Characterizing Rhizodegradation of the Insecticide Bifenthrin in Two Soil Types
ABSTRACT
Rhizodegradation is a process by which plant-supplied substrates stimulate microbial populations in plant root zones (rhizospheres) to cause removal of undesirable levels of contaminants in soil. This study characterized rhizodegradation of the insecticide bifenthrin in Armour silt loam and Sullivan fine sandy loam soils that were planted with switchgrass, big bluestem, and alfalfa. After six weeks in soils, plate dilution frequency assays (PDFA) of bacterial populations were higher in all planted soils than in unplanted ones. Planted Sullivan soils contained higher bacteria than corresponding Armour soils and alfalfa rhizospheres of both soil types contained highest bacteria. Bacterial populations generally increased between week 6 and week 10, before declining in each treatment at week 12. Carbon utilization patterns (CUP) of bacterial communities, measured as color development on BIOLOG plates, were higher in planted soils than in unplanted ones. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) constructed patterns based on different extents of color development; these patterns were used to relate microbial communities in the different treatments. Gas chromatography (GC-ECD) showed that significantly more bifenthrin dissipated in planted soils than unplanted ones. Different levels of bifenthrin were recovered in planted soils but the differences were generally not significant. Data are being evaluated further to provide a basis for the development of strategies for enhancing rhizodegradation of soils contaminated with bifenthrin.
Rhizodegradation is a process by which plant-supplied substrates stimulate microbial populations in plant root zones (rhizospheres) to cause removal of undesirable levels of contaminants in soil. This study characterized rhizodegradation of the insecticide bifenthrin in Armour silt loam and Sullivan fine sandy loam soils that were planted with switchgrass, big bluestem, and alfalfa. After six weeks in soils, plate dilution frequency assays (PDFA) of bacterial populations were higher in all planted soils than in unplanted ones. Planted Sullivan soils contained higher bacteria than corresponding Armour soils and alfalfa rhizospheres of both soil types contained highest bacteria. Bacterial populations generally increased between week 6 and week 10, before declining in each treatment at week 12. Carbon utilization patterns (CUP) of bacterial communities, measured as color development on BIOLOG plates, were higher in planted soils than in unplanted ones. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) constructed patterns based on different extents of color development; these patterns were used to relate microbial communities in the different treatments. Gas chromatography (GC-ECD) showed that significantly more bifenthrin dissipated in planted soils than unplanted ones. Different levels of bifenthrin were recovered in planted soils but the differences were generally not significant. Data are being evaluated further to provide a basis for the development of strategies for enhancing rhizodegradation of soils contaminated with bifenthrin.
KEYWORDS
Rhizodegradation, Microbial Community, Substrate Utilization Patters, Biolog, Bifenthrin, Pesticide Dissipation
Rhizodegradation, Microbial Community, Substrate Utilization Patters, Biolog, Bifenthrin, Pesticide Dissipation
Cite this paper
nullX. Le, D. Hui and E. Dzantor, "Characterizing Rhizodegradation of the Insecticide Bifenthrin in Two Soil Types," Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 2 No. 7, 2011, pp. 940-946. doi: 10.4236/jep.2011.27107.
nullX. Le, D. Hui and E. Dzantor, "Characterizing Rhizodegradation of the Insecticide Bifenthrin in Two Soil Types," Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 2 No. 7, 2011, pp. 940-946. doi: 10.4236/jep.2011.27107.
