Degradation of Lindane (γ-HCH) in a Mollisol as Effected by Different Soil Amendments
ABSTRACT
Soil amendments play an important role in management of pesticide residues. In this study, incubation experiment was conducted using the surface (0 - 15 cm) sample of a mollisol supplied with different soil amendments (farmyard manure, cow-dung slurry, pyrite and gypsum) to investigate the effect of amendments on the dissipation of lindane in mollisols. Dissipation of lindane in soil was studied at eight consecutive samplings (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 30 d). The results indicated that soil amendments could promote the degradation of lindane in soil. After 30 d of incubation 79% degradation was observed in the untreated soil (without any amendment) whereas, in the case of farmyard manure and cow-dung slurry amended soils, 83% and 91% degradation was observed, respectively. The pyrite and gypsum amendments also enhanced the degradation of lindane in soils, but the effect was less pronounced as compared to the organic amendments. Enhanced degradation in soil treated with organic amendments could be attributed to stimulated microbial activity after the addition of organic amendments. These addition, under different soil management conditions, minimize the persistence of lindane and consequently the risk of leaching and seepage into aquifers.
Soil amendments play an important role in management of pesticide residues. In this study, incubation experiment was conducted using the surface (0 - 15 cm) sample of a mollisol supplied with different soil amendments (farmyard manure, cow-dung slurry, pyrite and gypsum) to investigate the effect of amendments on the dissipation of lindane in mollisols. Dissipation of lindane in soil was studied at eight consecutive samplings (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 30 d). The results indicated that soil amendments could promote the degradation of lindane in soil. After 30 d of incubation 79% degradation was observed in the untreated soil (without any amendment) whereas, in the case of farmyard manure and cow-dung slurry amended soils, 83% and 91% degradation was observed, respectively. The pyrite and gypsum amendments also enhanced the degradation of lindane in soils, but the effect was less pronounced as compared to the organic amendments. Enhanced degradation in soil treated with organic amendments could be attributed to stimulated microbial activity after the addition of organic amendments. These addition, under different soil management conditions, minimize the persistence of lindane and consequently the risk of leaching and seepage into aquifers.
Cite this paper
nullG. Bhatia, A. Srivastava and P. Srivastava, "Degradation of Lindane (γ-HCH) in a Mollisol as Effected by Different Soil Amendments," Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 2 No. 9, 2011, pp. 1207-1210. doi: 10.4236/jep.2011.29138.
nullG. Bhatia, A. Srivastava and P. Srivastava, "Degradation of Lindane (γ-HCH) in a Mollisol as Effected by Different Soil Amendments," Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 2 No. 9, 2011, pp. 1207-1210. doi: 10.4236/jep.2011.29138.
References
[1] [1] WHO, “Environmental Program on Chemical Safety,” Environmental Health Criteria.124, Lindane, Geneva, Switzerland, 1991. [2] World Wildlife Fund (WWF), “Lindane—A Review of Toxicity and Nvironmental Fate,” Canada, 1999. [3] S. L. Simonich and R. A. Hitéis, “Organic Pollutants Accumulation in Vegetation,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 29, No. 12, 1995, 2905-2914. doi:10.1021/es00012a004 [4] K. L. Willet, E. M. Utrich and R. A. Hites, “Differential Toxicity and Environmental Facts of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 32, 1998, pp. 2197-2207. doi:10.1021/es9708530 [5] Y. F. Li, “Global Technical Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) Usage and Its Contamination Consequences in the Environment: From 1948 to 1997,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 232, No. 3, 1999, pp. 121-158. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00114-X [6] K. Walker, D. A. Vallero and R. G. 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Yoshida, “Persistence of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers in Soil Suspensions,” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 16, 1984, pp. 285- 286. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(84)90018-X [11] N. Sethunathan, E. M. Bautista and T. Yoshida, “Degradation of Benzene Hexachloride by a Soil Bacterium,” Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 15, No. 12, 1969, pp. 1349-1354. doi:10.1139/m69-245 [12] M. L. Jackson, “Soil Chemical Analysis,” Prentice Hall Inc., New Delhi, 1967. [13] C. A. Black, D. D. Evans, J. L. White, L. E. Ensminger and F. E. Clark, “Methods of Soil Analysis,” 2nd Edition, Agronomy monograph 9. Agronomy Society of America and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, 1965. [14] H. Hams and A. J. B. Zehnder, “Bioavailability of Sorbed 3-Chlorodibenzofuran,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 61, 1995, pp. 27-33. [15] T. N. Bosma, P. J. M. Middeldrop, G. Schraa and A. J. B. Zehnder, “Mass Transfer Limitation of Biotransformation: Quantifying Bioavailability,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1997, pp. 248-252. doi:10.1021/es960383u [16] M. E. Sanchez, I. B. Estrada, O. Martinez, V. Martin, A. Aller and A. Moran, “Influence of the Application of Sewage Sludge on the Degradation of Pesticides in the Soil,” Chemosphere, Vol. 57, No. 7, 2004, pp. 673-679. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.023 [17] N. Chung and M. Alexander, “Differences in Sequestration and Bioavailability of Organic Compounds Aged in Dissimilar Soils,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 32, No. 7, 1998, pp. 855-860. doi:10.1021/es970740g [18] H. Zhang, Y. L. Lu, R. W. Dawson, Y. J. Shi and T. Y. Wang, “Classification and Ordination of DDT and HCH in Soil Samples from the Guanting Reservoir, China,” Chemosphere, Vol. 60, No. 6, 2005, pp. 762-769. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.023 [19] H. Z. Wang, M. C. He, C. Lin, X. C. Quan, W. Guo, and Z. F. Yang, “Monitoring and Assessment of Persistent Organochlorine Residues in Sediments from the Daliaohe River Watershed, Northeast of China,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 133, No. 1-3, 2007, pp. 231-242. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9576-z [20] H. B. Zhang, Y. M. Luo, Q. G. Zhao, M. H. Wong and G. L. Zhang, “Residues of Organochlorine Pesticides in Hong Kong Soils,” Chemosphere, Vol. 63, No. 4, 2006, pp. 633-641. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.08.006 [21] K. D. Wenzel, M. Manz, A. Hubert and G. Schuurman, “Fate of POPs (DDX, HCHs, PCBs) in Upper Soil Layers of Pine Forests,” The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 286, No. 1-3, 2002, pp. 143-154. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00972-X [22] K. C. Jones, R. E. Alcock, D. L. Johnson, G. L. Nothcott, K. T. Semple and P. J. Woolgar, “Organic Chemicals in Contaminated Land: Analysis, Significance and Research Priorities,” Land Contamination Reclamation, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1996, pp. 189-197. [23] J. F. Power and W. A. Dick (Eds.), “Land Application of Agricultural, Industrial, and Municipal By-Products, Vol. 6, Soil Science Society of America Book Series,” Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, 2000. [24] F. Laturnus, K. von Arnold and C. Gr?n, “Organic Contaminants from Sewage Sludge Applied to Agricultural Soils, False Alarm Regarding Possible Problems for Food Safety?” Environmental Science & Pollution Research, Vol. 14, 2007, pp. 53-60. doi:10.1065/espr2006.12.365 [25] H. Wang, S. L. Brown, G. N. Magesan, A. H. Slade, M. Quintern, P. W. Clinton, et al., “Technological Options for the Management of Biosolids,” Environmental Science & Pollution Research, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2008, pp. 308-317. doi:10.1007/s11356-008-0012-5 [26] T. Natal-da-Luz, S. Tidona, B. Jesus, P. V. Morais and J. P. Sousa, “The Use of Sewage Sludge as Soil Amendment. The Need for an Ecotoxicological Evaluation,” Journal of Soils Sediments, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2009, pp. 246- 260. [27] S. Alvey and D. E. Crowley, “Influence of Organic Amendments on Biodegradation of Atrazine as Nitrogen Source,” Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 24, 1995, pp. 1156-1162. doi:10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400060015x [28] B. Pan, P. Ning and B. Xing, “Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants,” Environmental Science & Pollution Research, Vol. 15, No. 7, 2008, pp. 554-564. doi:10.1007/s11356-008-0051-y [29] T. F. Castro and T. Yoshida, “Effect of Organic Matter on the Biodegradation of Some Organochlorine Insecticides in Submerged Soils,” Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1974, pp. 363-370. [30] R. Siddaramappa and N. Sethunathan, “Persistence of γ-BHC and β-BHC in Indian Rice Soils under Flooded Conditions,” CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology, Vol. 10, 1975, pp. 125-172.
