Entanglement Arrow of Time in the Multiverse
Author(s)
Salvador Robles-Pérez1,2
Affiliation(s)
1 Colina de los Chopos, Centro de Fisica “Miguel Catalán”, Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain. 2 Estación Ecológica de Biocosmologia, Pedro de Alvarado, Medellin, Spain.
1 Colina de los Chopos, Centro de Fisica “Miguel Catalán”, Instituto de Fisica Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain. 2 Estación Ecológica de Biocosmologia, Pedro de Alvarado, Medellin, Spain.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, the model of a multiverse made up of entangled pairs of universes is presented. The arrow of time obtained from the principles of thermodynamics and the arrow of time given by the thermodynamics of entanglement for single universes are analyzed. The latter requires that the single universes expand once they have crossed the quantum barrier at the Euclidean regime. The possible relationship with respect to the growth of local structures in a single universe is also discussed.
In this paper, the model of a multiverse made up of entangled pairs of universes is presented. The arrow of time obtained from the principles of thermodynamics and the arrow of time given by the thermodynamics of entanglement for single universes are analyzed. The latter requires that the single universes expand once they have crossed the quantum barrier at the Euclidean regime. The possible relationship with respect to the growth of local structures in a single universe is also discussed.
Cite this paper
Robles-Pérez, S. (2014) Entanglement Arrow of Time in the Multiverse. Open Access Library Journal, 1, 1-8. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1100646.
Robles-Pérez, S. (2014) Entanglement Arrow of Time in the Multiverse. Open Access Library Journal, 1, 1-8. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1100646.
References
[1] Hawking, S.W. (1985) Arrow of Time in Cosmology. Physical Review D, 32, 2489.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.32.2489 [2] Davies, P.C.W. (1974) The Physics of the Time Asymmetry. California University Press, Berkeley. [3] Zeh, H.D. (1989) The Physical Basis of the Direction of Time. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02595-6 [4] Halliwell, J.J., P_erez-Mercader, J. and Zurek, W.H., Eds. (1994) Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [5] Kiefer, C. and Zeh, H.D. (1995) Arrow of Time in a Recollapsing Quantum Universe. Physical Review D, 51, 4145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.51.4145 [6] Wald, R.M. (2006) The Arrow of Time and the Initial Conditions of the Universe. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 37, 394-398. [7] McInnes, B. (2007) Arrow of Time in String Theory. Nuclear Physics B, 782, 1. [8] Gorsky, A. (2007) Spontaneous Creation of the Brane World and Direction of the Time Arrow. Physics Letters B, 646, 183. [9] Bousso, R. (2011) Vacuum Structure and the Arrow of Time. Physical Review D, 86, Article ID: 123509. [10] Goldwirth, D.S. and Piran, T. (1991) Entropy, Inflation and the Arrow of Time. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 8, L155.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/8/8/001 [11] Albrecht, A. (2004) Science and Ultimate Reality. From Quantum to Cosmos. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [12] Carroll, S.M. and Chen, J. (2004) Spontaneous Inflation and the Origin of the Arrow of Time. [13] González-Díaz, P.F. (1994) Quantum State of Wormholes and Topological Arrow of Time. International Journal of Modern Physics D, 3, 549. [14] Castagnino, M. and Laciana, C. (2002) The Global Thermodynamic Arrow of Time. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 19, 2657-2670.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/19/10/309 [15] Kiefer, C. (2005) Quantum Cosmology and the Arrow of Time. Brazilian Journal of Physics, 35, 296.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-97332005000200014 [16] Alfinito, E. and Vitiello, G. (2007) Double Universe and the Arrow of Time. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 67, Article ID: 012010. [17] Bertolami, O. (2008) A Curvature Principle for the Interaction between Universes. General Relativity and Gravitation, 40, 1891-1898. [18] Carr, B. (2007) Universe or Multiverse? