RETRACTED:Revisiting Systems Type Black-Box Rainfall-Runoff Models for Flow Forecasting Application
Affiliation(s)
1 Arba Minch Institute of Technology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. 2 Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 3 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, AAiT-AAU, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 4 Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
1 Arba Minch Institute of Technology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. 2 Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 3 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, AAiT-AAU, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 4 Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
ABSTRACT
Short Retraction Notice
This article has been retracted according to COPE's Retraction Guidelines. Since authors have their personal reasons, they have to withdraw this paper from Journal of Water Resource and Protection.
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References
[1] Rajurkar, M.P., Kothyari, U.C. and Chaube, U.C. (2004) Modeling of the Daily Rainfall-Runoff Relationship with Artificial Neural Network. Journal of Hydrology, 285, 96-113.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.08.011 [2] Minns, A.W. and Hall, M.J. (1996) Artificial Neural Networks as Rainfall-Runoff Models. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 41, 399-417.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626669609491511 [3] Campolo, M., Andreussi, P. and Soldati, A. (1999) River Flood Forecasting with a Neural Network Model. Water Resources Research, 35, 1191-1197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900086 [4] Markewich, H., Pavich, M. and Buell, G. (1990) Contrasting Soils and Landscapes of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, Eastern United States. Geomorphology, 3, 417-447.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(90)90015-I [5] Skaggs, R., Gilliam, J. and Evans, R. (1991) A Computer Simulation Study of Pocosinhydrology. Wetlands, 11, 399-416.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03160759 [6] Amatya, D., Chescheir, G., Skaggs, R. and Fernandez, G. (2002) Hydrology of Poorly Drained Coastal Watersheds in Eastern North Carolina. ASAE/CIGR Congress Annual International Meeting, Chicago, 27-29 July 2002, Paper No. 022034. [7] Slattery, C., Gares, A. and Phillips, D. (2006) Multiple Models of Storm Runoff Generation in a North Carolina Coastal Plain Watershed. Hydrological Processes, 20, 2953-2969.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6144 [8] Amatya, D., Skagss, R., Gregory, J. and Hermann, R. (1997) Hydrology of a Drained Forested Pocosin Watershed. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 33, 535-546.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03530.x [9] Amatya, D., Gregory, J. and Skaggs, R. (2000) Effects of Controlled Drainage on Storm Event Hydrology in a Loblolly Pine Plantation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 36, 175-190.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04258.x [10] Sun, G., Boggs, J., McNulty, S., Amatya, D., Trettin, C., Dai, Z., Vose, J., La Torre Torres, I. and Callahan, T. (2008) Hydrologic Processes of Forested Headwater Watersheds across a Physiographic Gradient in the Southeastern United States. Proceedings of the South Carolina Water Resources Conference, Charleston, 14-15 October 2008. [11] La Torre Torres, I., Amatya Devendra, M., Sun, G. and Callahan Timothy, J. (2011) Seasonal Rainfall-Runoff Relationships in a Lowland Forested Watershed in the Southeastern USA. Hydrological Processes, 25, 2032-2045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7955 [12] Amatya, D. and Trettin, C. (2007) Annual Evapotranspiration of a Forested Wetland Atershed, SC. ASABE Annual International Meeting, Minneapolis, 17-20 June 2007, Paper No. 072222. [13] Sun, G., Noormets, A., Gavazzi, M.J., McNulty, S.G., Chen, J., Domec, J.-C., King, J.S., Amatya, D.M. and Skaggs, R.W. (2010) Energy and Water Balance of Two Contrasting Loblolly Pine Plantations on the Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 1299-1310.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.016 [14] Ye, W., Bates, B.C., Viney, N.R., Sivapalan, N. and Jakeman, A.J. (1997) Performance of Conceptual Rainfall-Runoff Models in Low-Yielding Ephemeral Catchments. Water Resources Research, 33, 153-166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96WR02840 [15] Wei, L., Zhang, B. and Wang, M. (2007) Effects of Antecedent Soil Moisture on Runoff and Soil Erosion in Alley Cropping Systems. Agricultural Water Management, 94, 54-62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.08.007 [16] Tramblay, Y., Bouvier, C., Martin, C., Didon-Liscot, J., Todorovik, D. and Domergue, J. (2010) Assessment of Initial Soil Moisture Conditions for Event-Based Rainfall-Runoff Modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 387, 176-187.