Sadia Sahi Placide¹, Berté Mohamed¹, Loba Evelyne Marie Hélène¹, Appia Foffié Thiéry Auguste¹, Gnamba Corneil Quand-Meme¹, Ibrahima Sanogo², Lassiné Ouattara^1*

Show more
¹ Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
² Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU Treichville) de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
Show less

Abstract: This work deals with the physicochemical and microbiological characterization of a hospital wastewater that is directly discharged in water bodies without treatment. Our focus was paid on the teaching hospital of Treichville (Cote d’Ivoire). For the purpose, various physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid, conductivity, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand for five days (BOD₅), salinity, and total suspended solids have been assessed. For the microbiological investigations, the parameters consisting in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella and total coliforms have been assessed. From the analysis, it has been found that the wastewaters of the teaching hospital of Treichville are highly loaded in organic pollutants and in pathogens bacteria. The values of nitrate, dissolved oxygen demand, COD, BOD₅ and biological parameters do not respect the international (WHO) values recommended for the water to be discharged in the environment. The ratio COD/BOD₅ has been determined to vary between 1.25 and 2.80. The results showed that the studied wastewater is a domestic type wastewater composed either by mostly biodegradable pollutants or a mixture of biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic pollutants. These wastewaters constitute therefore a risk for the populations since they are discharged in water bodies without any treatment and used by communities.

Keywords: Physicochemical Parameter, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Hospital Wastewater, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella

Cite this paper: Placide, S. , Mohamed, B. , Hélène, L. , Auguste, A. , Quand-Meme, G. , Sanogo, I. and Ouattara, L. (2016) Assessment of the Physicochemical and Microbiological Parameters of a Teaching Hospital’s Wastewaters in Abidjan in Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 8, 1251-1265. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2016.813096.

References

[1]   Blaser, M.J. (2016) Antibiotic Use and Its Consequences for the Normal Microbiome. Science, 352, 544-545.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad9358

[2]   Brown, D. (2015) Antibiotic Resistance Breakers: Can Repurposed Drugs Fill the Antibiotic Discovery Void? Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 14, 821-832.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd4675

[3]   Kummerer, K. (2009) Antibiotics in the Aquatic Environment—A Review-Part I. Chemosphere, 75, 417-434.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.086

[4]   Le-Minh, N., Khan, S.J., Drewes, J.E. and Stuetz, R.M. (2010) Fate of Antibiotics during Municipal water Recycling Treatment Processes. Water Research, 44, 4295-4323.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.020

[5]   Richardson, S.D. and Ternes, T.A. (2011) Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Analytical Chemistry, 83, 4614-4648.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac200915r

[6]   Luo, Y., Guo, W., Ngo, H.H., Nghiem, L.D., Hai, F.I., Zhang, J., Liang, S. and Wang, X.C. (2014) A Review on the Occurrence of Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment and Their Fate and Removal during Wastewater Treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 473-474, 619-641.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.065

[7]   Glen, R.B., Helge, R., Deborah, A.G. and Mitra, S. (2003) Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Surface and Treated Waters of Louisiana, USA and Ontario, Canada. The Science of the Total Environment, 311, 135-149.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00138-4

[8]   Brausch, J.M. and Rand, G.M. (2011) A Review of Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment: Environmental Concentrations and Toxicity. Chemosphere, 82, 1518-1532.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.018

[9]   Bu, Q., Wang, B., Huang, J., Deng, S. and Yu, G. (2013) Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment in China: A Review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 262, 189-211.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.040

[10]   Daughton, C.G. (2016) Pharmaceuticals and the Environment (PiE): Evolution and Impact of the Published Literature Revealed by Bibliometric Analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 562, 391-426.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.109

[11]   Hoyett, Z., Owens, M.A., Clark, C.J. and Abazinge, M. (2016) A Comparative Evaluation of Environmental Risk Assessment Strategies for Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products. Ocean & Coastal Management, 127, 74-80.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.04.013

[12]   Moreira, F.C., Soler, J., Alpendurada, M.F., Boaventura, R.A.R., Brillas, E. and Vilar, V.J.P. (2016) Tertiary Treatment of a Municipal Wastewater toward Pharmaceuticals Removal by Chemical and Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes. Water Research, 105, 251-263.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.036

[13]   Hutchinson, G.E. (1957) A Treatise on Limnology. John Wiley, New York, 1015 p.