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107050990 [19] Robles-Pérez, S. and González-Díaz, P.F. (2010) The Quantum State of the Multiverse. Physical Review D, 81, Article ID: 083529. [20] Robles-Pérez, S. and González-Díaz, P.F. (2012) Coherent States in the Quantum Multiverse. Physics Letters B, 683, 1-6. [21] Jennings, D. and Rudolph, T. (2010) Entanglement and the Thermodynamic Arrow of Time. Physical Review E, 81, Article ID: 061130.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.81.061130 [22] Vedral, V. and Kashefi, E. (2002) Uniqueness of the Entanglement Measure for Bipartite Pure States and Thermodynamics. Physical Review Letters, 89, Article ID: 037903.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.037903 [23] Brandao, F.G.S.L. and Plenio, M.B. (2008) Entanglement Theory and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Nature Physics, 4, 873-877.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys1100 [24] Deutsch, D. (2002) The Structure of the Multiverse. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, London, 458, 2911-2923. [25] Strominger, A. (1990) Baby Universes. In: Coleman, S., Hartle, J.B., Piran, T. and Weinberg, S., Eds., Quantum Cosmology and Baby Universes, Vol. 7, World Scientic, London, 269-346. [26] Litt, A., Eliasmith, C., Kroon, F.W., Weinstein, S. and Thagard, P. (2006) Is the Brain a Quantum Computer? Cognitive Science, 30, 593-603.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_59 [27] Kiefer, C. (2007) Quantum Gravity. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199212521.001.0001 [28] Vilenkin, A. (1982) Creation of Universes from Nothing. Physics Letters B, 117, 25-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(82)90866-8 [29] Vilenkin, A. (1984) Quantum Creation of Universes. Physical Review D, 30, 509.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.30.509 [30] Vilenkin, A. (1986) Boundary Conditions in Quantum Cosmology. Physical Review D, 33, 3560.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.33.3560 [31] Hawking, S.W. (1982) The Boundary Conditions of the Universe. In: Brück, H.A., Coyne, G.V. and Longair, M.S., Eds., Astrophysical Cosmology, Ponticia Academiae Scientarium, Vatican City, 563. [32] Hartle, J.B. and Hawking, S.W. (1983) Wave Function of the Universe. Physical Review D, 28, 2960.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960 [33] Lewis, H.R. and Riesenfeld, W.B. (1969) An Exact Quantum Theory of the Time-Dependent Harmonic Oscillator and of a Charged Particle in a Time-Dependent Electromagnetic Field. Journal of Mathematical Physics, 10, 1458.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1664991 [34] Partovi, M.H. (2008) Entanglement versus Stosszahlansatz: Disappearance of the Thermodynamic Arrow in a High-Correlation Environment. Physical Review E, 77, Article ID: 021110.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.77.021110 [35] Alicki, R., Horodecki, M., Horodecki, P. and Horodecki, R. (2004) Thermodynamics of Quantum Information Systems—Hamiltonian Description. Open Systems & Information Dynamics, 11, 205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:OPSY.0000047566.72717.71 [36] Plenio, M.B. and Vedral, V. (1998) Teleportation, Entanglement and Thermodynamics in the Quantum World. Contemporary Physics, 39, 431-446.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/001075198181766
[1] Hawking, S.W. (1985) Arrow of Time in Cosmology. Physical Review D, 32, 2489.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.32.2489 [2] Davies, P.C.W. (1974) The Physics of the Time Asymmetry. California University Press, Berkeley. [3] Zeh, H.D. (1989) The Physical Basis of the Direction of Time. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02595-6 [4] Halliwell, J.J., P_erez-Mercader, J. and Zurek, W.H., Eds. (1994) Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [5] Kiefer, C. and Zeh, H.D. (1995) Arrow of Time in a Recollapsing Quantum Universe. Physical Review D, 51, 4145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.51.4145 [6] Wald, R.M. (2006) The Arrow of Time and the Initial Conditions of the Universe. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 37, 394-398. [7] McInnes, B. (2007) Arrow of Time in String Theory. Nuclear Physics B, 782, 1. [8] Gorsky, A. (2007) Spontaneous Creation of the Brane World and Direction of the Time Arrow. Physics Letters B, 646, 183. [9] Bousso, R. (2011) Vacuum Structure and the Arrow of Time. Physical Review D, 86, Article ID: 123509. [10] Goldwirth, D.S. and Piran, T. (1991) Entropy, Inflation and the Arrow of Time. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 8, L155.