Methodology of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Preparation – Case Study of Andaman Islands, India
ABSTRACT
Generally, approaches of coastal issues are sectoral basis and solutions have been formed in adhoc fashions which are not long lasting. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is conceived as a holistic management tool working across sectoral, disciplinary, and institutional boundaries. ICZM planning is a continuous process to achieve the goals and objectives by using alternative decisions. ICZM plan is providing boundary conditions for limitation, negotiation and implementation. Planning for coastal management is essentially requires integration of resources, uses, issues, and tools for achieving the management objectives. The ultimate goal of ICZM is to improve the quality of life of human communities. Coastal area management needs integrated, interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral approaches for sustainable utilization of resources, which is the fundamental objective of the resource planners and managers. Methodology for ICZM planning is differing in relation to the regional culture, society, economics, politics, nature, technology, scientific, human behavior, etc. Planning for coastal management is very easy by following the methodology or framework developed for the planning process. A case study of ICZM Plan for Andaman has been prepared by using the participatory methodology, which is the source of consensus for all stakeholders of the Andaman Islands. The tasks of ICZM Plan preparation for Andaman Islands includes, knowledgebase development, selection of ICZM plan preparation methodologies, conflict identification, risk analysis, cost benefit analysis, strategic and action plans, recommendations and institutional changes. This ICZM methodology could be used for comparing and understanding the boundary conditions of union or federal developing nations towards comparative planning.
Generally, approaches of coastal issues are sectoral basis and solutions have been formed in adhoc fashions which are not long lasting. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is conceived as a holistic management tool working across sectoral, disciplinary, and institutional boundaries. ICZM planning is a continuous process to achieve the goals and objectives by using alternative decisions. ICZM plan is providing boundary conditions for limitation, negotiation and implementation. Planning for coastal management is essentially requires integration of resources, uses, issues, and tools for achieving the management objectives. The ultimate goal of ICZM is to improve the quality of life of human communities. Coastal area management needs integrated, interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral approaches for sustainable utilization of resources, which is the fundamental objective of the resource planners and managers. Methodology for ICZM planning is differing in relation to the regional culture, society, economics, politics, nature, technology, scientific, human behavior, etc. Planning for coastal management is very easy by following the methodology or framework developed for the planning process. A case study of ICZM Plan for Andaman has been prepared by using the participatory methodology, which is the source of consensus for all stakeholders of the Andaman Islands. The tasks of ICZM Plan preparation for Andaman Islands includes, knowledgebase development, selection of ICZM plan preparation methodologies, conflict identification, risk analysis, cost benefit analysis, strategic and action plans, recommendations and institutional changes. This ICZM methodology could be used for comparing and understanding the boundary conditions of union or federal developing nations towards comparative planning.
Cite this paper
nullD. Ramesh and A. Vel, "Methodology of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Preparation – Case Study of Andaman Islands, India," Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 2 No. 6, 2011, pp. 750-760. doi: 10.4236/jep.2011.26087.
nullD. Ramesh and A. Vel, "Methodology of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Preparation – Case Study of Andaman Islands, India," Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 2 No. 6, 2011, pp. 750-760. doi: 10.4236/jep.2011.26087.
References
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Hegarty, “Start with What the People Know: A Community Based Approach To Integrated Coastal Zone Management,” Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 36, No. 1-3, 1997, pp. 167-203. doi:10.1016/S0964-5691(97)00015-X [31] C. F. Lenhart, “A Preliminary Review of NOAA’s Community-Based Dam Removal and Fish Passage Projects,” Coastal Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2003, pp. 79-98. doi:10.1080/08920750390168318 [32] M. D. A. Le Tissier, M. Ireland, J. M. Hills, J. A. McGregor, R. Ramesh and S. Hazra, (Eds), “A Trainers’ Manual for Integrated Coastal Management Capacity Development,” The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2003, p. 187. [33] C. Wood, B. Dipper and C. Jones, “Planning in the Coast and Marine,” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2000, pp. 23-47. doi:10.1080/09640560010757 [34] National Research Council, “The Science of Regional and Global Change: Putting Knowledge to Work,” Report of the NRC Committee on Global Change Research, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001, pp. 1-523. [35] D. Gibbs, J. Longhurst and C. Braithwaite, “Moving towards Sustainable Development? Integrating Economic Development and the Environment in Local Authorities,” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1996, pp. 317-332. doi:10.1080/09640569612444 [36] S. Sohng, “Participatory Research and Community Organizing,” Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1996, pp. 77-97. [37] R. D. Margerum and S. M. Born, “Integrated Environmental Management: Moving from Theory to Practice,” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1995, pp. 42-48. doi:10.1080/09640569512922 [38] B. Shipman and T. Stojanovic, “Facts, Fictions, and Failures of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe,” Coastal Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2007, pp. 375-398. doi:10.1080/08920750601169659 [39] H. Calado, A. Quintela and J. Porteiro, “Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategies on Small Islands,” Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 50, 2007, pp. 125-129.
