Léon G. Blaise Savadogo, Bernard Ilboudo, Clément Meda, Maurice Kinda

Show more
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health—Child and Mother Health, Nutrition and Survival Unit—InstitutSupérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
Show less

Abstract: Background: The global recommendations of the WHO and UNICEF are that all infants should start breastfeeding within one hour of birth. It is low-cost and has substantial potential to reduce neonatal and early infant morbidity. The objectives of the study were to investigate rate of early initiation of breastfeeding and to identify potential associated factors. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted in three districts of Burkina Faso. Cluster sampling was used. The data were collected by using a structured and pretested interview questionnaire. The associations between early initiation and independent variables were tested using the Chi-square test. Crude Odds ratios (COR) with 95% confidence intervals were used. Results: Percentage of children who were put to the breast within one hour of birth was fair (41%). Having more than 2 antenatal care visits was found to be 1.43 times more likely to initiate breastfeeding early, COR: 1.4, 95% CI: [1.14 - 1.81], p < 0.001. Receiving advices, during pregnancy, on early initiation of breastfeeding, child feeding and child growth, were found to be more likely to initiate breastfeeding early, respectively COR: 1.52, 95% CI: [1.25 - 1.80]; 1.39, 95% CI: [1.15 - 1.67] and 1.39, 95% CI: [1.15 - 1.67], with p < 0.001. Mothers having skilled delivery were found to be more likely to initiate breastfeeding early, COR: 1.47, 95% CI: [1.20 - 1.79], p < 0.001. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that delayed initiation of breastfeeding continues to be a problem in rural areas of Burkina Faso, as only four in 10 newborn infants received breast milk within the first hour of birth. The results show that receiving advices on early initiation of breastfeeding, child growth and feeding and skilled delivery were found to be more likely to initiate breastfeeding within one hour of delivery. Therefore improving the skills of health providers and, mother individual counselling and strengthening community-based support, are critical to improve timely initiation of breastfeeding.

Keywords: Prevalence, Early Initiation, Breastfeeding, Rural Areas, Burkina Faso

Cite this paper: G. Blaise Savadogo, L. , Ilboudo, B. , Meda, C. and Kinda, M. (2018) Early Initiation of Breastfeeding and Its Association in Rural Areas of Burkina Faso. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 8, 54-66. doi: 10.4236/ojepi.2018.82005.

References

[1]   World Health Organization (2002) Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding.
http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/global_strategy/en/

[2]   World Health Organization, UNICEF (2003) Global Strategy for Infant and Young Children Feeding. World Health Organization, UNICEF, Geneva.

[3]   WHO (2009) Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative Revised, Updated and Expanded for Integrated Care. World Health Organization, UNICEF, Geneva.

[4]   Belachew, T. (2003) Human Nutrition Lecture Note for Health Science Students Jimma. Jimma University, Ethiopia.

[5]   UNICEF (2016) UNICEF Report on from the First Hour of Life: Making the Case for Improved Infant and Young Child Feeding Everywhere.
https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_93027.html

[6]   UNIFPA (2010) Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2008 Breastfeeding Status in Egypt.

[7]   Lauer, J.A., Betran, A.P., Barros, A.J. and De Onis, M. (2006) Deaths and Years of Life Lost Due to Suboptimal Breast-Feeding among Children in the Developing World: A Global Ecological Risk Assessment. Public Health Nutrition, 9, 673-685.
https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2005891

[8]   Mullany, L.C., Katz, J., Li, Y.M., Khatry, S.K., LeClerq, S.C., Darmstadt, G.L. and Tielsch, J.M. (2008) Breast-Feeding Patterns, Time to Initiation, and Mortality Risk among Newborns in Southern Nepal. The Journal of Nutrition, 138, 599-603.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.3.599

[9]   Keino, S., Plasqui, G., Ettyang, G. and van den Borne, B. (2014) Determinants of Stuntingnand Overweight among Young Children and Adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 35, 167-178.
https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651403500203

[10]   Hajeebhoy, N., Nguyen, P.H., Mannava, P., Nguyen, T.T. and Mai, L.T. (2014) Suboptimal Breastfeeding Practices Are Associated with Infant Illness in Vietnam. International Breastfeeding Journal, 9, 12.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-9-12

[11]   Lamberti, L.M., Fischer Walker, C.L., Noiman, A., Victora, C. and Black, R.E. (2011) Breastfeeding and the Risk for Diarrhea Morbidity and Mortality. BMC Public Health, 11, S15.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S15

[12]   Garcia, C.R., Mullany, L.C., Rahmathullah, L., Katz, J., Thulasiraj, R.D., Sheeladevi, S., Coles, C. and Tielsch, J.M. (2011) Breast-Feeding Initiation Time and Neonatal Mortality Risk among Newborns in South India. Journal of Perinatology, 31, 397-403.
https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2010.138

[13]   Edmond, K.M., Kirkwood, B.R., Amenga-Etego, S., Owusu-Agyei, S. and Hurt, L.S. (2007) Effect of Early Infant Feeding Practices on Infection-Specific Neonatal Mortality: An Investigation of the Causal Links with Observational Data from Rural Ghana. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86, 1126-1131.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1126

[14]   Edmond, K.M., Kirkwood, B.R., Tawiah, C.A. and Agyei, S.O. (2008) Impact of Early Infant Feeding Practices on Mortality in Low Birth Weight Infants from Rural Ghana. Journal of Perinatology: Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association, 28, 438-444.