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/8/8/001 [11] Albrecht, A. (2004) Science and Ultimate Reality. From Quantum to Cosmos. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [12] Carroll, S.M. and Chen, J. (2004) Spontaneous Inflation and the Origin of the Arrow of Time. [13] González-Díaz, P.F. (1994) Quantum State of Wormholes and Topological Arrow of Time. International Journal of Modern Physics D, 3, 549. [14] Castagnino, M. and Laciana, C. (2002) The Global Thermodynamic Arrow of Time. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 19, 2657-2670.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/19/10/309 [15] Kiefer, C. (2005) Quantum Cosmology and the Arrow of Time. Brazilian Journal of Physics, 35, 296.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-97332005000200014 [16] Alfinito, E. and Vitiello, G. (2007) Double Universe and the Arrow of Time. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 67, Article ID: 012010. [17] Bertolami, O. (2008) A Curvature Principle for the Interaction between Universes. General Relativity and Gravitation, 40, 1891-1898. [18] Carr, B. (2007) Universe or Multiverse? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107050990 [19] Robles-Pérez, S. and González-Díaz, P.F. (2010) The Quantum State of the Multiverse. Physical Review D, 81, Article ID: 083529. [20] Robles-Pérez, S. and González-Díaz, P.F. (2012) Coherent States in the Quantum Multiverse. Physics Letters B, 683, 1-6. [21] Jennings, D. and Rudolph, T. (2010) Entanglement and the Thermodynamic Arrow of Time. Physical Review E, 81, Article ID: 061130.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.81.061130 [22] Vedral, V. and Kashefi, E. (2002) Uniqueness of the Entanglement Measure for Bipartite Pure States and Thermodynamics. Physical Review Letters, 89, Article ID: 037903.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.037903 [23] Brandao, F.G.S.L. and Plenio, M.B. (2008) Entanglement Theory and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Nature Physics, 4, 873-877.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys1100 [24] Deutsch, D. (2002) The Structure of the Multiverse. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, London, 458, 2911-2923. [25] Strominger, A. (1990) Baby Universes. In: Coleman, S., Hartle, J.B., Piran, T. and Weinberg, S., Eds., Quantum Cosmology and Baby Universes, Vol. 7, World Scientic, London, 269-346. [26] Litt, A., Eliasmith, C., Kroon, F.W., Weinstein, S. and Thagard, P. (2006) Is the Brain a Quantum Computer? Cognitive Science, 30, 593-603.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_59 [27] Kiefer, C. (2007) Quantum Gravity. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199212521.001.0001 [28] Vilenkin, A. (1982) Creation of Universes from Nothing. Physics Letters B, 117, 25-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(82)90866-8 [29] Vilenkin, A. (1984) Quantum Creation of Universes. Physical Review D, 30, 509.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.30.509 [30] Vilenkin, A. (1986) Boundary Conditions in Quantum Cosmology. Physical Review D, 33, 3560.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.33.3560 [31] Hawking, S.W. (1982) The Boundary Conditions of the Universe. In: Brück, H.A., Coyne, G.V. and Longair, M.S., Eds., Astrophysical Cosmology, Ponticia Academiae Scientarium, Vatican City, 563. [32] Hartle, J.B. and Hawking, S.W. (1983) Wave Function of the Universe. Physical Review D, 28, 2960.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960 [33] Lewis, H.R. and Riesenfeld, W.B. (1969) An Exact Quantum Theory of the Time-Dependent Harmonic Oscillator and of a Charged Particle in a Time-Dependent Electromagnetic Field. Journal of Mathematical Physics, 10, 1458.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1664991 [34] Partovi, M.H. (2008) Entanglement versus Stosszahlansatz: Disappearance of the Thermodynamic Arrow in a High-Correlation Environment. Physical Review E, 77, Article ID: 021110.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.77.021110 [35] Alicki, R., Horodecki, M., Horodecki, P. and Horodecki, R. (2004) Thermodynamics of Quantum Information Systems—Hamiltonian Description. Open Systems & Information Dynamics, 11, 205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:OPSY.0000047566.72717.71 [36] Plenio, M.B. and Vedral, V. (1998) Teleportation, Entanglement and Thermodynamics in the Quantum World. Contemporary Physics, 39, 431-446.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/001075198181766