Awareness about Early Detection Methods, Symptoms and Risk Factors towards Breast and Cervical Cancer among the Female Students of Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU), Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh

Fatama Tous  Zohora; Nibedita  Paul; Shahin  Mahmud; S. M. Neaz  Mahmud; Abu Zaffar  Shibly

doi:10.4236/abcr.2017.62005

Fatama Tous Zohora^*, Nibedita Paul, Shahin Mahmud, S. M. Neaz Mahmud, Abu Zaffar Shibly

Abstract: The study was conducted to ensure knowledge, attitude, awareness about breast and cervical cancer among the female students of Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University. This study was carried out from July to September, 2015 among the participants of university female halls, different female hostels and different faculty of the university by using a validated questionnaire which was developed for this study. A total 250 female students, at the age of (18 - 26) years were participated. Collected information was analyzed using SPSS, Graph-pad Prism and MS Excel. The results showed that about 87.6% participants were undergraduate. Most of them come from village (45.6%) and city (36.0%). About 90% were Muslims and the socioeconomic level of most of the participants was middle (90.4%). In case of food intake patterns, it was observed that 35.6% participants eat chips, soft drinks, popcorn everyday; 40.4% eat meat regularly; 24% eat sugar everyday; 27.6% eat fruits and vegetables every day. Among them, 55.6% girls maintained daily 1 hour physical activity; 37.2% did exercise rarely; 34.8% participants rarely do strenuous exercise. About 84.4% respondents have not any family history of cancer; 6% participants have sister or mother having breast tumor and 7.2% have at least more than one close relative who have cancer. Among the participants, only 0.8% drank alcohol; 1.2% have addiction of smoking cigarette; 15.6% girls wear tight bra; 3.6% have benign breast disease and 2.8% participants have attended in breast or cervical cancer screening programs. The moderate numbers of girls have breast cancer screening practice. Among them, only 28.8% participants have ever heard about BSE (Breast self-examination) and 40.4% have not any knowledge about breast cancer treatment. About 50.8% respondents don’t have any knowledge about cervical cancer treatment. The village people are the most risky group. About 17.02% girls recognized weakened immune system as a risk factor of cervical cancer. It can be concluded that, knowledge of participants regarding breast and cervical cancer is poor. Targeted education should be implemented to improve the knowledge of respondents about early detection methods and symptoms of breast and cervical cancer.

Keywords: Breast Cancer, Cervical Cancer, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Awareness, Treatments

Cite this paper: Zohora, F. , Paul, N. , Mahmud, S. , Mahmud, S. and Shibly, A. (2017) Awareness about Early Detection Methods, Symptoms and Risk Factors towards Breast and Cervical Cancer among the Female Students of Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU), Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh. Advances in Breast Cancer Research, 6, 49-67. doi: 10.4236/abcr.2017.62005.

References

[1] Sultana, N., Begum, H.A., et al. (2011) Perception of Genital Cancer among Women Attending the OPD of Tertiary Care Hospital in Old Part of Dhaka City. Journal of Dhaka National Medical College & Hospital, 17, 45-57.

[2] Hussain, A.S. and Sullivan, R. (2013) Cancer Control in Bangladesh. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 43, 1159-1169.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyt140

[3] Ferlay, J., Hery, C., Autier, P. and Sankaranarayanan, R. (2010) Global Burden of Breast Cancer. In: Li, C., Ed., Breast Cancer Epidemiology, Springer, New York, 1-19.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0685-4_1

[4] Tavassoli, F.A., et al. (2003) World Health Organization Classification of Tumors: Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of the Breast and Female Genital Organs. Vol. 5, IARC Press, Lyon, 14-15.

[5] Siegel, R., Naishadham, D. and Jemal, A. (2013) Cancer Statistics, 2013. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 63, 11-30.
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21166

[6] Weiss, J.R., Moysich, K.B. and Swede, H. (2005) Epidemiology of Male Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 14, 20-26.

