (2009). Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Jomon skeletons from the Funado- mari site, Hokkaido, and its implication for the origin of Native American. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 138, 255-265. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20923
[2] Anderson, S., Bankier, A. T., Barrell, B. G., De Bruijn, M. H. L., Coul- son, A. R., Drouin, J. et al. (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature, 290, 457-465. doi:10.1038/290457a0
[3] Arctander, P. (1999). Mitochondrial recombination? Science, 284, 2090-2091. doi:10.1126/science.284.5423.2089e
[4] Bowcock, A. M., Ruiz-Linares, A., Tomfohrde, J., Minch, E., Kidd, J. R., & Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1994). High resolution of human evolu- tionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites. Nature, 368, 455-457. doi:10.1038/368455a0
[5] Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Menozzi, P., & Piazza, A. (1994). The history and geography of human genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
[6] Chard, C. S. (1974). Northeast Asia in prehistory. Madison, WI: Uni- versity of Wisconsin Press.
[7] Deng, W., Shi, B., He, X., Zhang, Z., Xu, J., Li, B. et al. (2004). Evolution and migration history of the Chinese population inferred from Chinese Y-chromosome evidence. Journal of Human Genetics, 49, 339-348. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0154-3
[8] Hammer, M. F., & Horai, S. (1995). Y chromosomal DNA variation and the peopling of Japan. American Journal of Human Genetics, 56, 951-962.
[9] Hammer, M. F., Karafet, T. M., Park, H., Omoto, K., Harinara, S., Stoneking, M., & Horai, S. (2006). Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics, 51, 47-58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0
[10] Hanihara, K. (1984). Origins and affinities of Japanese viewed from cranial measurements. Acta Anthropogenetica, 8, 149-158.
[11] Hanihara, K. (1991). Dual structure model for the population history of Japanese. Japan Review, 2, 1-33.
[12] Hisao, B., Hajime, S., & Shuichiro N. (1989). Human skeletal remains of Jomon period from Minamitsubo shell-mound site in Ibaraki Prefecture, East Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, Serial D, 15, 1-40.
[13] Hisao, B., Shuichiro, N., & Seiho, O. (1998). Minatogawa hominid fossils and the evolution of Late Pleistocene humans in East Asia. Anthropological Science, 106, 27-45.
[14] Horai, S., Murayama, K., Hayasaka. K., Matsubayashi, S., Hattori, Y., Fucharoen, G. et al. (1996). mtDNA polymorphism in East Asian populations, with special reference to the peopling of Japan. Ameri- can Journal of Human Genetics, 59, 579-590.
[15] Howells, W. W. (1966). The Jomon people of Japan: a study by discriminant analysis of Japanese and Ainu crania. Paper of the Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 57, 1-4.
[16] Jobling, M. A., & Tyler-Smith, C. (2003). The human Y chromosome: an evolutionary marker comes of age. Nature Reviews Genetics, 4, 598-612. doi:10.1038/nrg1124
[17] Karafet, T. M., Mendez, F. L., Mellerman, M. B., Underhill, P. A., Zegura, S. L., & Hammer, M. F. (2008). New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroups tree. Genome Research, 18, 830-838. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008
[18] Karafet, T. M., Zegura, S. L., Posukh, O., Osipova, L., Bergen, A., Long, J. et al. (1999). Ancestral Asian sources(s) of New World Y-chromo- some founder haplotypes. American Journal of Human Genetics, 64, 817-831. doi:10.1086/302282
[19] Ke, Y., Bing, S., Song, X., Lu, D., Chen, L., Li, H. et al. (2001). African origin of modern humans in East Asia: A tale of 12,000 Y chromosomes. Science, 292, 1151-1153. doi:10.1126/science.1060011
[20] Kivisild, T., Tolk, H.V., Parik, J., Wang, Y., Papiha, S. S., Bandelt, H. J., & Villems, R. (2002). The emerging limbs and twigs of the East Asian mtDNA tree. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19, 1737- 1751.
[21] Koyama, S. (1978). Jomon subsistence and population. Senri Ethno- logical Studies, 2, 1-65.
[22] Lee, H. Y., Yoo, J. E., Park, M. J., Chung, U., Kim, C. Y., & Shin, K. J. (2006). East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup- level control region sequence analysis. Electrophoresis, 27, 4408- 4418. doi:10.1002/elps.200600151
[23] Maruyama, S., Minaguchi, K., & Saitou, N. (2003). Sequence polymer- phisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese populations. Internal Journal of Legal Medicine, 117, 218-225. doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2
[24] Matsu’ura, S., & Kondo, M. (2010). Relative chronology of the Minatogawa and the Upper Minatogawa series of human remains from Okinawa Island, Japan. Anthropological Science, Advance Publication.
[25] Mizoguchi, Y. (1986). Contributions of prehistoric Far East populations to the population of modern Japan: A Q-mode path analysis based on cranial measurements. In T. Akazawa & C. M. Aikens (Eds), Prehis- toric hunter-gatherers in Japan, No. 27 (pp. 107-136). Tokyo: Uni- versity of Tokyo Press.
[26] Nei, M. (1995). The origins of human population: genetic, linguistic, and archeological data. In S. Brenner & K. Hanihara, (Eds.), The origin and past of modern humans as viewed from DNA (pp. 77-91). Singapore and London: World Scientific.
[27] Omoto, K., & Saitou, N. (1997). Genetic origins of the Japanese: A partial support for the dual structure hypothesis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 102, 437-446. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199704)102:4<437::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-P
[28] Pakendorf, B., & Stoneking, S. (2005). Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Annual Review Genomics Human Genetics, 6, 165-183. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162249
[29] Shinoda, K. (2003). DNA analysis of the Jomon skeletal remains ex- cavated from Shimo-Ohta shell midden, Chiba prefecture (in Japanese). Report for Sohnan Research Instutite for Cultual Properties, 50, 201- 205.
