Nain Taara Bukhari¹, Ghulam Fatima², Urooj Zafar³, Anum Muneer¹, Shahana Urooj Kazmi¹

Show more
¹ Dadabhoye Institute of Higher Education, Karachi, Pakistan.
² Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
³ Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Karachi, Pakistan.
Show less

Abstract: Background: Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of childhood mortality in children under five years old. Water is a major contributing risk factor for this disease that is a common illness and a global killer. Material and Methods: Water samples from different areas of Karachi were collected and were processed by MPN technique to evaluate the presence of microbiological substances. Results: Out of the processed samples, 64% were positive for the presence of mix enteric pathogen from different areas of Karachi; from Bhens colony, 74% were positive for the presence of fecal coli forms, among which 4% were positive for EHEC isolated from storage tank and water tank. Conclusion: The abovementioned results reflect the presence of organisms of public health importance in different sources of drinking water. According to WHO guidelines, there should be zero tolerance of these organisms in water.

Keywords: Acute Watery Diarrhea, Parasites, Pathogens

Cite this paper: Bukhari, N. , Fatima, G. , Zafar, U. , Muneer, A. and Urooj Kazmi, S. (2016) Inevitability of an Enhanced Monitoring Strategy to Reduce Water Borne Illness Combining Indicators of Sanitary Protection and Measuring Water Quality. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7, 748-755. doi: 10.4236/ijcm.2016.711081.

References

[1]   Payen, G. (2011) Worldwide Needs for Safe Drinking Water Are Underestimated: Billions of People Are Impacted. AquaFed, Paris.

[2]   Pitkänen, T., Paakkari, P., Miettinen, I.T., Heinonen-Tanski, H., Paulin, L., Hänninen, M.-L. (2007) Comparison of Media for Enumeration of Coliform Bacteria and Escherichia coli in Non-Disinfected Water. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 68, 522-529.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2006.10.007

[3]   Rompré, A., Servais, P., Baudart, J., de-Roubin, M.-R., Laurent, P. (2002) Detection and Enumeration of Coliforms in Drinking Water: Current Methods and Emerging Approaches. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 49, 31-54.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(01)00351-7

[4]   Bhutta, Z.A., Das, J.K., Walker, N., Rizvi, A., Campbell, H., Rudan, I., et al. (2013) Interventions to Address Deaths from Childhood Pneumonia and Diarrhoea Equitably: What Works and at What Cost? The Lancet, 381, 1417-1429.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60648-0

[5]   Wagner, E.G. and Lanoix, J.N. (1958) Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Small Communities.

[6]   Azizullah, A., Khattak, M.N.K., Richter, P. and Häder, D.-P. (2011) Water Pollution in Pakistan and Its Impact on Public Health—A Review. Environment International, 37, 479-497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.007

[7]   Memon, G.R., Joubish, F.M. and Khurram, A.M. (2010) Impact of Parental Socio-Economic Status on Students’ Educational Achievements at Secondary Schools of District Malir, Karachi. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 6, 678-687.

[8]   Khan, A., Farooqui, A. and Kazmi, S.U. (2011) Presence of Helicobacter pylori in Drinking Water of Karachi, Pakistan. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 6, 251-255.

[9]   Jinneman, K.C., Yoshitomi, K.J. and Weagant, S.D. (2003) Multiplex Real-Time PCR Method to Identify Shiga Toxin Genes stx1 and stx2 and Escherichia coli O157: H7/H-Serotype. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 6327-6333.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.10.6327-6333.2003

[10]   Karim, Z. (2011) Risk Assessment of Dissolved trAce Metals in Drinking Water of Karachi, Pakistan. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 86, 676-678.