Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Social Skill Growth in Educable Intellectual Disability Boys
Affiliation(s)
1 Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 2 Islamic Azad University, Ghochan, Iran.
1 Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 2 Islamic Azad University, Ghochan, Iran.
ABSTRACT
Social skills include the ability to establish interpersonal relationships with others in a way that is acceptable in terms of norms of society and it should be beneficial to society and have mutual interest. Method: Sample was taken from especial elementary school for educable intellectual disability children in Mashhad, Iran. The sample was boys between 9 - 11 years. After the initial selection of students, they were randomly assigned to two groups of twenty (experimental and control groups). 7 sessions of music therapy were performed for each one in the experimental group whereas no sessions were applied for anyone in the control group. Winelend Social Growth Scale was used to measure their social skill before and after intervention. Result: The mean difference in social skill between the two groups were statistically less than the 0.01 which is highly significant (P-value = 0.0005). This shows that art and music therapy are effective on the growth of social skills in educable intellectual disability children. Conclusion: This research shows that music therapy is effective for improvement of social skills in educable intellectual disability children.
Social skills include the ability to establish interpersonal relationships with others in a way that is acceptable in terms of norms of society and it should be beneficial to society and have mutual interest. Method: Sample was taken from especial elementary school for educable intellectual disability children in Mashhad, Iran. The sample was boys between 9 - 11 years. After the initial selection of students, they were randomly assigned to two groups of twenty (experimental and control groups). 7 sessions of music therapy were performed for each one in the experimental group whereas no sessions were applied for anyone in the control group. Winelend Social Growth Scale was used to measure their social skill before and after intervention. Result: The mean difference in social skill between the two groups were statistically less than the 0.01 which is highly significant (P-value = 0.0005). This shows that art and music therapy are effective on the growth of social skills in educable intellectual disability children. Conclusion: This research shows that music therapy is effective for improvement of social skills in educable intellectual disability children.
Cite this paper
Hashemian, P. and Mohammadi, M. (2015) Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Social Skill Growth in Educable Intellectual Disability Boys. Open Journal of Pediatrics, 5, 358-361. doi: 10.4236/ojped.2015.54054.
Hashemian, P. and Mohammadi, M. (2015) Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Social Skill Growth in Educable Intellectual Disability Boys. Open Journal of Pediatrics, 5, 358-361. doi: 10.4236/ojped.2015.54054.
References
[1] Cartledge, G. and Milburn, J.A.F. (1996) Cultural Diversity and Social Skills Instruction: Understanding Ethnic and Gender Differences. 1st Edition, Research Press, Champaign. [2] Cartledge, G. and Kourea, L. (2008) Culturally Responsive Classrooms for Culturally Diverse Students with and at Risk for Disabilities. Journal of Exceptional Children, 74, 351-371. [3] Kumar, I., Singh, A.R. and Akhtar, S. (2009) Social Development of Children with Mental Retardation. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18, 56-59.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.57862 [4] Dunn, C. and Crites, S.A. (2004) Teaching Social Problem Solving to Individuals with Mental Retardation. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 39, 301-309. [5] Heward, W.L. (2003) Ten Faulty Notions about Teaching and Learning That Hinder the Effectiveness of Special Education. The Journal of Special Education, 36, 186-205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002246690303600401 [6] Robb, S.L., Burns, D.S., Stegenga, K.A., Haut, P.R., Monahan, P.O., Meza, J., et al. (2014) Randomized Clinical Trial of Therapeutic Music Video Intervention for Resilience Outcomes in Adolescents/Young Adults Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Cancer, 120, 909-917.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28355 [7] Fritz, T.H., Halfpaap, J., Grahl, S., Kirkland, A. and Villringer, A. (2013) Musical Feedback during Exercise Machine Workout Enhances Mood. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 921.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00921 [8] Ghetti, C.M. (2013) Effect of Music Therapy with Emotional-Approach Coping on Preprocedural Anxiety in Cardiac Catheterization: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Music Therapy, 50, 93-122.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/50.2.93 [9] Fritz, T.H., Hardikar, S., Demoucron, M., Niessen, M., Demey, M., Giot, O., et al. (2013) Musical Agency Reduces Perceived Exertion during Strenuous Physical Performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 17784-17789.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217252110 [10] Sili, A., Fida, R., Proietti, D., Vellone, E. and Alvaro, R. (2013) Decreasing Preoperative Anxiety by Music: Experimental Study in a Vascular Surgery Unit. Assistenza Infermieristica e Ricerca: AIR, 32, 13-19. [11] Nightingale, C.L., Rodriguez, C. and Carnaby, G. (2013) The Impact of Music Interventions on Anxiety for Adult Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 12, 393-403.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735413485817 [12] Blain-Moraes, S., Chesser, S., Kingsnorth, S., McKeever, P. and Biddiss, E. (2013) Biomusic: A Novel Technology for Revealing the Personhood of People with Profound Multiple Disabilities. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 29, 159-173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2012.760648 [13] Vollert, J.O., Stork, T., Rose, M. and Mockel, M. (2003) Music as Adjuvant Therapy for Coronary Heart Disease. Therapeutic Music Lowers Anxiety, Stress and Beta-Endorphin Concentrations in Patients from a Coronary Sport Group. