Bibi Haniyeh Emraninasab^1*, Mohammad Hossein Adabi², Mahmoodreza Majidifard³, Nader Kohansal Ghadimvand⁴

Show more
¹ Department of Geology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
² Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
³ Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
⁴ Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
Show less

Abstract: Permian rocks in Kalmard block are recognized with Khan Group, enjoying various characteristics in different outcrops. This group is made up of three informal formations, namely Chili, Sartakht and Hermez. Middle Permian deposits (Sartakht formation) are composed chiefly of sandstone and carbonate rocks. This formation is composed of 58.6 m sandstone and dolomitic limestone in the Bakhshi section. Lower Permian carbonate deposits (Chili formation) unconformably underlie this formation while lateritic paleosols of upper Permian (Hermez formation) are depicted overlying an erosional unconformity above this formation. According to lithologic and microscopic investigations, the deposits of Sartakht formation can be divided into 2 siliciclastic petrofacies and 12 carbonate microfacies. Field observations, along with microscopic examinations, have resulted in identifying tidal flat, lagoon, shoal and open marine environments in the rocks of the studied formation. Vertical changes of microfacies and depth variation curve point to the high thickness of the microfacies of lagoon and shoal environments and low thickness of the microfacies of tidal flat and open marine environments. The carbonate-siliciclastic sequence of Sartakht formation is made up of a third-order depositional sequence, separated from carbonate depositions of lower Permian (Chili formation) and lateritic paleosols of upper Permian by type 1 sequence boundary (SB1). Siliciclastic deposits include LST system tract, and carbonate microfacies involve TST and HST system tracts, separated from each other by MFS. Sartakht formation rocks in Bakhshi section are deposited in a low-angle homoclinal ramp, mostly in the inner ramp, located in the south of Paleotethys Ocean. The depositional sequence identified in Sartakht formation points to the age of middle Permian, conforming to middle Absaroka II supersequence. The upper erosional boundary between Sartakht and Hermez formations conforms to the global-scale sea level fall.

Keywords: Middle Permian, Kalmard Block, Sartakht Formation, Depositional Environment, Sequence Stratigraphy

Cite this paper: Emraninasab, B. , Adabi, M. , Majidifard, M. and Ghadimvand, N. (2016) Facies Interpretation, Depositional Environment and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Sartakht Formation in the Bakhshi Section, Located in Kalmard Block, East-Central Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 6, 314-329. doi: 10.4236/ojg.2016.65027.

References

[1]   Aghanabati, A. (2004) Geology of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 606 p.

[2]   Aghanabati, A. (1977) Etudgeologique de la region de Kalmard (W. Tabas). Geological Survey of Iran, No. 35, 51-63.

[3]   Azhdari, A. (1999) Geological Map and Report of Robat-e-Khan, on Scale of 1:100,000. Geological Survey of Iran. Tehran.

[4]   Dickson, J. (1965) A Modified Staining Technique for Carbonate in Thin Section. Nature, 205, 587.

[5]   Folk, R.L. (1974) Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill Publishing Company, Austin, 182 p.

[6]   Dunham, R.J. (1962) Classification of Carbonate Rocks According to Depositional Texture. In: Ham, W.E., Ed., Classification of Carbonate Rocks, a Symposium, AAPG Mem., No. 1, 108-121.

[7]   Embry, A.F. and Klovan, J.E. (1971) A Late Devonian Reef Tract on Northeasterm Banks Island. Canadian Petroleum Geology, 19, 730-781.

[8]   Wilson, J.L. (1975) Carbonate Facies in Geologic History. Springer, New York, 471 p.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6383-8

[9]   Carozzi, A.V. (1989) Carbonate Rocks Depositional Model. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 604 p.

[10]   Tucker, M.E. and Wright, V.P. (1990) Carbonate Sedimentology. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Palo Alto, 496 p.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444314175

[11]   Flügel, E. (2010) Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks, Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 996 p.