[1] S. Jentoft and A. Buanes, “Challenges and Myths in Norwegian Coastal Zone Management,” Coastal Management, Vol. 33, No. 2, 2005, pp. 151-165. doi:10.1080/08920750590 [2] F. Veloso-Gomes, A. Barroco, A. R. Pereira, C. S. Reis, H. Calado, J. G. Ferreira, M. Da C. Freitas and M. Biscoito, “Basis for a National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Zone Management—In Portugal,” Journal of Coastal Conservation, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2008, pp. 3-9. doi:10.1007/s11852-008-0017-8 [3] S. Olsen, “Assessing Progress Toward the Goals of Coastal Management,” Coastal Management, Vol. 30, No. 4, 2002, pp. 325-345. doi:10.1080/089207502900309 [4] R. Chuenpagdee and D. Pauly, “Improving the State of Coastal Areas in the Asia-Pacific Region,” Coastal Management, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2004, pp. 3-15. doi:10.1080/08920750490247445 [5] A. Meiner, “Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union—Consolidating Coastal and Marine Information to Support Maritime Spatial Planning,” Journal of Coastal Conservation, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2004, pp. 1-11. doi:10.1007/s11852-009-0077-4 [6] G. Wescott, “The Theory and Practice of Coastal Area Planning: Linking Strategic Planning to Local Communities,” Coastal Management, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2004, pp. 95- 100. doi:10.1080/08920750490247535 [7] T. C. Matthew, F. J. Fodri and P. A. Hastings, “The Near shore Fish Assemblage of the Scripps Coastal Reserve, San Diego, California,” Coastal Management, Vol. 32, No. 4, 2004, pp. 341-351. doi:10.1080/08920750490487188 [8] T. O’Riordanand and H. Voisey, “The Political Economy of Sustainable Development,” Environmental Politics, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1997, pp. 1-23. [9] M. D. A. Le Tissier, J. M. Hills, J. A. McGregor and M. Ireland, “A Training Framework for Understanding Conflict in the Coastal Zone,” Coastal Management, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2004, pp. 77-88. doi:10.1080/08920750490247517 [10] L. P. Hildebrand and J. Sorensen, “Draining and Swamp and Beating away the Alligators,” Intercoast, University of Rhode Island, Vol. 39, 2001, pp. 20-21. [11] A. T. M. S. Huda, “Interagency Collaboration for Integrated Coastal Zone Management: A Bangladesh Case Study,” Coastal Management, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2004, pp. 89-94. doi:10.1080/08920750490247526 [12] N. Harvey, B. D. Clarke and P. Carvalho, “The role of the Australian Coastcare program. In Community-Based Coastal Management: A Case Study from South Australia,” Ocean and Coastal Management, Vol. 44, 2001, pp. 161-18. doi:10.1016/S0964-5691(01)00045-X [13] W. K. de la Mare, “Marine Ecosystem-Based Management as a Hierarchical Control System,” Marine Policy, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2005, pp. 57-68. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2004.02.002 [14] H. L. Chibber, “Geology of Burma,” Macmillan & Co., London, 1912, pp. 1-240 [15] K. Anon, “An Integrated Environmentally Sound Development Strategy for the Andman and Nicobar Islands,” Planning Commission, New Delhi, pp. 1-56 [16] P. Davidar, “Some Guidelines for Prioritisation of Sites for the Network in the Andaman Islands,” Workshop on “The Management of Protected Areas in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands”, Port Blair, 9-11 July 2001, pp. 25-28. [17] K. Anon, “State of Forest Report 1999,” Forest Survey of India, 1999, pp. 1-345. [18] Andaman and Nicobar, Department of Forest and Environment Report, “Andaman and Nicobar Islands—Forests and Environment,” Department of Environment and Forests, A & N Administration, Port Blair, 2001, pp. 1-45. [19] J. R. Turner, D. Vousden, R. Klaus, C. Satyanarayana, D. Fenner, K. Venkataraman, P. T. Rajan and N. V. SubbaRao, “Remote Sensing and Rapid Site Assessment Survey,” Report of Phase 1: April 2001, GOI/UNDP GEF, New Delhi, 2001, pp. 1-232. [20] N. P. Balakrishnan, “Andaman Islands—Vegetation and Floristics,” In: C. J. Saldanha, Ed., Andaman, Nicobar and Lakshadweep, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 1989, pp. 55-68 [21] C. J. Saldanha, “About Andaman and Nicobar—An Environmental Impact Assessment,” In: C. J. Saldanha, Ed., Andaman, Nicobar and Lakshadweep, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 1989, pp 50-55. [22] J. Tobey and R. Volk, “Learning Frontiers in the Practice of Integrated coastal Management,” Coastal Management, Vol. 30, No. 4, 2002, pp. 285-298. doi:10.1080/089207502900228 [23] W. Salomons, R. K.Turner, L. D. de Lacerda and S. Ramachandran, Eds., “Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management,” Springer, Berlin, 1999, pp1-453. [24] H. T. Yap, “Attempts at Integrated Coastal Management in a Developing Country,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 8-9, 1996, pp. 588-591. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(96)00023-9 [25] Y. Wang, J. Tobey, G. Bonynge, J. Nugranad, V. Makota, A. Ngusaru and M. Traber, “Involving Geospatial Information in the Analysis of Land-Cover Change along the Tanzania Coast,” Coastal Management, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2005, pp. 87-99. doi:10.1080/08920750590883132 [26] W. Huang and B. Fu, “Remote Sensing for Coastal Area Management in China,” Coastal Management, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2002, pp. 271-276. doi:10.1080/08920750290042200 [27] S. Jentoft and A. Buanes, “Challenges and Myths in Norwegian Coastal Zone Management,” Coastal Management, Vol. 33, No. 2, 2005, pp. 151-165. doi:10.1080/08920750590 [28] J. P. Doody, “Information Required for Integrated Coastal Zone Management: Conclusions from the European Demonstration Programme,” Coastal Management, Vol. 31, 2003, pp. 163-173. doi:10.1080/08920750390168381 [29] R. Chuenpagdee and D. Pauly, “Improving the State of Coastal Areas in the Asia-Pacific Region,” Coastal Management, Vol. 32, 2004, pp. 3-15. doi:10.1080/08920750490247445 [30] A. Hegarty, “Start with What the People Know: A Community Based Approach To Integrated Coastal Zone Management,” Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 36, No. 1-3, 1997, pp. 167-203. doi:10.1016/S0964-5691(97)00015-X [31] C. F. Lenhart, “A Preliminary Review of NOAA’s Community-Based Dam Removal and Fish Passage Projects,” Coastal Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2003, pp. 79-98. doi:10.1080/08920750390168318 [32] M. D. A. Le Tissier, M. Ireland, J. M. Hills, J. A. McGregor, R. Ramesh and S. Hazra, (Eds), “A Trainers’ Manual for Integrated Coastal Management Capacity Development,” The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2003, p. 187. [33] C. Wood, B. Dipper and C. Jones, “Planning in the Coast and Marine,” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2000, pp. 23-47. doi:10.1080/09640560010757 [34] National Research Council, “The Science of Regional and Global Change: Putting Knowledge to Work,” Report of the NRC Committee on Global Change Research, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001, pp. 1-523. [35] D. Gibbs, J. Longhurst and C. Braithwaite, “Moving towards Sustainable Development? Integrating Economic Development and the Environment in Local Authorities,” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1996, pp. 317-332. doi:10.1080/09640569612444 [36] S. Sohng, “Participatory Research and Community Organizing,” Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1996, pp. 77-97. [37] R. D. Margerum and S. M. Born, “Integrated Environmental Management: Moving from Theory to Practice,” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1995, pp. 42-48. doi:10.1080/09640569512922 [38] B. Shipman and T. Stojanovic, “Facts, Fictions, and Failures of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe,” Coastal Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2007, pp. 375-398. doi:10.1080/08920750601169659 [39] H. Calado, A. Quintela and J. Porteiro, “Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategies on Small Islands,” Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 50, 2007, pp. 125-129.