Es’haghi Zarrin^1*, Ahmadpour Ali², Tanha Ali Akbar¹, Sayfi Ali¹, Ayati Ali²

Show more
¹ Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
² Department of Chemical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Show less

Abstract: This research describes a new design of hollow fiber solid-liquid phase microextraction (HF– SLPME) which was developed for the extraction and measurement of Cu(II) ion in water samples combined with atomic absorption spectroscopy. This method consists of an aqueous feed and the functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (F-MWCNTs) with HNO3 and NaClO, dispersed into n-octanol, are held within the pores and the lumen of a porous hollow fiber as the extractor phase. The presented method allows an effective and enriched recuperation of ionic analyte into MWCNTs/organic phase. The effective parameters were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, a sample of industrial waste water was successfully purified using the proposed method. Our results showed that at optimized extraction conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.01 - 20 μg/mL of Cu(II) ions in the initial solution with R2 > 0.99 for both F-MWCNTs samples. All experiments were carried out at room temperature (25℃ ± 0.5℃).

Keywords: Solid/Liquid Phase Microextraction, Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube, Hollow Fiber, Cu(II), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Cite this paper: Zarrin, E. , Ali, A. , Akbar, T. , Ali, S. and Ali, A. (2014) Extraction of Cu(II) Ions in Wastewaters Using New Solid/Liquid Phase Microextraction Technique Based on Incorporating Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes into Polypropylene Hollow Fiber. Open Access Library Journal, 1, 1-15. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1100380.

References

[1]   González-Muñoz, M.J., Rodríguez, M.A., Luque, M. and álvarez, J.R. (2006) Recovery of Heavy Metals from Metal Industry Waste Waters by Chemical Precipitation and Nanofiltration. Desalination, 200, 742-744.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.498

[2]   Kang, S.-Y., Lee, J.-U., Moon, S.-H. and Kim, K.-W. (2004) Competitive Adsorption Characteristics of Co2+, Ni2+, and Cr3+ by IRN-77 Cation Exchange Resin in Synthesized Wastewater. Chemosphere, 56, 141-147.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.02.004

[3]   Fu, F. and Wang, Q. (2011) Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewaters: A Review. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 407-418.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011

[4]   Jha, M.K., Kumar, V., Jeong, J. and Lee, J.-C. (2012) Review on Solvent Extraction of Cadmium from Various Solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 111-112, 1-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.09.001

[5]   Dadfarnia, S., Shabani, A.-M. H. and Kamranzadeh, E. (2009) Separation/Preconcentration and Determination of Cadmium Ions by Solidification of Floating Organic Drop Microextraction and FI-AAS. Talanta, 79, 1061-1065.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2009.02.004

[6]   Mahugo-Santana, C., Sosa-Ferrera, Z., Torres-Padron, M. and Santana-Rodriguez, J.J. (2011) Application of New Approaches to Liquid-Phase Microextraction for the Determination of Emerging Pollutants. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 30, 731-748.

[7]   Lord, H. and Pawliszyn, J. (2000) Evolution of Solid-Phase Microextraction Technology. Journal of Chromatography A, 885, 153-193.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00535-5

[8]   Jeannot, M.A. and Cantwell, F.F. (1996) Solvent Microextraction into a Single Drop. Analytical Chemistry, 68, 2236-2240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac960042z

[9]   Jeannot, M.A. and Cantwell, F.F. (1997) Mass Transfer Characteristics of Solvent Extraction into a Single Drop at the Tip of a Syringe Needle. Analytical Chemistry, 69, 235-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac960814r

[10]   Rasmussen, K.E. and Pedersen-Bjergaard, S. (2004) Developments in Hollow Fibre-Based, Liquid-Phase Microextraction. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23, 1-10.

[11]   Pedersen-Bjergaard, S. and Rasmussen, K.E. (1999) Liquid-Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Sample Preparation of Biological Fluids Prior to Capillary Electrophoresis. Analytical Chemistry, 71, 2650-2656.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac990055n

[12]   Zhu, L., Zhu, L. and Lee, H.K. (2001) Liquid-Liquid-Liquid Microextraction of Nitrophenols with a Hollow Fiber Membrane Prior to Capillary Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 924, 407-414.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00906-2

[13]   Psillakis, E. and Kalogerakis, N. (2003) Developments in Liquid-Phase Microextraction. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22, 565-574.

[14]   Ziagova, M., Kyriakou, G. and Liakopoulou-Kyriakides, M. (2009) Co-Metabolism of 2,4-Dichlorophenol and 4-Cl-m-Cresol in the Presence of Glucose as an Easily Assimilated Carbon Source by Staphylococcus xylosus. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163, 383-390.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.102

[15]   Desouky, O.A., Daher, A.M., Abdel-Monem, Y.K. and Galhoum, A.A. (2009) Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Yttrium Using Primene-JMT from Acidic Sulfate Solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 96, 313-317.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.11.009

[16]   De La Torre-Roche, R.J., Lee, W.Y. and Campos-Diaz, S.I. (2009) Soil-Borne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in El Paso, Texas: Analysis of a Potential Problem in the United States/Mexico Border Region. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163, 946-958.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.089

[17]   Tuzen, M., Saygi, K.O. and Soylak, M. (2008) Solid Phase Extraction of Heavy Metal Ions in Environmental Samples on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152, 632-639.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.026

[18]   Bhatnagar, A., Kumar, E. and Sillanpää, M. (2011) Fluoride Removal from Water by Adsorption—A Review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 171, 811-840.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.028

