Status and Spatial Visualization of Toxic Pollutants (BTEX) in Urban Atmosphere
ABSTRACT
This is a study of visualization of positive data of by Positive Modified Quadratic Shepard (PMQS) method. This data visualization tool was implemented successfully in MATLAB using both recorded pollutants levels and geological coordinates of data acquisition points located in different localities of the metropolitan. These points were located in/around the potential air emissions sources like vehicular transport, industrial sector and residential sector dispersed all around the city Field measurements were carried for 12 hour (day time) at eight points each. An online VOC analyzer was used during field campaign to collect data of hazardous organic pollutants like benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene (BTEX). Constant concentration curves were generated in form of contour plots showing latitude, longitude and spatial distribution of recorded atmospheric pollutants.
This is a study of visualization of positive data of by Positive Modified Quadratic Shepard (PMQS) method. This data visualization tool was implemented successfully in MATLAB using both recorded pollutants levels and geological coordinates of data acquisition points located in different localities of the metropolitan. These points were located in/around the potential air emissions sources like vehicular transport, industrial sector and residential sector dispersed all around the city Field measurements were carried for 12 hour (day time) at eight points each. An online VOC analyzer was used during field campaign to collect data of hazardous organic pollutants like benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene (BTEX). Constant concentration curves were generated in form of contour plots showing latitude, longitude and spatial distribution of recorded atmospheric pollutants.
KEYWORDS
Spatial Distribution, Hazardous Air Pollutants, Contour Plot, Data Acquisition, Emission Sources
Spatial Distribution, Hazardous Air Pollutants, Contour Plot, Data Acquisition, Emission Sources
Cite this paper
nullM. Mansha, A. Saleemi and J. Naqvi, "Status and Spatial Visualization of Toxic Pollutants (BTEX) in Urban Atmosphere," Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, Vol. 1 No. 4, 2011, pp. 231-238. doi: 10.4236/aces.2011.14033.
nullM. Mansha, A. Saleemi and J. Naqvi, "Status and Spatial Visualization of Toxic Pollutants (BTEX) in Urban Atmosphere," Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, Vol. 1 No. 4, 2011, pp. 231-238. doi: 10.4236/aces.2011.14033.
References
[1] Y. Verma, et al., “Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Benzene in Traffic Policemen of North India,” Industrial Health, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2003, pp. 260-264. doi:10.2486/indhealth.41.260 [2] J. Lynch, T. Bernath, et al., “Benzene in the Workplace,” American Industrial Hygiene Association, Vol. 41, No. 9, 1980, pp. 616-623. doi:10.1080/15298668091425392 [3] US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Mobile Sources (USEPA,) “Motor Vehicle Related Air Toxic Study EPA-420 (R-93-005),” US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, 1993. [4] S. E. Edgerton, et al., “Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Air of Rome,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1989, pp. 557-566. [5] T. R. Lewis and W. J. Moorman, “Long Term Exposure to Auto Exhaust and Other Pollutant Mixtures,” Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1974, pp. 2-6. [6] A. Srivastava, et al., “Ambient Levels of Benzene in Mumbai City,” International Journal of Environmental Health Research, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2004, pp. 215-222. doi:10.1080/0960312042000218624 [7] A Hussam, et al., “Solid Phase Micro Extraction: Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Dhaka City Air Pollution,” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Vol. 37, No. 7, 2002, pp. 1223-1239. doi:10.1081/ESE-120005982 [8] P. K. Srivastava, et al., “Ambient Levels of Benzene and Other Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mumbai,” Proceedings of Nature on Environment, B’lore Univ, June 2000, pp.7- 10. [9] D. K. Biswas and G. D Pandey, “Strategy and Policy Adopted in Air Quality Management in India,” Proceedings of Better air quality in Asian and Pacific Rim Cities (BAQ 2002), Hong Kong, 16-18 December 2002. [10] G. Badar, et al., “Development of Baseline (Air Quality) Data in Pakistan,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 127, No. 1-3, 2007, pp. 237-252. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9276-8 [11] L. Husain, et al., “Application of the /Se Tracer Technique to Study SO2 Oxidation in Cloud and Fog on a Time Scale of Minutes,” Chemosphere, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2004, pp. 177-183. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00531-9 [12] S. Hameed, et al., “On the Widespread Winter Fog in Northeastern Pakistan and India,” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 27, No. 13, 2000, pp. 1891-1894. doi:10.1029/1999GL011020 [13] N. F. Qadir, “Air Quality Management in Pakistani Cities: Trends and Challenges,” Better Air Quality in Asian and Pacific Rim Cities (BAQ 2002), Hong Kong, 16-18 December 2002. [14] United Nations Development Program Pakistan (UNDP)/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistant Program, “Pakistan Clean Fuels,” Pakistan, October 2001. [15] G. Mustafa, et al., “Gridding Multivariate Positive Data for Real Time Visualization,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization, Sydney, 26-28 July 2006, pp. 496-502. [16] D. Shepard, “A Two-Dimensional Interpolation Function for Irregularly Spaced Data,” Proceedings of 23rd ACM National Conference, New York, 1968, pp. 517-523. doi:10.1145/800186.810616 [17] W. J. Gordon and J. A. Wixom, “Shepard’s Method of ‘Metric Interpolation’ to Bivariate and Multivariate Interpolation,” Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 32, No. 141, 1978, pp. 253-264. doi:10.2307/2006273 [18] R. Franke and G. Neilson, “Smooth Interpolation of Large set of Scattered Data,” International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 11, 1980, pp. 1691-1704. doi:10.1002/nme.1620151110
[1] Y. Verma, et al., “Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Benzene in Traffic Policemen of North India,” Industrial Health, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2003, pp. 260-264. doi:10.2486/indhealth.41.260 [2] J. Lynch, T. Bernath, et al., “Benzene in the Workplace,” American Industrial Hygiene Association, Vol. 41, No. 9, 1980, pp. 616-623. doi:10.1080/15298668091425392 [3] US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Mobile Sources (USEPA,) “Motor Vehicle Related Air Toxic Study EPA-420 (R-93-005),” US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, 1993. [4] S. E. Edgerton, et al., “Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Air of Rome,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1989, pp. 557-566. [5] T. R. Lewis and W. J. Moorman, “Long Term Exposure to Auto Exhaust and Other Pollutant Mixtures,” Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1974, pp. 2-6. [6] A. Srivastava, et al., “Ambient Levels of Benzene in Mumbai City,” International Journal of Environmental Health Research, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2004, pp. 215-222. doi:10.1080/0960312042000218624 [7] A Hussam, et al., “Solid Phase Micro Extraction: Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Dhaka City Air Pollution,” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Vol. 37, No. 7, 2002, pp. 1223-1239. doi:10.1081/ESE-120005982 [8] P. K. Srivastava, et al., “Ambient Levels of Benzene and Other Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mumbai,” Proceedings of Nature on Environment, B’lore Univ, June 2000, pp.7- 10. [9] D. K. Biswas and G. D Pandey, “Strategy and Policy Adopted in Air Quality Management in India,” Proceedings of Better air quality in Asian and Pacific Rim Cities (BAQ 2002), Hong Kong, 16-18 December 2002. [10] G. Badar, et al., “Development of Baseline (Air Quality) Data in Pakistan,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 127, No. 1-3, 2007, pp. 237-252. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9276-8 [11] L. Husain, et al., “Application of the /Se Tracer Technique to Study SO2 Oxidation in Cloud and Fog on a Time Scale of Minutes,” Chemosphere, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2004, pp. 177-183. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00531-9 [12] S. Hameed, et al., “On the Widespread Winter Fog in Northeastern Pakistan and India,” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 27, No. 13, 2000, pp. 1891-1894. doi:10.1029/1999GL011020 [13] N. F. Qadir, “Air Quality Management in Pakistani Cities: Trends and Challenges,” Better Air Quality in Asian and Pacific Rim Cities (BAQ 2002), Hong Kong, 16-18 December 2002. [14] United Nations Development Program Pakistan (UNDP)/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistant Program, “Pakistan Clean Fuels,” Pakistan, October 2001. [15] G. Mustafa, et al., “Gridding Multivariate Positive Data for Real Time Visualization,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization, Sydney, 26-28 July 2006, pp. 496-502. [16] D. Shepard, “A Two-Dimensional Interpolation Function for Irregularly Spaced Data,” Proceedings of 23rd ACM National Conference, New York, 1968, pp. 517-523. doi:10.1145/800186.810616 [17] W. J. Gordon and J. A. Wixom, “Shepard’s Method of ‘Metric Interpolation’ to Bivariate and Multivariate Interpolation,” Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 32, No. 141, 1978, pp. 253-264. doi:10.2307/2006273 [18] R. Franke and G. Neilson, “Smooth Interpolation of Large set of Scattered Data,” International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 11, 1980, pp. 1691-1704. doi:10.1002/nme.1620151110