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.04.006 [17] Singh, V. (1997) Effect of Spatial and Temporal Variability in Rainfall and Watershed Characteristics on Stream Flow Hydrograph. Hydrological Processes, 11, 1649-1669.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19971015)11:12<1649::AID-HYP495>3.0.CO;2-1 [18] Sun, G., McNulty, S., Amatya, D., Skaggs, R., Swift Jr., L., Shepard, J. and Riekerk, H. (2002) A Comparison of the Watershed Hydrology of Coastal Forested Wetlands and the Mountainous Uplands in the Southern US. Journal of Hydrology, 263, 92-104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00064-1 [19] (1999) BCEOM: Abay River Basin Integrated Master Plan. Main Report, MoWR, Addis Ababa. [20] Tarekegn, D. and Tadege, A. (2005) Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on the Water Resources of the Lake Tana Sub-Basin Using the WATBAL Model. CEEPA, Republic of South Africa. [21] Kebede, S., Travi, Y., Alemayehu, T. and Ayenew, T. (2006) Water Balance of Lake Tana and Its Sensitivity to Fluctuations in Rainfall, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Journal of Hydrology, 316, 233-247.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.05.011 [22] Abdo, K.S., Fiseha, B.M., Rientjes, T.H.M., Gieske, A.S.M. and Haile, A.T. (2009) Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrology of Gilgel Abbay Catchment in Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia. Hydrological Processes, 23, 3661-3669. [23] Nicks, A.D. (1974) Stochastic Generation of the Occurrence, Pattern and Location of Maximum Amount of Daily Rainfall. In: Statistical Hydrolgy, US Governmental Print Office, Washington, DC, 154-171. [24] Swindel, B., Lassiter, C. and Riekerk, H. (1983) Effects of Different Harvesting and Site Preparation Operations on the Peak Flows of Streams in Pinus elliottii Flat Woods Forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 5, 77-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(83)90059-2 [25] Swank, W., Vose, J. and Elliott, K. (2001) Long-Term Hydrologic and Water Quality Responses Following Commercial Clear-Cutting of Mixed Hardwoods on a Southern Appalachian Catchment. Forest Ecology and Management, 143, 163-178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00515-6 [26] Sheridan, J.M. (2002) Peak Flow Estimates for Coastal Plain Watersheds. Transactions of the ASAE, 45, 1319-1326.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.11069 [27] Descroix, L., Nouvelot, J.-F. and Vauclin, M. (2002) Evaluation of an Antecedent Precipitation Index to Model Runoff Yield in Western Sierra Madre (North-West Mexico). Journal of Hydrology, 263, 114-130.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00047-1 [28] Amatya, D., Callahan, T., Trettin, C. and Radecki-Pawlik, A. (2009) Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring on Turkey Creek Watershed, Francis Marion National Forest, SC. Proceedings of the ASABE Annual International Meeting, Reno, 21-24 June 2009, Paper No. 095999. [29] O’Connor, K.M., Goswami, M., Liang, G.C., Kachroo, R.K. and Shamseldin, A.Y. (2001) The Development of the “Galway Real-Time River Flow Forecasting System (GFFS)”. In: Subtopic 1: “Minimisation of Impacts of Extreme Hydrological Events in Europe”: Volume C of the Proceedings, Paper No. 035 (38 Pages) of the 19th European Conference on “Sustainable Use of Land and Water” of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), Brno & Prague, 4-8 June 2001 [30] O’Connell, P.E., Nash, J.E. and Farrell, J.P. (1970) River Flow Forecasting through Conceptual Models. Part 2. The Brosna Catchment at Ferbane. Journal of Hydrology, 10, 317-329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(70)90221-0 [31] Nash, J.E. and Foley, J.J. (1982) Linear Models of Rainfall-Runoff Systems. In: Singh, V.P., Ed., Rainfall-Runoff Relationship: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rainfall-Runoff Modelling, Water Resources Publications, Littleton, 51-66. [32] Nash, J.E. and Barsi, B.I. (1983) A Hybrid Model for Flow Forecasting on Large Catchments. Journal of Hydrology, 65, 125-137.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(83)90213-5 [33] Kachroo, R.K., Liang, G.C. & O’Connor, K.M. (1988) Application of the Linear Perturbation Model (LPM) to Flood Routing on the Mekong River. Journal of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), 33, 193-224.