References
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[1] R. L. Chaney, J. S. Angle, C. L. Broadhurst, C. A. Peters, R. V. Tappero and D. L. Sparks, “Improved Understanding of Hyperaccumulation Yields Commercial Phytoextraction and Phytomining Technologies,” Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 36, 2007, pp. 1429-1443. doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0514 [2] J. I. Schnoor, L. A. Light, S. C. McCutcheon, N. L. Wolfe and L. H.Carreira, “Phytoremediation of Organic and Nutrient Contaminants. Pilot and Full-Scale Studies are Demonstrating the Promise and limitations of Using Vegetation for Remediating Hazardous Wastes in Soils and Sediments,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 29, No. 7, 1995, pp. 318-323. doi:10.1021/es00007a002 [3] R. L. Schneider and D. D. Yifru, “Phytoremediation of Perchlorate from Fireworks,” 11th International Symposium on Fireworks, Puerto Vallarta, April 20-24, 2009, pp. 387-396. [4] A. Muratova, T. Hübner, S. Tischer, O. Turkovskaya, M. M?der and P. Kuschk, “Plant-Rhizosphere-Microflora Association during Phytoremediation of PAH-Contaminated Soil,” International Journal of Phytoremediation, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2003, pp. 137-151. doi:10.1080/713610176 [5] J. M. Duringer, A. M. Craig, D. J. Smith and R. L. Chaney, “Uptake and Transformation of Soil [14C]-Trinitrotoluene by Cold-Season Grasses,” Environmental Science & Technology (ACS Publications), Vol. 44, No. 16, 2010, pp. 6325-6330. doi:10.1021/es903671n [6] E. K. Dzantor, J. E. Woolston and B. Momen, “PCB Dissipation and Microbial Community Analysis in Rhi- zosphere Soil under Substrate Amendment Conditions,” International Journal of Phytoremediation, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2002, pp. 283-295. doi:10.1080/15226510208500088 [7] A. A. Romeh, “Phytoremediation of Water and Soil Contaminated with Imidacloprid Pesticide by Plantago Major L,” International Journal of Phytoremediation, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2010, pp. 188-199. doi:10.1080/15226510903213936 [8] J. Gan, S. J. Lee, W. P. Liu, D. L. Haver and J. N. Kabashima, “Distribution and Persistence of Pyrethroids in Runoff Sediments,” Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 34, 2005, pp. 836-841. doi:10.2134/jeq2004.0240 [9] National Plant Board, U.S. Dosmetic Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan, 2004. [10] A. Fecko, “Environmental Fate of Bifenthrin,” Environmental Monitoring and Pest Management Branch, Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, 1999. [11] E. K. Dzantor, D. E. Long and T. K. Amenyenu, “Use of Plant System for Mitigating Environmental Impacts of Pesticides,” Proceeding of the Southern Nurserymen Association Annual Conference, Atlanta, 2005, pp. 580-583. [12] E. K. Dzantor and J. E. Woolston, “Enhancing Dissipation of Aroclor 1248 (PCB) Using Substrate Amendment in Rhizosphere Soil,” Journal of Engineering & Environmental Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1861-1871. [13] R. F. Harris and L. E. Sommers, “Plate-Dilution Frequency Technique for Assay of Microbial Ecology,” Applied Microbiology, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1968, pp. 330-334. [14] V. J. Orphan, L. T. Taylor, D. Hafenbradl and E. F. Delong, “Culture-Dependent and Culture Independent Characterization of Microbial Assemblages Associated with High Temperature Petroleum Reservoirs,” Applied and Environmental of Microbiology, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 700-711. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.2.700-711.2000 [15] E. Yashiro, R. N. Spear and P. S. McManus, “Culture-dependent and Culture-Independent Assessment of Bacteria in the Apple Phyllosphere,” Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 110, No. 5, 2010, pp. 1284-1296. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04975.x [16] J. L. Garland and A. L. Mills, “Classification and Characterization of Heterotrophic Microbial Communities on the basis of patterns of Community-Level Sole-Carbon-Source Utilization,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 57, No. 8, 1991, pp. 2351-2359. [17] V. Torsvik, J. Goksoyr, and F. L. Daae, “High Diversity in DNA of Soil Bacteria,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 56, No. 3, 1991, pp. 782-787. [18] K. Matsui, M. Jun, M. Ueki and Z. I. Kawabata, “Functional Succession of Bacterioplankton on the Basis of Carbon Source Utilization Ability by Biolog Plates,” Ecological Research, Vol. 16, No. 5, 2003, pp. 905-912. [19] A. Stefanowicz, “The Biolog Plates Technique asa Tool in Ecological Studies of Microbial Communities,” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 15, No. 5, 2006, pp. 669-676.