GIS Based Methodology for Groundwater Flow Estimation across the Boundary of the Study Areain Groundwater Flow Modeling
ABSTRACT
Pali district, Rajasthan, India has been facing severe pollution of groundwater due to release of untreated industrial effluent of textile industries into the Bandi River flowing through the Pali city. A groundwater flow and transport modeling exercise has been undertaken by MNIT, Jaipur, India to understand the groundwater flow regime and to study the different scenarios. In the modeling exercise partially penetrating ephemeral rivers have been taken as part of model boundaries wherever more appropriate boundaries were not available in the near vicinity. These boundaries have been considered as constant flow boundaries. Aim of this paper is to present a methodology to calculate the average flux through such boundaries from readily available data such as bore logs and groundwater levels. The study area boundary was divided in to several cross sections and average values of groundwater flow gradients normal to the boundary were calculated for different monsoon and non monsoon seasons for different years. The entire boundary was then regrouped into 8 boundary segments on the basis of average values of gradients for individual line segments and mean gradient values for these line segments were calculated. Values of ground level, bottom elevations of hydros-tratigraphic layers and average water depth were extracted for a number of points on these line segments from the respective layers and these values were used to calculate equivalent horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the multi-layered aquifer system at every point. The Darcy’s law was then used to calculate inflow/outflow per m length of the boundary at each point. The methodology presented here is simple and is based on the assumption that the groundwater level gradients do not change significantly for different seasons and amongst different years which has been validated in the present groundwater modeling study. The paper demonstrates a GIS based methodology to work out inflow/outflow across boundary of a study area in the cases where no flow boundaries in the vicinity of the study area cannot be identified.
Pali district, Rajasthan, India has been facing severe pollution of groundwater due to release of untreated industrial effluent of textile industries into the Bandi River flowing through the Pali city. A groundwater flow and transport modeling exercise has been undertaken by MNIT, Jaipur, India to understand the groundwater flow regime and to study the different scenarios. In the modeling exercise partially penetrating ephemeral rivers have been taken as part of model boundaries wherever more appropriate boundaries were not available in the near vicinity. These boundaries have been considered as constant flow boundaries. Aim of this paper is to present a methodology to calculate the average flux through such boundaries from readily available data such as bore logs and groundwater levels. The study area boundary was divided in to several cross sections and average values of groundwater flow gradients normal to the boundary were calculated for different monsoon and non monsoon seasons for different years. The entire boundary was then regrouped into 8 boundary segments on the basis of average values of gradients for individual line segments and mean gradient values for these line segments were calculated. Values of ground level, bottom elevations of hydros-tratigraphic layers and average water depth were extracted for a number of points on these line segments from the respective layers and these values were used to calculate equivalent horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the multi-layered aquifer system at every point. The Darcy’s law was then used to calculate inflow/outflow per m length of the boundary at each point. The methodology presented here is simple and is based on the assumption that the groundwater level gradients do not change significantly for different seasons and amongst different years which has been validated in the present groundwater modeling study. The paper demonstrates a GIS based methodology to work out inflow/outflow across boundary of a study area in the cases where no flow boundaries in the vicinity of the study area cannot be identified.
KEYWORDS
Groundwater Flow Model, Boundary Conditions, Flow Estimation, Geographical Information System
Groundwater Flow Model, Boundary Conditions, Flow Estimation, Geographical Information System
Cite this paper
V. Singhal and R. Goyal, "GIS Based Methodology for Groundwater Flow Estimation across the Boundary of the Study Areain Groundwater Flow Modeling," Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol. 3 No. 11, 2011, pp. 824-831. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2011.311092.
V. Singhal and R. Goyal, "GIS Based Methodology for Groundwater Flow Estimation across the Boundary of the Study Areain Groundwater Flow Modeling," Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol. 3 No. 11, 2011, pp. 824-831. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2011.311092.