[15]   Edmond, K.M., Zandoh, C., Quigley, M.A., Amenga-Etego, S., Owusu-Agyei, S. and Kirkwood, B.R. (2006) Delayed Breastfeeding Initiation Increases Risk of Neonatal Mortality. Pediatrics, 117, e380-e386.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1496

[16]   Bhutta, Z.A., Das, J.K., Rizvi, A., Gaffey, M.F., Walker, N., Horton, S., et al. (2013) Evidence-Based Interventions for Improvement of Maternal and Child Nutrition: What Can Be Done and at What Cost? The Lancet, 382, 452-477.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60996-4

[17]   Goldman A.S. ,et al. (2000)Modulation of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Infants by Human Milk. Interfaces and Interactions. An Evolutionary Perspective The Journal of Nutrition 130, 426S-431S.

[18]   WHO (2003) Infant and Young Child Feeding: A Tool for Assessing National Practices, Policies and Programme.
http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/9241562544/en/

[19]   Ellis, J. (2005) Neonatal Hypothermia. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 11, 76-82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2005.04.010

[20]   Issaka, A.I., Agho, K.E. and Renzaho, A.M.N. (2017) Prevalence of Key Breastfeeding Indicators in 29 Sub-Saharan African Countries: A Meta-Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys (2010-2015). BMJ Open, 7, e014145.

[21]   Darmstadt, G.L., Kinney, M.V., Chopra, M., Cousens, S., Kak, L., Paul, V.K., Martines, J., Bhutta, Z.A. and Lawn, J.E. (2014) The Lancet Every Newborn Study Group. Who Has Been Caring for the Baby? The Lancet, 384, 174-188.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60458-X

[22]   Adhikari, M., Khanal, V., Karkee, R. and Gavidia, T. (2014) Factors Associated with Early Initiation of Breastfeeding among Nepalese Mothers: Further Analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2011. International Breastfeeding Journal, 9, 21.

[23]   Bennett, L., Dahal, D. and Govindasamy, P. (2008) Caste, Ethnic and Regional Identity in Nepal: Further Analysis of the 2006 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. Macro International Inc., Calverton.

[24]   Karkee, R., Lee, A.H., Khanal, V. and Binns, C.W. (2014) Initiation of Breastfeeding and Factors Associated with Prelacteal Feeds in Central Nepal. Journal of Human Lactation, 30, 353-357.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334414529845

[25]   Child Health Division, Ministry of Health and Population (2012) Assessment of the Community Based Newborn Care Package. Kathmandu.

[26]   Child Health Division and Family Health Division, Ministry of Health and Population (2014) A Synthesis of Recent Studies on Maternal and Newborn Survival Interventions in Nepal. Kathmandu.

[27]   Suvedi, B.K., Pradhan, P., Barnett, S., Puri, M., Rai Chitrakar, S., Poudel, P., Sharma, S. and Hulton, L. (2009) Nepal Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Study 2008/2009: Summary of Preliminary Findings. Family Health division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.

[28]   Exavery, A., Kante, A.M., Hingora, A. and Phillips, J.F. (2015) Determinants of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in Rural Tanzania. International Breastfeeding Journal, 10, 27.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-015-0052-7

[29]   UNICEF State of the World’s Children (2014) Every Child Counts. United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF, New York.

[30]   Berde, A.S. and Yalcin, S.S. (2016) Determinants of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in Nigeria: A Population-Based Study using the 2013 Demographic and Health Survey Data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 16, 32.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0818-y

[31]   Setegn, T., Gerbaba, M. and Belachew, T. (2011) Determinants of Timely Initiation of Breastfeeding among Mothers in Goba Woreda, South East Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 11, 217.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-217

[32]   Bhutta, Z.A., Das, J.K., Bahl, R., Lawn, J.E., Salam, R.A., Paul, V.K., Sankar, M.J., Blencowe, H., Rizvi, A. and Chou, V.B. (2014) Can Available Interventions End Preventable Deaths in Mothers, Newborn Babies, and Stillbirths, and at What Cost? The Lancet, 384, 347-370.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60792-3

[33]   Debes, A.K., Kohli, A., Walker, N., Edmond, K. and Mullany, L.C. (2013) Time to Initiation of Breastfeeding and Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity: A Systematic Review. BMC Public Health, 13, S19.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S19

[34]   FDREC (2008) Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census. FDREC, Addis Ababa.

[35]   Tamiru, D. and Mohammed, S. (2013) Maternal Knowledge of Optimal Breastfeeding Practices and Associated Factors in Rural Communities of Arba Minch Zuria. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 2, 122-129.
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130203.15

[36]   Senarath, U., Siriwardena, I., Godakandage, S.S.P., Jayawickrama, H., Fernando, D.N. and Dibley, M.J. (2012) Determinants of Breastfeeding Practices: An Analysis of the Sri Lanka Demographic and Health Survey 2006-2007. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 8, 315-329.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00321.x