Direction without speed information process in the human brain: a magnetoencephalographic study using random dots apparent motion stimulus
Affiliation(s)
. Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Japan;.
. Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Japan;.
ABSTRACT
Apparent motion stimulus induces visual perception of smooth motion even though there is no speed information. We examined whether human brain response as measured by magnetoencephalography carries direction information in the visually presented apparent motion of a randomdot pattern in a similar manner as continuous motions that have speed and direction information. Although there was no significant effect of motion direction on the peak response latency and amplitude, mutual information entropy (IE) significantly increased after the motion onset at approximately 36 ms after the response latency in 41% of the evaluations. Detailed analysis of the data from five subjects who participated in both the present apparent motion and our previous coherent motion studies revealed that the maximum IE latency (delay) for apparent motion was significantly longer than that for coherent motion, although the mean maximum IE was the same. The results indicate that direction is represented in the response waveform evoked by apparent motion but the manner is different from that for coherent motion probably due to the distinct neural processes engaged only for the apparent motion perception. We consider that direction and speed can be processed separately in the human brain because direction information was generated without speed information for the perception of apparent motion.
Apparent motion stimulus induces visual perception of smooth motion even though there is no speed information. We examined whether human brain response as measured by magnetoencephalography carries direction information in the visually presented apparent motion of a randomdot pattern in a similar manner as continuous motions that have speed and direction information. Although there was no significant effect of motion direction on the peak response latency and amplitude, mutual information entropy (IE) significantly increased after the motion onset at approximately 36 ms after the response latency in 41% of the evaluations. Detailed analysis of the data from five subjects who participated in both the present apparent motion and our previous coherent motion studies revealed that the maximum IE latency (delay) for apparent motion was significantly longer than that for coherent motion, although the mean maximum IE was the same. The results indicate that direction is represented in the response waveform evoked by apparent motion but the manner is different from that for coherent motion probably due to the distinct neural processes engaged only for the apparent motion perception. We consider that direction and speed can be processed separately in the human brain because direction information was generated without speed information for the perception of apparent motion.
KEYWORDS
Apparent Motion; Random Dot Kinematogram; Direction; Information Entropy; Magnetoencephalography
Apparent Motion; Random Dot Kinematogram; Direction; Information Entropy; Magnetoencephalography
Cite this paper
nullOka, S. , Urakawa, T. , Kakigi, R. and Kaneoke, Y. (2011) Direction without speed information process in the human brain: a magnetoencephalographic study using random dots apparent motion stimulus. Open Journal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 1, 17-22. doi: 10.4236/ojmip.2011.12003.
nullOka, S. , Urakawa, T. , Kakigi, R. and Kaneoke, Y. (2011) Direction without speed information process in the human brain: a magnetoencephalographic study using random dots apparent motion stimulus. Open Journal of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 1, 17-22. doi: 10.4236/ojmip.2011.12003.
References
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[1] Muckli, L., Kriegeskorte, N., Lanfermann, H., Zanella, F.E., Singer, W. and Goebel, R. (2002) Apparent motion: Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of perceptual switches and States. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, RC219. [2] Muckli, L., Kohler, A., Kriegeskorte, N. and Singer, W. (2005) Primary visual cortex activity along the apparent-motion trace reflects illusory perception. PLoS Biology, 3, e265. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030265 [3] Sterzer, P., Haynes, J.D. and Rees, G. (2006) Primary visual cortex activation on the path of apparent motion is mediated by feedback from hMT+/V5. NeuroImage, 32, 1308-1316. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.029 [4] Braddick, O. (1974) A short-range process in apparent motion. Vision Research, 14, 519-527. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(74)90041-8 [5] Chang, J.J. and Julesz, B. (1983) Displacement limits for spatial frequency filtered random-dot cinematograms in apparent motion. Vision Research, 23, 1379-1385. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(83)90149-9 [6] Barlow, H. and Tripathy, S.P. (1997) Correspondence noise and signal pooling in the detection of coherent visual motion. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 7954-7966. [7] Mercier, M., Schwartz, S., Michel, C.M. and Blanke, O. (2009) Motion direction tuning in human visual cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 424-434. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06583.x [8] Kaneoke, Y., Urakawa, T. and Kakigi, R. (2009) Visual motion direction is represented in population-level neural response as measured by magnetoencephalography. Neuroscience, 160, 676-687. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.081 [9] Kubota, T., Kaneoke, Y., Maruyama, K., Watanabe, K. and Kakigi, R. (2004) Temporal structure of the apparent motion perception: A magnetoencephalographic study. Neuroscience Research, 48, 111-118. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2003.10.006 [10] Kawakami, O., Kaneoke, Y., Maruyama, K., Kakigi, R., Okada, T., Sadato, N. and Yonekura, Y. (2002) Visual detection of motion speed in humans: Spatiotemporal analysis by fMRI and MEG. Human Brain Mapping, 16, 104-118. doi:10.1002/hbm.10033 [11] Maruyama, K., Kaneoke, Y., Watanabe, K. and Kakigi, R. (2002) Human cortical responses to coherent and incoherent motion as measured by magnetoencephalography. Neuroscience Research, 44, 195-205. doi:10.1016/S0168-0102(02)00129-3 [12] Wang, L., Kaneoke, Y. and Kakigi, R. (2003) Spatiotemporal separability in the human cortical response to visual motion speed: A magnetoencephalography study. Neuroscience Research, 47, 109-116. doi:10.1016/S0168-0102(03)00191-3 [13] Schlogl, A., Kemp, B., Penzel, T., Kunz, D., Himanen, S.L., Varri, A., Dorffner, G. and Pfurtscheller, G. (1999) Quality control of polysomnographic sleep data by histogram and entropy analysis. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110, 2165-2170. doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00172-8 [14] Baddeley, R., Hancock, P. and Foldiak, P. (2000) Information theory and the brain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511665516 [15] Osborne, L.C., Bialek, W. and Lisberger, S.G. (2004) Time course of information about motion direction in visual area MT of macaque monkeys. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 3210-3222. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5305-03.2004 [16] Kaneoke, Y. (2006) Magnetoencephalography: In search of neural processes for visual motion information. Progress in neurobiology, 80, 219-240. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.10.001 [17] Kawakami, O., Kaneoke, Y. and Kakigi, R. (2000) Perception of apparent motion is related to the neural activity in the human extrastriate cortex as measured by magnetoencephalography. Neuroscience Letters, 285, 135-138. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01050-8