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626668809491238 [34] Kachroo, R.K. and Natale, L. (1992) Non-Linear Modelling of the Rainfall-Runoff Transformation. Journal of Hydrology, 135, 341-369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90095-D [35] Kachroo, R.K., Sea, C.H., Warsi, M.S., Jemenez, H. and Saxena, R.P. (1992) River Flow Forecasting. Part 3. Applications of Linear Techniques in Modelling Rainfall-Runoff Transformations. Journal of Hydrology, 133, 41-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90148-O [36] Liang, G.C. and Guo, Y.F. (1994) Observed Seasonal Hydrological Behaviour Used in Flow Forecasting on the Yangtze River above Hankou. Journal of Hydrology, 154, 383-402.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90226-7 [37] Liang, G.C., O’Connor, K.M. and Kachroo, R.K. (1994) A Multiple-Input Single-Output Variable Gain Factor Model. Journal of Hydrology, 155, 185-198.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90164-3 [38] Ahsan, M. and O’Connor, K.M. (1994) A Reappraisal of the Kalman Filtering Technique as Applied in River Flow Forecasting. Journal of Hydrology, 161, 197-226.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90129-5 [39] Ahsan, M. and O’Connor, K.M. (1994) A Simple Non-Linear Rainfall-Runoff Model with a Variable Gain Factor. Journal of Hydrology, 155, 151-183. [40] Tan, B.Q., O’Connor, K.M. and Liu, Z.C. (1996) Application of a Distributed form of the SMAR Model. Proceedings of the International Conference on Water Resources and Environment Research: Towards the 21st Century (Volume 1), Kyoto, 29-31 October 1996. [41] hamseldin, A.Y. (1997) Application of a Neural Network Technique to Rainfall-Runoff Modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 199, 272-294.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03330-6 [42] Shamseldin, A.Y., O’Connor, K.M. and Liang, G.C. (1997) Methods for Combining the Outputs of Different Rainfall-Runoff Models. Journal of Hydrology, 197, 203-229.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03259-3 [43] Xiong, L., Shamseldin, A.Y. and O’Connor, K.M. (2001) A Non-Linear Combination of the Forecasts of Rainfall-Runoff Models by the First-Order Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy System. Journal of Hydrology, 245, 196-217. [44] Goswami, M. and O’Connor, K.M. (2005) Application of a Conceptual Rainfall-Runoff Simulation Model to Three European Catchments Characterised by Non-Conservative System Behaviour. Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrological Perspectives for Sustainable Development, Roorkee, 23-25 February 2005, 117-130. [45] Bergström, S. (1976) Development and Application of a Conceptual Runoff Model for Scandinavian Catchments. Bull. Series A52, University of Lund, Lund, 134 p. [46] Bergström, S. (1997) Development and Test of the Distributed HBV-96 Hydrological Model. Journal of Hydrology, 201, 272-288.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00041-3 [47] Bergström, S. (1995) The HBV Model. In: Singh, V.P., Ed., Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology, Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, 443-476. [48] Bergström, S. (1992) The HBV-Model—Its Structure and Applications. SMHI Reports RH No. 4, Norrköping. [49] Arnold, J.G. and Allen, P.M. (1996) Estimating Hydrologic Budgets for Three Illinois Watersheds. Journal of Hydrology, 176, 57-77.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-2070(89)90013-7
[1] Rajurkar, M.P., Kothyari, U.C. and Chaube, U.C. (2004) Modeling of the Daily Rainfall-Runoff Relationship with Artificial Neural Network. Journal of Hydrology, 285, 96-113.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.08.011 [2] Minns, A.W. and Hall, M.J. (1996) Artificial Neural Networks as Rainfall-Runoff Models. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 41, 399-417.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626669609491511 [3] Campolo, M., Andreussi, P. and Soldati, A. (1999) River Flood Forecasting with a Neural Network Model. Water Resources Research, 35, 1191-1197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900086 [4] Markewich, H., Pavich, M. and Buell, G. (1990) Contrasting Soils and Landscapes of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, Eastern United States. Geomorphology, 3, 417-447.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(90)90015-I [5] Skaggs, R., Gilliam, J. and Evans, R. (1991) A Computer Simulation Study of Pocosinhydrology. Wetlands, 11, 399-416.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03160759 [6] Amatya, D., Chescheir, G., Skaggs, R. and Fernandez, G. (2002) Hydrology of Poorly Drained Coastal Watersheds in Eastern North Carolina. ASAE/CIGR Congress Annual International Meeting, Chicago, 27-29 July 2002, Paper No. 022034. [7] Slattery, C., Gares, A. and Phillips, D. (2006) Multiple Models of Storm Runoff Generation in a North Carolina Coastal Plain Watershed. Hydrological Processes, 20, 2953-2969.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6144 [8] Amatya, D., Skagss, R., Gregory, J. and Hermann, R. (1997) Hydrology of a Drained Forested Pocosin Watershed. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 33, 535-546.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03530.x [9] Amatya, D., Gregory, J. and Skaggs, R. (2000) Effects of Controlled Drainage on Storm Event Hydrology in a Loblolly Pine Plantation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 36, 175-190.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04258.x [10] Sun, G., Boggs, J., McNulty, S., Amatya, D., Trettin, C., Dai, Z., Vose, J., La Torre Torres, I. and Callahan, T. (2008) Hydrologic Processes of Forested Headwater Watersheds across a Physiographic Gradient in the Southeastern United States. Proceedings of the South Carolina Water Resources Conference, Charleston, 14-15 October 2008. [11] La Torre Torres, I., Amatya Devendra, M., Sun, G. and Callahan Timothy, J. (2011) Seasonal Rainfall-Runoff Relationships in a Lowland Forested Watershed in the Southeastern USA. Hydrological Processes, 25, 2032-2045.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7955 [12] Amatya, D. and Trettin, C. (2007) Annual Evapotranspiration of a Forested Wetland Atershed, SC. ASABE Annual International Meeting, Minneapolis, 17-20 June 2007, Paper No. 072222. [13] Sun, G., Noormets, A., Gavazzi, M.J., McNulty, S.G., Chen, J., Domec, J.-C., King, J.S., Amatya, D.M. and Skaggs, R.W. (2010) Energy and Water Balance of Two Contrasting Loblolly Pine Plantations on the Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 1299-1310.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.016 [14] Ye, W., Bates, B.C., Viney, N.R., Sivapalan, N. and Jakeman, A.J. (1997) Performance of Conceptual Rainfall-Runoff Models in Low-Yielding Ephemeral Catchments. Water Resources Research, 33, 153-166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96WR02840 [15] Wei, L., Zhang, B. and Wang, M. (2007) Effects of Antecedent Soil Moisture on Runoff and Soil Erosion in Alley Cropping Systems. Agricultural Water Management, 94, 54-62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.08.007 [16] Tramblay, Y., Bouvier, C., Martin, C., Didon-Liscot, J., Todorovik, D. and Domergue, J. (2010) Assessment of Initial Soil Moisture Conditions for Event-Based Rainfall-Runoff Modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 387, 176-187.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.04.006 [17] Singh, V. (1997) Effect of Spatial and Temporal Variability in Rainfall and Watershed Characteristics on Stream Flow Hydrograph. Hydrological Processes, 11, 1649-1669.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19971015)11:12<1649::AID-HYP495>3.0.CO;2-1 [18] Sun, G., McNulty, S., Amatya, D., Skaggs, R., Swift Jr., L., Shepard, J. and Riekerk, H. (2002) A Comparison of the Watershed Hydrology of Coastal Forested Wetlands and the Mountainous Uplands in the Southern US. Journal of Hydrology, 263, 92-104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00064-1 [19] (1999) BCEOM: Abay River Basin Integrated Master Plan. Main Report, MoWR, Addis Ababa. [20] Tarekegn, D. and Tadege, A. (2005) Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on the Water Resources of the Lake Tana Sub-Basin Using the WATBAL Model. CEEPA, Republic of South Africa. [21] Kebede, S., Travi, Y., Alemayehu, T. and Ayenew, T. (2006) Water Balance of Lake Tana and Its Sensitivity to Fluctuations in Rainfall, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Journal of Hydrology, 316, 233-247.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.05.011 [22] Abdo, K.S., Fiseha, B.M., Rientjes, T.H.M., Gieske, A.S.M. and Haile, A.T. (2009) Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrology of Gilgel Abbay Catchment in Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia. Hydrological Processes, 23, 3661-3669. [23] Nicks, A.D. (1974) Stochastic Generation of the Occurrence, Pattern and Location of Maximum Amount of Daily Rainfall. In: Statistical Hydrolgy, US Governmental Print Office, Washington, DC, 154-171. [24] Swindel, B., Lassiter, C. and Riekerk, H. (1983) Effects of Different Harvesting and Site Preparation Operations on the Peak Flows of Streams in Pinus elliottii Flat Woods Forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 5, 77-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(83)90059-2 [25] Swank, W., Vose, J. and Elliott, K. (2001) Long-Term Hydrologic and Water Quality Responses Following Commercial Clear-Cutting of Mixed Hardwoods on a Southern Appalachian Catchment. Forest Ecology and Management, 143, 163-178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00515-6 [26] Sheridan, J.M. (2002) Peak Flow Estimates for Coastal Plain Watersheds. Transactions of the ASAE, 45, 1319-1326.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.11069 [27] Descroix, L., Nouvelot, J.