[7] Deb, S., Jene, N., kConFab investigators and Fox, S.B. (2012) Genotypic and Phenotypic Analysis of Familial Male Breast Cancer Shows under Representation of the HER2 and Basal Subtypes in BRCA-Associated Carcinomas. BMC Cancer, 12, 510-537.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-12-510

[8] Davis, N.M., Melissa Sokolosky, M., et al. (2015) Deregulation of the EGFR/PI3K/ PTEN/Akt/mTORC1 Pathway in Breast Cancer: Possibilities for Therapeutic Intervention. Oncotarget, 5, 4603-4650.
https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.2209

[9] (2014) American Cancer Society. Detailed Guide: Breast Cancer.
http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BreastCancer/DetailedGuide/index

[10] Angelis, D.R., Tavilla, A., et al. (2016) Breast Cancer Survivors in the United States: Geographic Variability and time Trends, 2005-2015. Cancer, 115, 1954-1966.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24217

[11] Rosedale, M. and Fu, M.R. (2010) Confronting the Unexpected: Temporal, Situational, and Attributive Dimensions of Distressing Symptom Experience for Breast Cancer Survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 37, 28-33.
https://doi.org/10.1188/10.onf.e28-e33

[12] Bodai, B.I. and Tuso, F. (2015) Breast Cancer Survivorship: A Comprehensive Review of Long-Term Medical Issues and Lifestyle Recommendations. The Permanente Journal, 19, 48-79.
https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/14-241

[13] Howell, A., Anderson, A.S., et al. (2014) Risk Determination and Prevention of Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer Research, 16, 446-457.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-014-0446-2

[14] Li, J., Lindstro, L.S., et al. (2014) 2q36.3 Is Associated with Prognosis for Oestrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Chemotherapy. Nature Communications, 5, Article No. 4051.

[15] Morandi, A., Martin, L., et al. (2013) GDNF-RET Signaling in ER-Positive Breast Cancers Is a Key Determinant of Response and Resistance to Aromatase Inhibitors. Cancer Research, 73, 3783-3795.
https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-4265

[16] Pettersson, A., Graff, R.E., et al. (2014) Mammographic Density Phenotypes and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Meta-analysis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 106, 112-123.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju078

[17] Maguire, S.L., Leonidou, A., et al. (2015) SF3B1 Mutations Constitute a Novel Therapeutic Target in Breast Cancer. Journal of Pathology, 235, 571-580.
https://doi.org/10.1002/path.4483

[18] Sawyer, E., Roylance, R., et al. (2014) Genetic Predisposition to in Situ and Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast. PLoS Genetics, 10, e1004285.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004285

[19] Mousavi, S.M., Gouya, M.M., et al. (2009) Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Iran. Annals of Oncology, 20, 556-563.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdn642

[20] Sarfo, A.L., Awuah-Peasah, D., Acheampong, E. and Asamoah, F. (2012) Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Self-Breast Examination among Female University Students at Presbyterian University College, Ghana. American Journal of Research Communication, 1, 395-396.

[21] Faronbi, J.O. and Abolade, J. (2012) Breast Self-Examination Practices among Female Secondary School Teachers in a Rural Community in Oyo State, Nigeria. Open Journal of Nursing, 2, 111-115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2012.22017

[22] ARC (2012) GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012.
http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspx

[23] De Vito, C., Angeloni, C., et al. (2014) A Large Cross-Sectional Survey Investigating the Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Risk Etiology and the Predictors of the Adherence to Cervical Cancer Screening Related to Mass Media Campaign. Bio-Med Research International, 2014, Article ID: 304602.

[24] Lopez, A.J.G. and Lopez, J.A. (2014) Multistep Model of Cervical Cancer: Participation of miRNAs and Coding Genes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15, 15700-15733.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150915700

[25] Parkin, D.M., Bray, F., Ferlay, J. and Pisani, P. (2001) Estimating the World Cancer Burden: Globocan 2000. International Journal of Cancer, 94, 153-156.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.1440

[26] Chakrabarti, O. and Krishna, S. (2003) Molecular Interactions of “High Risk” Human Papillomaviruses E6 and E7 Oncoproteins: Implications for Tumour Progression. Journal of Biosciences, 28, 337-348.
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02970152

[27] Maio, D. and Liao, J.B. (2006) Human Papillomaviruses and Cervical Cancer. Advances in Virus Research, 66, 125-159.