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 128, 2712-2716. [14] Boso, M., Politi, P., Barale, F. and Enzo, E. (2006) Neurophysiology and Neurobiology of the Musical Experience. Functional Neurology, 21, 187-191. [15] McKinney, C.H., Tims, F.C., Kumar, A.M. and Kumar, M. (1997) The Effect of Selected Classical Music and Spontaneous Imagery on Plasma Beta-Endorphin. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 85-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025543330939 [16] Habibipour, M., Habibipour, H., Habibipour, M. and Rejaee, A. (2008) Effect of Iranian Nonverbal Soft Music on the Reduction of Aggression among Boy Students of Mashhad Guidance School. Quarterly Educational Psychology, 3, 45-55. [17] Smeijsters, H. and Cleven, G. (2006) The Treatment of Aggression Using Arts Therapies in Forensic Psychiatry: Results of a Qualitative Inquiry. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 33, 37-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2005.07.001 [18] Saarikallio, S. and Erkkila, J. (2007) The Role of Music in Adolescents’ Mood Regulation. Psychology of Music, 35, 88-109.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735607068889 [19] Labbe, E., Schmidt, N., Babin, J. and Pharr, M. (2007) Coping with Stress: The Effectiveness of Different Types of Music. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 3, 163-168.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10484-007-9043-9 [20] Hashemian, P., Mashoogh, N. and Jarahi, L. (2015) Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Aggressive Behavior of Visually Impaired Adolescents. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 5, 96-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbbs.2015.53009
[1] Cartledge, G. and Milburn, J.A.F. (1996) Cultural Diversity and Social Skills Instruction: Understanding Ethnic and Gender Differences. 1st Edition, Research Press, Champaign. [2] Cartledge, G. and Kourea, L. (2008) Culturally Responsive Classrooms for Culturally Diverse Students with and at Risk for Disabilities. Journal of Exceptional Children, 74, 351-371. [3] Kumar, I., Singh, A.R. and Akhtar, S. (2009) Social Development of Children with Mental Retardation. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18, 56-59.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.57862 [4] Dunn, C. and Crites, S.A. (2004) Teaching Social Problem Solving to Individuals with Mental Retardation. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 39, 301-309. [5] Heward, W.L. (2003) Ten Faulty Notions about Teaching and Learning That Hinder the Effectiveness of Special Education. The Journal of Special Education, 36, 186-205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002246690303600401 [6] Robb, S.L., Burns, D.S., Stegenga, K.A., Haut, P.R., Monahan, P.O., Meza, J., et al. (2014) Randomized Clinical Trial of Therapeutic Music Video Intervention for Resilience Outcomes in Adolescents/Young Adults Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Cancer, 120, 909-917.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28355 [7] Fritz, T.H., Halfpaap, J., Grahl, S., Kirkland, A. and Villringer, A. (2013) Musical Feedback during Exercise Machine Workout Enhances Mood. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 921.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00921 [8] Ghetti, C.M. (2013) Effect of Music Therapy with Emotional-Approach Coping on Preprocedural Anxiety in Cardiac Catheterization: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Music Therapy, 50, 93-122.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/50.2.93 [9] Fritz, T.H., Hardikar, S., Demoucron, M., Niessen, M., Demey, M., Giot, O., et al. (2013) Musical Agency Reduces Perceived Exertion during Strenuous Physical Performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 17784-17789.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217252110 [10] Sili, A., Fida, R., Proietti, D., Vellone, E. and Alvaro, R. (2013) Decreasing Preoperative Anxiety by Music: Experimental Study in a Vascular Surgery Unit. Assistenza Infermieristica e Ricerca: AIR, 32, 13-19. [11] Nightingale, C.L., Rodriguez, C. and Carnaby, G. (2013) The Impact of Music Interventions on Anxiety for Adult Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 12, 393-403.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735413485817 [12] Blain-Moraes, S., Chesser, S., Kingsnorth, S., McKeever, P. and Biddiss, E. (2013) Biomusic: A Novel Technology for Revealing the Personhood of People with Profound Multiple Disabilities. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 29, 159-173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2012.760648 [13] Vollert, J.O., Stork, T., Rose, M. and Mockel, M. (2003) Music as Adjuvant Therapy for Coronary Heart Disease. Therapeutic Music Lowers Anxiety, Stress and Beta-Endorphin Concentrations in Patients from a Coronary Sport Group. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 128, 2712-2716. [14] Boso, M., Politi, P., Barale, F. and Enzo, E. (2006) Neurophysiology and Neurobiology of the Musical Experience. Functional Neurology, 21, 187-191. [15] McKinney, C.H., Tims, F.C., Kumar, A.M. and Kumar, M. (1997) The Effect of Selected Classical Music and Spontaneous Imagery on Plasma Beta-Endorphin. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 85-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025543330939 [16] Habibipour, M., Habibipour, H., Habibipour, M. and Rejaee, A. (2008) Effect of Iranian Nonverbal Soft Music on the Reduction of Aggression among Boy Students of Mashhad Guidance School. Quarterly Educational Psychology, 3, 45-55. [17] Smeijsters, H. and Cleven, G. (2006) The Treatment of Aggression Using Arts Therapies in Forensic Psychiatry: Results of a Qualitative Inquiry. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 33, 37-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2005.07.001 [18] Saarikallio, S. and Erkkila, J. (2007) The Role of Music in Adolescents’ Mood Regulation. Psychology of Music, 35, 88-109.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735607068889 [19] Labbe, E., Schmidt, N., Babin, J. and Pharr, M. (2007) Coping with Stress: The Effectiveness of Different Types of Music. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 3, 163-168.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10484-007-9043-9 [20] Hashemian, P., Mashoogh, N. and Jarahi, L. (2015) Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Aggressive Behavior of Visually Impaired Adolescents. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 5, 96-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbbs.2015.53009