-F. and Vauclin, M. (2002) Evaluation of an Antecedent Precipitation Index to Model Runoff Yield in Western Sierra Madre (North-West Mexico). Journal of Hydrology, 263, 114-130.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00047-1 [28] Amatya, D., Callahan, T., Trettin, C. and Radecki-Pawlik, A. (2009) Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring on Turkey Creek Watershed, Francis Marion National Forest, SC. Proceedings of the ASABE Annual International Meeting, Reno, 21-24 June 2009, Paper No. 095999. [29] O’Connor, K.M., Goswami, M., Liang, G.C., Kachroo, R.K. and Shamseldin, A.Y. (2001) The Development of the “Galway Real-Time River Flow Forecasting System (GFFS)”. In: Subtopic 1: “Minimisation of Impacts of Extreme Hydrological Events in Europe”: Volume C of the Proceedings, Paper No. 035 (38 Pages) of the 19th European Conference on “Sustainable Use of Land and Water” of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), Brno & Prague, 4-8 June 2001 [30] O’Connell, P.E., Nash, J.E. and Farrell, J.P. (1970) River Flow Forecasting through Conceptual Models. Part 2. The Brosna Catchment at Ferbane. Journal of Hydrology, 10, 317-329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(70)90221-0 [31] Nash, J.E. and Foley, J.J. (1982) Linear Models of Rainfall-Runoff Systems. In: Singh, V.P., Ed., Rainfall-Runoff Relationship: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rainfall-Runoff Modelling, Water Resources Publications, Littleton, 51-66. [32] Nash, J.E. and Barsi, B.I. (1983) A Hybrid Model for Flow Forecasting on Large Catchments. Journal of Hydrology, 65, 125-137.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(83)90213-5 [33] Kachroo, R.K., Liang, G.C. & O’Connor, K.M. (1988) Application of the Linear Perturbation Model (LPM) to Flood Routing on the Mekong River. Journal of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), 33, 193-224.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626668809491238 [34] Kachroo, R.K. and Natale, L. (1992) Non-Linear Modelling of the Rainfall-Runoff Transformation. Journal of Hydrology, 135, 341-369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90095-D [35] Kachroo, R.K., Sea, C.H., Warsi, M.S., Jemenez, H. and Saxena, R.P. (1992) River Flow Forecasting. Part 3. Applications of Linear Techniques in Modelling Rainfall-Runoff Transformations. Journal of Hydrology, 133, 41-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90148-O [36] Liang, G.C. and Guo, Y.F. (1994) Observed Seasonal Hydrological Behaviour Used in Flow Forecasting on the Yangtze River above Hankou. Journal of Hydrology, 154, 383-402.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90226-7 [37] Liang, G.C., O’Connor, K.M. and Kachroo, R.K. (1994) A Multiple-Input Single-Output Variable Gain Factor Model. Journal of Hydrology, 155, 185-198.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90164-3 [38] Ahsan, M. and O’Connor, K.M. (1994) A Reappraisal of the Kalman Filtering Technique as Applied in River Flow Forecasting. Journal of Hydrology, 161, 197-226.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90129-5 [39] Ahsan, M. and O’Connor, K.M. (1994) A Simple Non-Linear Rainfall-Runoff Model with a Variable Gain Factor. Journal of Hydrology, 155, 151-183. [40] Tan, B.Q., O’Connor, K.M. and Liu, Z.C. (1996) Application of a Distributed form of the SMAR Model. Proceedings of the International Conference on Water Resources and Environment Research: Towards the 21st Century (Volume 1), Kyoto, 29-31 October 1996. [41] hamseldin, A.Y. (1997) Application of a Neural Network Technique to Rainfall-Runoff Modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 199, 272-294.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03330-6 [42] Shamseldin, A.Y., O’Connor, K.M. and Liang, G.C. (1997) Methods for Combining the Outputs of Different Rainfall-Runoff Models. Journal of Hydrology, 197, 203-229.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03259-3 [43] Xiong, L., Shamseldin, A.Y. and O’Connor, K.M. (2001) A Non-Linear Combination of the Forecasts of Rainfall-Runoff Models by the First-Order Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy System. Journal of Hydrology, 245, 196-217. [44] Goswami, M. and O’Connor, K.M. (2005) Application of a Conceptual Rainfall-Runoff Simulation Model to Three European Catchments Characterised by Non-Conservative System Behaviour. Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrological Perspectives for Sustainable Development, Roorkee, 23-25 February 2005, 117-130. [45] Bergström, S. (1976) Development and Application of a Conceptual Runoff Model for Scandinavian Catchments. Bull. Series A52, University of Lund, Lund, 134 p. [46] Bergström, S. (1997) Development and Test of the Distributed HBV-96 Hydrological Model. Journal of Hydrology, 201, 272-288.
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