[12]   Posamentier, H.M., Jervey, M.T. and Vail, P.R. (1988) Eustatic Controls on Clastics Deposition I-Conceptual Framework. In: Wilgus, C.K., Hasting, B.H., Kendall, C.G.ST.C., Posamentier, H.W., Ross, C.A. and Van Wagoner, J.C., Eds., Sea Level Changes: An Integrated Approach, SEPM, Special Publication, No. 420, 109-124.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/pec.88.01.0109

[13]   Bardossy, G. (1982) Karst Bauxites, Bauxite Deposits on Carbonate Rocks, Developments in Economic Geology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Vol. 14, 441 p.

[14]   Ozlo, N. (1983) Trace-Element Content Karst Bauxites and Their Parent Rock in the Mediterranean Belt. Mineralumdeposita, 18, 469-476.

[15]   Read, J.F. (1985) Carbonate Platform Facies Models. AAPG Bulletin, 69, 1-21.

[16]   Pettijohn, F.J., Siever, R. and Potter, P.E. (1987) Sand and Sandstone. 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 553 p.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1066-5

[17]   Khalifa, M.A., Soliman, H.E. and Wanas, H.A. (2006) The Cambrian Araba Formation in Northeastern Egypt: Facies and Depositional Environments. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 873-884.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.09.003

[18]   Shinn, A. (1983) Tidal Flat Environment. In: Schlle, A., Debout, D.G. and Moore, C.H., Eds., Carbonate Depositional Environment, AAPG Memoir, Vol. 33, 173-210.

[19]   Adabi, M.H., Salehi, M.A. and Ghabeishavi, A. (2010) Depositional Environment, Sequence Stratigraphy and Geochemistry of Lower Cretaceous Carbonates (Fahliyan Formation), South-West Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 39, 148-160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.03.011

[20]   Adabi, M.H., Kakemem, U. and Sadeghi, A. (2015) Sedimentary Facies, Depositional Environment, and Sequence Stratigraphy of Oligocene-Miocene Shallow Water Carbonate from the Rig Mountain, Zagros Basin, (SW Iran). Carbonates and Evaporites, 31, 5-8.

[21]   Adabi, M.H. and Asadi Mehmandosti, E. (2008) Microfacies and Geochemistry of the Ilam Formation in the Tang-E Rashid Area, Izeh, SW Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 33, 267-277.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.01.002

[22]   AsadiMehmandosti, E., Adabi, M.H. and Wood, D. (2013) Microfacies and Geochemistry of the Middle Cretaceous Sarvak Formation in the Zagros Basin, Izeh Zone, SW Iran. Sedimentary Geology, 293, 9-20.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.04.005

[23]   Amalain, M. and Adabi, M.H. (2015) Geochemistry, Microfacies and Diagenetic Evidences for Original Aragonite Mineralogy and Open Diagenetic System of Lower Cretaceous Carbonates Fahliyan Formation (Kuh-Esiah) Area, Zagros Basin, South Iran. Carbonates and Evaporites, 30, 77-98.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13146-014-0211-8

[24]   Brandano, M., Frezza, V., Tomassetti, L., Matteucci, R. and Pedley, M. (2010) Facies Analysis and Paleoenvironmental Interpretation of the Late Oligocene Attard Member (Lower Coralline Limstone Formation), Malta. Sedimentology, 56, 1138-1158.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01023.x

[25]   Boudagher-Fadel, M.K. and Lokier, S.W. (2005) Significant Miocene Larger Foraminifera from South Central Java. Revue de Paleobiologie, Geneve, 24, 291-309.

[26]   Basso, D., Nalin, R. and Nelson, C.S. (2009) Shallow-Water Sporolithon Rhodoliths from North Island (New Zealand). Palaios, 24, 92-103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2008.p08-048r

[27]   Nebelsick, J.H., Rasser, D. and Lempp, J. (2012) Tracking Paleoenvironmental Changes in Coralline Algal-Dominated Carbonates of the Lower Oligocene Calcareniti di Castelgomberto Formation (Monti Berici, Italy). Facies, 59, 133-148.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10347-012-0349-6

[28]   Adabi, M.H. and Rao, C.P. (1996) Petrographic, Elemental and Isotopic Criteria for the Recognition of Carbonate Mineralogy and Climates during the Jurassic (Examples from Iran and England). 13th Australia Geological Convention, (abst), Canberra, 19-23 February 1996, 6.