[30] Shinoda, K., & Kanai, S. (1999). Intracemetry genetic analysis at the Nakazuma Jomon site in Japan by mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Anthropological Science, 107, 129-140.
[31] Sokal, R. R., & Thomson, B. A. (1998). Spatial genetic structure of human population in Japan. Human Biology, 70, 1-22.
[32] Starikovskaya, E. B., Sukernik, R. I., Derbeneva, O. A., Volodko, N. V., Ruiz-Pesini, E., Torroni, A., et al. (2005). Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of native American haplogroups. Annual Human Gene- tics, 69, 67-89. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x
[33] Stumpf, M. P. H., & Goldstein, D. B. (2001). Genealogical and evolu- tionary inference with the human Y chromosome. Science, 291, 1738-1742. doi:10.1126/science.291.5509.1738
[34] Suzuki, H. (1981). Racial history of the Japanese. In I. Schwidetzky, (Ed.), Rassengeschichte der Menschheit, 8 (pp. 7-69). Munich: Lie- ferung Oldenbourg.
[35] Suzuki, H. (1982). Skulls of the Minatogawa man. In H. Suzuki & Hanihara, K. (Eds.), The Minatogawa man: The upper Pleistocene man from the island of Okinawa, No. 19 (pp. 7-49). Tokyo: Univer- sity of Tokyo Press.
[36] Tajima, A., Hayami, M., Tokunaga, K., Juji, T., Matsuo, M., Marzuki, S., Omoto, K., et al. (2004). Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages. Journal of Human Genetics, 49, 187-193. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x
[37] Tajima, A., Pan, I. H., Fucharoen, G., Fucharoen, S., Matsuo, M., Tokunaga, K. et al. (2002). Three major lineages of Asian Y chromo- somes: implications for the peopling of east and Southeast Asia. Human Genetics, 110, 80-88. doi:10.1007/s00439-001-0651-9
[38] Tanaka, M., Cabrera, V. M., Gonzalez, A. M., Larruga, J. M., Takeyasu, T., Fuku, N., et al. (2004). Mitochondrial genome variation in Eastern Asia and the peopling of Japan. Genome Research, 14, 1832- 1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304
[39] Thangaraj, K., Singh, L., Reddy, A. G., Rao, V. R., Sehgal, S. C., Underhill, P. A. et al. (2004). Genetic affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a vanishing human population. Current Biology, 13, 86-93. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2
[40] The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (2009). Mapping human genetic diversity in Asia. Science, 326, 1541-1545. doi:10.1126/science.1177074
[41] Tu, J. F., & Yip, V. F. (1993). Ethnic groups in China. Beijing and New York: Science Press.
[42] Tuner, C. G. (1976). Dental evidence on the origins of the Ainu and Japanese. Science, 193, 911-913. doi:10.1126/science.781841
[43] Umetsu, K., Tanaka, M., Yuasa, I., Adachi, N., Miyoshi, A., Kashimura, S. et al. (2005). Multiplex ampli?ed product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations. Electrophoresis, 26, 91-98. doi:10.1002/elps.200406129
[44] Underhill, P. A., Jin, L., Lin, A. A., Mehdi, S. Q., Jenkins, T., Vollrath, D. et al. (1997). Detection of numerous Y chromosome biallelic polymorphisms by denaturing high-performance liquid chroma- tography. Genome Research, 7, 996-1005.
[45] Vigilant, L., Stoneking, M., Harpending, H., Hawkes K., & Wilson A. C. (1991). African population and the evolution of human mito- chondrial DNA. Science, 253, 1503-1507. doi:10.1126/science.1840702
[46] Wang, C. C., Yan, S., & Li, H. (2010). Surnames and the Y chromo- somes (in Chinese). Communication on Contemporary Anthropology, 4, 26-33. doi:10.4236/coca.2010.41005
[47] Wen, B., Xie, X., Gao, S., Li, H., Shi, H., Song, X. et al. (2004). Analyses of genetic structure of Tibeto-Burman population reveals sex-biased admixture in southern Tibeto-Burmans. American Journal of Human Genetics, 74, 856-865. doi:10.1086/386292
[48] Yamaguchi-Kabata, Y., Nakazono, K., Takahashi, A., Saito, S., Hosono, N., Nakamura, Y., & Kamatani, N. (2009). Japanese population structure, based on SNP genotypes from 7003 individuals compared to other ethnic groups: effect on population-based association studies. American Journal of Human Genetics, 83, 445-456. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.08.019
[49] Yan, S., Wang, C. C., Li, H., Li, S. L., Jin, L., & The Genographic Consortium (2011). An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4. European Journal of Human Genetics, 19, 1013-1015. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64
[50] Yao, Y. G., Kong, Q. P., Bandelt, H. J., Kivisild, T., & Zhang, Y. P. (2002). Phylogenetic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese. American Journal of Human Genetics, 70, 635-651. doi:10.1086/338999
[51] Yao, Y. G., Lu, X. M., Luo, H. R., Li, W. H., & Zhang, Y. P. (2000). Gene admixture in the Silk Road region of China: Evidence from mtDNA and melanocortin 1 receptor polymorphism. Genes & Gene- tic Systems, 75, 173-178. doi:10.1266/ggs.75.173
[52] Zhang, F., Su, B., Zhang, Y. P., & Jin, L. (2007). Genetic studies of human diversity in East Asia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 362, 987-995. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2028