[28] Huang, R.L., Chang, C.C., et al. (2012) Methylomic Analysis Identifies Frequent DNA Methylation of Zinc Finger Protein 582 (ZNF582) in Cervical Neoplasms. PLoS ONE, 7, e41060.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041060

[29] Forouzanfar, M.H., Foreman, K.J., et al. (2011) Breast and Cervical Cancer in 187 Countries between 1980 and 2010: A Systematic Analysis. The Lancet, 378, 1461-1484.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61351-2

[30] Walboomers, J.M., Jacobs, M.V., et al. (1999) Human Papillomavirus Is a Necessary Cause of Invasive Cervical Cancer Worldwide. The Journal of Pathology, 189, 12-19.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<12::AID-PATH431>3.0.CO;2-F

[31] Miller, J.W., Hanson, V., Johnson, G.D., Royalty, J.E. and Richardson, L.C. (2014) From Cancer Screening to Treatment: Service Delivery and Referral in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program. Cancer, 120, 2549-2556.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28823

[32] Tabatabai, M.A., Keumo, J.J.K., et al. (2014) Disparities in Cervical Cancer Mortality Rates as Determined by the Longitudinal Hyperbolastic Mixed-Effects Type II Model. PLoS ONE, 9, e107242.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107242

[33] Mwaka, A.D., Wabinga, H.R. and Mayanja-Kizza, H. (2014) Mind the Gaps: A Qualitative Study of Perceptions of Healthcare Professionals on Challenges and Proposed Remedies for Cervical Cancer Help-Seeking in Post Conflict Northern Uganda. BMC Family Practice, 14, 193.

[34] Mackay, H.J., Wenzel, L. and Mileshkin, L. (2015) Nonsurgical Management of Cervical Cancer: Locally Advanced, Recurrent, and Metastatic Disease, Survivorship, and Beyond. American Society of Clinical Oncology-Educational Book, 299-309.
https://doi.org/10.14694/EdBook_AM.2015.35.e299

[35] Min, K.J., Lee, Y.J., et al. (2015) The Korean Guideline for Cervical Cancer Screening. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology, 26, 232-239.
https://doi.org/10.3802/jgo.2015.26.3.232

[36] Bourgioti, C., Chatoupis, K., et al. (2016) Current Imaging Strategies for the Evaluation of Uterine Cervical Cancer. World Journal of Radiology, 8, 342-354.
https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v8.i4.342

[37] American Cancer Society (2015) Cancer Facts & Figures 2015. American Cancer Society, Atlanta.

[38] Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2011) The Challenge Ahead: Progress and Setbacks in Breast and Cervical Cancer. IHME, Seattle, WA.

[39] Ekechi, C., Olaitan, A., et al. (2014) Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and Attendance at Cervical Cancer Screening: A Survey of Black Women in London. BMC Public Health, 14, 1096.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1096

[40] Lemlem, B.S., Sinishaw, W., et al. (2013) Assessment of Knowledge of Breast Cancer and Screening Methods among Nurses in University Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2011. ISRN Oncology, 2013, Article ID: 470981.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/470981

[41] Fotedar, V., Seam, K.R., et al. (2013) Knowledge of Risk Factors & Early Detection Methods and Practices towards Breast Cancer among Nurses in Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14, 117-120.
https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.1.117

[42] Ralston, D.J., Taylor, M.V., et al. (2006) Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Risk Factors among Chinese Immigrants in Seattle. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 28, 41-57.

[43] Uddin, K.F.A., Khan, J.Z., Islam, J. and Mahmud, A.M. (2013) Cancer Care Scenario in Bangladesh. South Asian Journal of Cancer, 2, 102-104.
https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-330X.110510

[44] Madanat, H. and Merrill, M.R. (2002) Breast Cancer Risk-factor and Screening Awareness among Women Nurses and Teachers in Amman, Jordan. Cancer Nursing, 25, 276-282.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200208000-00003

[45] Lewitowicz, P., Horecka-Lewitowicz, A. and Adamczyk-Gruszka, O. (2013) Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Risk Factors among Students at the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce. Studia Medyczne, 29, 255-259.
https://doi.org/10.5114/ms.2013.38582

[46] Facione, N.C. (1993) Delay versus Help Seeking for Breast Cancer Symptoms: A Critical Review of the Literature on Patient and Provider Delay. Social Science & Medicine, 36, 1521-1534.

[47] Hussain, A.S. and Sullivan, R. (2013) Cancer Control in Bangladesh. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 43, 1159-1169.

[48] Ferlay, J., Steliarova-Foucher, E., Lortet-Tieulent, J., Rosso, S., Coebergh, J.W.W., Comber, H., Forman, D. and Bray, F. (2013) Cancer Incidence and Mortality Patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 Countries in 2012. European Journal of Cancer, 49, 1374-1403.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2012.12.027

[49] Peralta-Zaragoza, O., Bermúdez-Morales, H.V., et al. (2012) Targeted Treatments for Cervical Cancer: A Review. OncoTargets and Therapy, 5, 315-328.