[1] [1] WHO, “Environmental Program on Chemical Safety,” Environmental Health Criteria.124, Lindane, Geneva, Switzerland, 1991. [2] World Wildlife Fund (WWF), “Lindane—A Review of Toxicity and Nvironmental Fate,” Canada, 1999. [3] S. L. Simonich and R. A. Hitéis, “Organic Pollutants Accumulation in Vegetation,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 29, No. 12, 1995, 2905-2914. doi:10.1021/es00012a004 [4] K. L. Willet, E. M. Utrich and R. A. Hites, “Differential Toxicity and Environmental Facts of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 32, 1998, pp. 2197-2207. doi:10.1021/es9708530 [5] Y. F. Li, “Global Technical Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) Usage and Its Contamination Consequences in the Environment: From 1948 to 1997,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 232, No. 3, 1999, pp. 121-158. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00114-X [6] K. Walker, D. A. Vallero and R. G. Lewis, “Factors Influencing the Distribution of Lindane and Other Hexachlorocyclohexanes in the Environment,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 33, No. 24, 1999, pp. 4373- 4378. [7] P. C. Abhilash, S. Jamil, V. Singh, A. Singh, N. Singh and S. C. Srivastava, “Occurrence and Distribution of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers in Vegetation Samples from a Contaminated Area,” Chemosphere, Vol. 72, No. 1, 2008, pp. 79-86. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.056 [8] P. C. Abhilash and N. Singh, “Distribution of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers in Soil Samples from a Small Scale Industrial Area of Lucknow, North India, associated with lindane production,” Chemosphere, Vol. 73, No. 6, 2008, pp. 1011-1015. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.037 [9] P. C. Abhilash, “Monitoring of Organochlorine Pesticide (Lindane) in Soil-Plant System of a Contaminated Environment and Its Phytoremediation/Bioremediation,” PhD Thesis, University of Lucknow, India, 2009. [10] I. C. MacRae, Y. Yamaya and T. Yoshida, “Persistence of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers in Soil Suspensions,” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 16, 1984, pp. 285- 286. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(84)90018-X [11] N. Sethunathan, E. M. Bautista and T. Yoshida, “Degradation of Benzene Hexachloride by a Soil Bacterium,” Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 15, No. 12, 1969, pp. 1349-1354. doi:10.1139/m69-245 [12] M. L. Jackson, “Soil Chemical Analysis,” Prentice Hall Inc., New Delhi, 1967. [13] C. A. Black, D. D. Evans, J. L. White, L. E. Ensminger and F. E. Clark, “Methods of Soil Analysis,” 2nd Edition, Agronomy monograph 9. Agronomy Society of America and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, 1965. [14] H. Hams and A. J. B. Zehnder, “Bioavailability of Sorbed 3-Chlorodibenzofuran,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 61, 1995, pp. 27-33. [15] T. N. Bosma, P. J. M. Middeldrop, G. Schraa and A. J. B. Zehnder, “Mass Transfer Limitation of Biotransformation: Quantifying Bioavailability,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1997, pp. 248-252. doi:10.1021/es960383u [16] M. E. Sanchez, I. B. Estrada, O. Martinez, V. Martin, A. Aller and A. Moran, “Influence of the Application of Sewage Sludge on the Degradation of Pesticides in the Soil,” Chemosphere, Vol. 57, No. 7, 2004, pp. 673-679. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.023 [17] N. Chung and M. Alexander, “Differences in Sequestration and Bioavailability of Organic Compounds Aged in Dissimilar Soils,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 32, No. 7, 1998, pp. 855-860. doi:10.1021/es970740g [18] H. Zhang, Y. L. Lu, R. W. Dawson, Y. J. Shi and T. Y. Wang, “Classification and Ordination of DDT and HCH in Soil Samples from the Guanting Reservoir, China,” Chemosphere, Vol. 60, No. 6, 2005, pp. 762-769. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.023 [19] H. Z. Wang, M. C. He, C. Lin, X. C. Quan, W. Guo, and Z. F. Yang, “Monitoring and Assessment of Persistent Organochlorine Residues in Sediments from the Daliaohe River Watershed, Northeast of China,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 133, No. 1-3, 2007, pp. 231-242. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9576-z [20] H. B. Zhang, Y. M. Luo, Q. G. Zhao, M. H. Wong and G. L. Zhang, “Residues of Organochlorine Pesticides in Hong Kong Soils,” Chemosphere, Vol. 63, No. 4, 2006, pp. 633-641. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.08.006 [21] K. D. Wenzel, M. Manz, A. Hubert and G. Schuurman, “Fate of POPs (DDX, HCHs, PCBs) in Upper Soil Layers of Pine Forests,” The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 286, No. 1-3, 2002, pp. 143-154. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00972-X [22] K. C. Jones, R. E. Alcock, D. L. Johnson, G. L. Nothcott, K. T. Semple and P. J. Woolgar, “Organic Chemicals in Contaminated Land: Analysis, Significance and Research Priorities,” Land Contamination Reclamation, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1996, pp. 189-197. [23] J. F. Power and W. A. Dick (Eds.), “Land Application of Agricultural, Industrial, and Municipal By-Products, Vol. 6, Soil Science Society of America Book Series,” Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, 2000. [24] F. Laturnus, K. von Arnold and C. Gr?n, “Organic Contaminants from Sewage Sludge Applied to Agricultural Soils, False Alarm Regarding Possible Problems for Food Safety?” Environmental Science & Pollution Research, Vol. 14, 2007, pp. 53-60. doi:10.1065/espr2006.12.365 [25] H. Wang, S. L. Brown, G. N. Magesan, A. H. Slade, M. Quintern, P. W. Clinton, et al., “Technological Options for the Management of Biosolids,” Environmental Science & Pollution Research, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2008, pp. 308-317. doi:10.1007/s11356-008-0012-5 [26] T. Natal-da-Luz, S. Tidona, B. Jesus, P. V. Morais and J. P. Sousa, “The Use of Sewage Sludge as Soil Amendment. The Need for an Ecotoxicological Evaluation,” Journal of Soils Sediments, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2009, pp. 246- 260. [27] S. Alvey and D. E. Crowley, “Influence of Organic Amendments on Biodegradation of Atrazine as Nitrogen Source,” Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 24, 1995, pp. 1156-1162. doi:10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400060015x [28] B. Pan, P. Ning and B. Xing, “Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants,” Environmental Science & Pollution Research, Vol. 15, No. 7, 2008, pp. 554-564. doi:10.1007/s11356-008-0051-y [29] T. F. Castro and T. Yoshida, “Effect of Organic Matter on the Biodegradation of Some Organochlorine Insecticides in Submerged Soils,” Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1974, pp. 363-370. [30] R. Siddaramappa and N. Sethunathan, “Persistence of γ-BHC and β-BHC in Indian Rice Soils under Flooded Conditions,” CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology, Vol. 10, 1975, pp. 125-172.