References
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[1] M. Sophocleous, “Interactions between Groundwater and Surface Water: The State of the Science,” Hydrogeology, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2002, pp. 52-67. doi:10.1007/s10040-001-0170-8 [2] M. Sophocleous, “From Safe Yield to Sustainable Development of Water Resources—The Kansas Experience,” Hydrology, Vol. 235, No. 1-2, 2000, pp. 27-43. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00263-8 [3] R. K. Mall, A. Gupta, R. Singh, R. S. Singh and L. S. Rathore, “Water Resources and Climate Change: An Indian Perspective,” Current Science, Vol. 90, No. 12, 2006, pp. 1610-1626. [4] M. Rodell, I. Velicogna and J. S. Famiglietti, “Satellite-Based Estimates of Groundwater Depletion in India,” Nature, Vol. 460, 2009, pp. 999-1002. doi:10.1038/nature08238 [5] J. Rathore, S. Jain, S. Sharma, V. Choudhary and A. Sharma, “Groundwater Quality Assessment at Pali, Rajasthan (India),” Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 4, 2009, pp. 269-272. [6] A. K. Meena, C. Rajagopal, P. Bansal and P. N. Nagar, “Analysis of Water Quality Characteristics in Selected Areas of Pali District in Rajasthan,” Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 29, No. 11, 2009, pp. 1011-1016. [7] V. Singhal, R. Goyal, S. Khendelwal, N. Kaul and A. B. Gupta, “Ground Water Pollution at Pali- Historical Perceptive and Future Research Needs,” Proceedings 14th National Symposium on Hydrology with Focal Theme on Management of Water Resources under Drought Situation, 21-22 December 2010, MNIT Jaipur. [8] K. Spitz and J. Moreno, “A Practical Guide to Groundwater and Solute Transport Modeling,” John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1996. [9] J. Randall Hunt, M. P. Anderson and K. A. Victor, “Improving a Complex Finite-Difference Groundwater Flow Model through the Use of an Analytic Element Screeing Model,” Groundwater, Vol. 36, No. 6, 1998, pp. 1011- 1017. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02108.x [10] M. P. Anderson and W. W. Woessner, “Applied Groundwater Modeling—Simulation of Flow and Advective Transport,” Academic Press, San Diego, 1992, p. 381. [11] P. B. Bedient, H. Rifai and C. Newell, “Groundwater Contamination Transport and Remediation,” PTR Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1994. [12] T. C. Winter, “Relation of Streams, Lakes, and Wetlands to Groundwater Flow Systems,” Hydrogeology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1999, pp. 28-45. doi:10.1007/s100400050178 [13] W. W. Woessner, “Stream and Fluvial Plain Groundwater Interactions: Rescaling Hydrogeologic Thought,” Groundwater, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2000, pp. 423-429. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00228.x [14] M. Brunke and T. Gonser, “The Ecological Significance of Exchange Processes between Rivers and Ground-Water,” Freshwater Biology, Vol. 37, No. 1, 1997, pp. 1-33. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00143.x [15] D. W. Watkins, D. C. McKinney, D. R. Maidment and M.-D. Lin, “Use of Geographic Information Systems in Ground-Water Flow Modeling,” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, Vol. 122, No. 2, 1996, pp. 88-96. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1996)122:2(88) [16] R. Gogu, G. Carabin, V. Hallet, V. Peters and A. Dassargues, “GIS-Based Hydrogeological Databases and Ground- Water Modelling,” Hydrogeology, Vol. 9, No. 6, 2001, pp. 555-569. doi:10.1007/s10040-001-0167-3 [17] W. R. Talbot and K. E. Kolm, “Conceptualization and Characterization and Numerical Simulation of Hydrogeologic System Using GIS. A Site Specific Case Study at NPL Site near Cheyenne, Wyoning,” Association of English Geology Programme Abstract, 9-16 October 1993, San Antonio, p. 74. [18] K. E. Kolm, “Conceptualization and Characterization of Groundwater Systems Using Geographical Information System,” Engineering Geology, Vol. 42, No. 2-3, 1996, pp. 111-118. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(95)00072-0 [19] C. Bhuiyan, Ramesh P. Singh and W. A. Flügel, “Modeling of Ground Water Recharge-Potential in the Hard- rock Aravalli Terrain, India: A GIS Approach,” Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 59, No. 4, 2009, pp. 929- 938. doi:10.1007/s12665-009-0087-4 [20] National Productivity Council, NPC, “Study of Health and Environment Impact Due to Pollution from Textile Units in Pali, Balotra, Jasol and Bithuja,” Draft Report, New Delhi, 2007. [21] Water Resources Department, Government of Rajasthan, “NIT Information,” 2011. http://waterresources.rajastha n.gov.in [22] Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, RSPCB, “Environmental Status Report, Pali,” Jaipur, 1984. [23] Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, RSPCB, “Ground- water Quality Monitoring in Problem Area of Jodhpur & Pali Districts in Rajasthan,” Jaipur, 2002. [24] V. Singhal, K. Chansoria and R. Goyal, “Geo-Spatial Analysis of Surface and Groundwater Quality along Bandi River, Pali,” Proceedings of National Conference on Hydraulics, Water Resources and Environment, 15-16 December 2008, Jaipur, pp. 134-143. [25] National Productivity Council, NPC, “Study of Health and Environment Impact due to pollution from textile units in Pali, Balotra, Jasol and Bithuja,” Final Report, 2010. [26] Google, “Google Earth,” 2010. http://earth.google.com [27] Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC), “ASTER GDEM,” 2010. http://www.gdem.aster.ersdac. or.jp