[29]   Ahmad, A.H.M., Bhat, G.M. and Haris Azim Khan, M. (2006) Depositional Environments and Diagenesis of the Kuldhar and Keera Dome Carbonates (Late Bathonian—Early Callovian) of Western India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 765-778.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.06.013

[30]   Betzler, C., Braga, J.C., Martin, J.M., Sanchez-Almazo, I.M. and Lindhorst, S. (2006) Closure of a Seaway: Stratigraphic Record and Facies (Guadix Basin, Southern Spain). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 95, 903-910.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-006-0073-y

[31]   Palma, R.M., Lopez Gomez, J. and Piethe, R.D. (2007) Oxfordian Ramp System (La Manga Formation) in the Bardas Area (Mendoza Province) Neuquen Basin, Argantina: Facies and Depositional Sequence. Sedimentary Geology, 195, 113-134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.07.001

[32]   Khatibi, M. and Adabi, M.H. (2013) Microfacies and Geochemical Evidence for Original Aragonite Mineralogy of a Forminifera-Dominated Carbonate Ramp System in the Late Paleocene to Middle Eocene, Alborz Basin, Iran. Carbonates and Evaporites, 29, 155-175.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13146-013-0163-4

[33]   Heckel, H. (1972) Recognition of Ancient Shallow Marine Environment, In: Rigby, J.K. and Hemblin, K., Eds., Recognition Ancient Sedimentary Environments, Vol. 161, SEPM Special Publication, Tulsa, 226-286.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/pec.72.02.0226

[34]   Amir-shahkarami, M., Vaziri-Moghaddam, H. and Taheri, A. (2007) Sedimentary Facies and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation at Chaman-Bolbol, Zagros Basin, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29, 947-959.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.06.008

[35]   Adachi, N., Ezaki, Y. and Liu, J. (2004) The Origin of Peloids Immediately after the End Permian Extinction, Guizhou Province, South China. Sedimentary Geology, 146, 161-178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.10.007

[36]   Bachmann, M. and Hirisch, F. (2006) Lower Cretaceous Carbonate Platform of the Eastern Levant (Galilee and the Golan Heights): Stratigraphy and Second-Order Sea-Level Change. Cretaceous Research, 27, 487-512.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2005.09.003

[37]   Tucker, M.E. (2008) Sedimentary Petrology. 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 262 p.

[38]   Berberian, M. and King, G.C.P. (1981) Toward a Paleogeography and Tectonic Evolution of Iran. In: Berberian, M., Ed., Continental Deformation in the Iranian Plateau, Report, No. 52, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Report No. 52, 502-530.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e81-019

[39]   Naish, T.R., Abbott, S.T. and Carter, R.M. (2013) Sequence Stratigraphy Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. In: Elias, S.A., Ed., Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 260-276.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53643-3.00066-2

[40]   Patricio, R.D., Luis, A.B., Carlos, O.L. and Gabriela, A.C. (2009) Latest Carboniferous-Earliest Permian Transgressive Deposits in the Paganzo Basin of Western Argantina: Lithofacies and Sequence Stratigraphy of a Coastal Plain to Bay Succession. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 28, 40-53.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2008.10.003

[41]   Schlager, W. (2005) Carbonate Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy. Vol. 8, SEPM Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology. 200 p.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/csp.05.08

[42]   Sloss, L.L. (1963) Sequence in Cratonic Interior of North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 74, 93-114.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[93:SITCIO]2.0.CO;2

[43]   Alonso-Zarza, A.M. and Tanner, L.H. (2010) Carbonates in Continental Setting: Facies, Environments and Processes, Developments in Sedimentology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 225-267.