[19]   Rao, G.P., Lu, C. and Su, F.S. (2007) Sorption of Divalent Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution by Carbon Nanotubes: A Review. Separation and Purification Technology, 58, 224-231.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2006.12.006

[20]   Lu, C. and Liu, C.T. (2006) Removal of Nickel(II) from Aqueous Solution by Carbon Nanotubes. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 81, 1932-1940.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1626

[21]   Akhtar, N., Iqbal, J. and Iqbal, M. (2004) Removal and Recovery of Nickel(II) from Aqueous Solution by Loofa Sponge-Immobilized Biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana: Characterization Studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 108, 85-94.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.01.002

[22]   Lu, C. and Chiu, H. (2006) Adsorption of Zinc(II) from Water with Purified Carbon Nanotubes. Chemical Engineering Science, 61, 1138-1145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2005.08.007

[23]   Es’haghi, Z. and Azmoodeh, R. (2010) Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane Microextraction of Cu2+ Followed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Determination. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 3, 21-26.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2009.12.004

[24]   Ho, T.S., Pedersen-Bjergaard, S. and Rasmussen, K.E. (2002) Recovery, Enrichment and Selectivity in Liquid-Phase Microextraction: Comparison with Conventional Liquid-Liquid Extraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 963, 3-17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00215-7

[25]   Basheer, C., Alnedhary, A.A., Rao, B.S., Balasubramanian, R. and Lee, H.K. (2008) Ionic Liquid Supported Three-Phase Liquid-Liquid-Liquid Microextraction as a Sample Preparation Technique for Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons Prior to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1210, 19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.040

[26]   Wu, C.H. (2007) Studies of the Equilibrium and Thermodynamics of the Adsorption of Cu2+ onto As-Produced and Modified Carbon Nanotubes. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 311, 338-346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.02.077

[27]   Tsai, Y.C. and Huang, J.D. (2006) Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Assisted Dispersion of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Solution for Electroanalysis. Electrochemistry Communications, 8, 956-960.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2006.04.003

[28]   Es’haghi, Z., Golsefidi, M.A., Saify, A., Tanha, A.A., Rezaeifar, Z. and Alian-Nezhadia, Z. (2010) Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Hollow Fiber Solid/Liquid Phase Microextraction: A Novel Extraction Technique for the Measurement of Caffeic Acid in Echinacea purpurea Herbal Extracts Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217, 2768-2775.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.054

[29]   Es’haghi, Z. (2009) Determination of Widely Used Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Water Samples by in Situ Derivatization, Continuous Hollow Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector. Analytica Chimica Acta, 641, 83-88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.043

[30]   Sarafraz-Yazdi, A. and Es’haghi, Z. (2005) Two-Step Hollow Fiber-Based, Liquid-Phase Microextraction Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: A New Approach to Determination of Aromatic Amines in Water. Journal of Chromatography A, 1082, 136-142.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.102

[31]   Basheer, C., Alnedhary, A.A., Rao, B.S., Balasubramanian, R. and Lee, H.K. (2008) Ionic Liquid Supported Three-Phase Liquid-Liquid-Liquid Microextraction as a Sample Preparation Technique for Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons Prior to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1210, 19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.040

[32]   Pálmarsdóttir, S., Thordarson, E., Edholm, L.E., Jönsson, J.Å. and Mathiasson, L. (1997) Miniaturized Supported Liquid Membrane Device for Selective On-Line Enrichment of Basic Drugs in Plasma Combined with Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. Analytical Chemistry, 69, 1732-1737.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac960668p

[33]   Rubio, S. and Pérez-Bendito, D. (2003) Supra-Molecular Assemblies for Extracting Organic Compounds. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22, 470-485.

[34]   Mukerjee, P. and Mysels, K.J. (1971) Critical Micelle Concentration of Aqueous Surfactant Systems. Vol. 36, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC.

[35]   Sarafraz-Yazdi, A., Amiri, A.H. and Es’haghi, Z. (2008) BTEX Determination in Water Matrices Using HF-LPME with Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detector. Chemosphere, 71, 671-676.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.073

[36]   Es’haghi, Z., Khooni, M.A.K. and Heidari, T. (2011) Determination of Brilliant Green from Fish Pond Water Using Carbon Nanotube Assisted Pseudo-Stir Bar Solid/Liquid Microextraction Combined with UV-Vis Spectroscopy-Diode Array Detection. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 79, 603-607.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2011.03.042

[37]   Pedersen-Bjergaard, S. and Rasmussen, K.E. (2008) Liquid-Phase Microextraction with Porous Hollow Fibers, a Miniaturized and Highly Flexible Format for Liquid-Liquid Extraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 1184, 132-142.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.088

[38]   Shen, G. and Lee, H.K. (2002) Hollow Fiber-Protected Liquid-Phase Microextraction of Triazine Herbicides. Analytical Chemistry, 74, 648-654.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac010561o

[39]   Boyd-Boland, A.A. and Pawliszyn, J. (1995) Solid-Phase Microextraction of Nitrogen-Containing Herbicides. Journal of Chromatography A, 704, 163-172.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)00151-C

[40]   Farajzadeh, M.A., Bahram, M., Mehr, B.G. and Jonsson, J.A. (2008) Optimization of Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction of Copper (II) by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry as Its Oxinate Chelate: Application to Determination of Copper in Different Water Samples. Talanta, 75, 832-840.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.12.035