[14]   Rutter, R. (1973) The Fundamental of Limnology. University of Toronto Press, 295.

[15]   Odum, E.P. (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology. 3rd Edition, W.B Saunders Company, London, 547.

[16]   Chitnisa, V., Chitnis, S., Vaidya, K., Ravikant, S., Patil, S. and Chitnis, D.S. (2004) Bacterial Population Changes in Hospital Effluent Treatment Plant in Central India. Water Research, 38, 441-447.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.09.038

[17]   Altin, A., Altin, S. and Degimenci, M. (2003) Characteristics and Treatability of Hospital (Medical) Wastewaters. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12, 1098-1108.

[18]   Ouazzan, N. (1987) Lagunage experimental sous climat aride. Variation des paramètres physico-chimiques. Thèse de 3e cycle Fac Marrakech.

[19]   Abouelouafa, M., Berrichi, A., El Halouani, H. and Kharboua, M. (2002) Effets de la réutilisation des eaux usées brutes de la ville d’Oujda sur quelques paramètres agrono-miques et bactériologiques. Actes Inst. Agron. Vet, 22, 153-160.

[20]   WHO (1973) Réutilisation des effluents: Méthode de traitement des eaux et mesures de protection sanitaire. Rapport technique n°517.

[21]   Ministère de l’Environnement du Maroc (2002) Normes maoraines, Bulletin officel du maroc. N° 5062 du Ramadan, 1423, Rabat.

[22]   Aziz, R.J., Al-Zubaidy, F.S., Al-Mathkhury, H.J. and Musenga, J. (2014) Physico-Chemical and Biological Variables of Hospitals Wastewater in Erbil City. Iraqi Journal of Science, 55, 84-92.

[23]   Goldman, C.R. and Home, A.J. (1983) Limnology. McGraw-Hill International Book Company, Japan, 464.

[24]   Raweh, S., Belghyti, D., Al-Zaemey, A., El Guamri, Y. and Elkharrim, K. (2011) Qualité physico-chimique des eaux usées de la station d’épuration de la ville de S’anaa (Yémen). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 5, 1-10.
http://ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs
https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v5i1.68065

[25]   Oulkheir, S. (2002) Caractéristiques physico-chimiques et microbiologiques des eaux usées de Kénitra. Mémoire de 3ème cycle, Faculté des Sciences, Kénitra, 79.

[26]   Idrissi, Y.A., Alemad, A., Aboubaker, S., Daifi, H., Elkharrim, K. and Belghyti, D. (2015) Physico-Chemical Characterization of Wastewater from Azilal City—Morocco. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 11, 556-566.
http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/

[27]   Bartram, J. and Balance, R. (1996) Water Quality Monitoring (a Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring Programs). UN Environment Programme, UNEP and FN Span, Chapman and Hall, UK, 388.

[28]   Severin, M.M. (2012) Evaluation de la gestion des déchets liquids hospitaliers. Casdes eaux usées du centre hospitalier Universitaire de Yaoundé. Université de Yaoundé Cameroun-Diplôme d’études supérieures spécialisées (DESS). Dans la catégorie: Sciences.

[29]   Gnagne, T. and Brissand, F. (2003) Etude des potentialités d’épuration d’effluents d’abattoir par infiltration sur sable en milieutropical. Sud-Sciences et Technologies, No. 11.

[30]   Zerkouirin, R.A. (2003) Flore globale des eaux usées de la ville de Fès et étude de la capacité de certaines espèces à diminuerla charge azotée, phosphatée et quelques métaux lourds (chrome et cadmium). Thèse de Doctorat, Faculté des Sciences, Dder El Mahraz, Fès, Maroc.

[31]   Mishra, A., Mukherjee, A. and Tripathi, B.D. (2009) Seasonal and Temporal Variations in Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Characteristics of River Ganga in Varanasi. International Journal of Environmental Research, 3, 395-402.