Novel Investigation on Ammonium Thiosulphate (ATS) as an Inhibitor of Soil Urease and Nitrification
Affiliation(s)
1 Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’ economia agraria (Council for Agricultural Research and Economics), Gorizia, Italy. 2 ESSECO s.r.l., San Martino di Trecate, Novara, Italy.
1 Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’ economia agraria (Council for Agricultural Research and Economics), Gorizia, Italy. 2 ESSECO s.r.l., San Martino di Trecate, Novara, Italy.
ABSTRACT
Among the numerous products so far promoted as effective urease and/or nitrification inhibitors, it is possible to detect a renewed interest in environmentally friendly tools, such as ammonium thiosulphate (ATS, (NH4)2S2O3) which is currently used as fertilizer for N and S nutrition. Among contradictory results accounted in the current literature, there is reported that ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) exerts inhibitory activity at large but unlikely agronomic rates of 2500 - 5000 mg·kg-1 soil. We carried out a novel experiment aimed to: a) verify the inhibitory action of ATS, even when applied in soil at low rates (25 and 100 mg·kg-1 soil as S-ATS), towards urease activity and nitrification in urea treated and not treated soils; b) investigate on the influence of ATS on the soil microbial biomass as it is generally assumed that soil microorganisms are the main agents of urea hydrolysis. For these purposes we selected an arable sandy soil and a grassland sandy-loam soil which are treated with urea or/and ATS. Results obtained from this novel investigation showed that a) ATS significantly decreased urease activity in both soil types and that the exerted inhibitory effect was moderate and short-term; b) ATS retarded the hydrolysis of urea and lowered nitrate production in the urea treated soils; c) the available fraction of iron and manganese in the used soils might be involved in the mechanism of inhibition; d) ATS did not affect the size of soil microbial biomass pool; e) the efficiency of ATS as urease and nitrification inhibitor was more evident in the sandy soil. Because of its properties, ATS may be applicable on many crops without being harmful on the soil microbial pool.
Among the numerous products so far promoted as effective urease and/or nitrification inhibitors, it is possible to detect a renewed interest in environmentally friendly tools, such as ammonium thiosulphate (ATS, (NH4)2S2O3) which is currently used as fertilizer for N and S nutrition. Among contradictory results accounted in the current literature, there is reported that ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) exerts inhibitory activity at large but unlikely agronomic rates of 2500 - 5000 mg·kg-1 soil. We carried out a novel experiment aimed to: a) verify the inhibitory action of ATS, even when applied in soil at low rates (25 and 100 mg·kg-1 soil as S-ATS), towards urease activity and nitrification in urea treated and not treated soils; b) investigate on the influence of ATS on the soil microbial biomass as it is generally assumed that soil microorganisms are the main agents of urea hydrolysis. For these purposes we selected an arable sandy soil and a grassland sandy-loam soil which are treated with urea or/and ATS. Results obtained from this novel investigation showed that a) ATS significantly decreased urease activity in both soil types and that the exerted inhibitory effect was moderate and short-term; b) ATS retarded the hydrolysis of urea and lowered nitrate production in the urea treated soils; c) the available fraction of iron and manganese in the used soils might be involved in the mechanism of inhibition; d) ATS did not affect the size of soil microbial biomass pool; e) the efficiency of ATS as urease and nitrification inhibitor was more evident in the sandy soil. Because of its properties, ATS may be applicable on many crops without being harmful on the soil microbial pool.
Cite this paper
Margon, A. , Parente, G. , Piantanida, M. , Cantone, P. and Leita, L. (2015) Novel Investigation on Ammonium Thiosulphate (ATS) as an Inhibitor of Soil Urease and Nitrification. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 1502-1512. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.612144.
Margon, A. , Parente, G. , Piantanida, M. , Cantone, P. and Leita, L. (2015) Novel Investigation on Ammonium Thiosulphate (ATS) as an Inhibitor of Soil Urease and Nitrification. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 1502-1512. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.612144.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383 [5] Baulcombe, D., Crute, I., Davies, B., Dunwell, J., Gale, M., Jones, J., Pretty, J., Sutherland, W. and Toulmin, C. (2009) Reaping the Benefits: Science and the Sustainable Intensification of Global Agriculture. The Royal Society, London.
http://royalsociety.org/document.asp?tip=0&id=8825 [6] Hall, S.J., Matson, P.A. and Roth, P. (1996) NOx Emissions from Soil: Implications for Air Quality Modeling in Agricultural Regions. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 21, 311-346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.21.1.311 [7] Delmass, R., Serca, D. and Jambert, C. (1997) Global Inventory of NOx Sources. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 48, 51-60.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108 [10] Heffer, P. and Prud’homme, M. (2011) Fertilizer Outlook 2011-2015. 79th IFA Annual Conference, Montreal, 23-25 May 2011, 1-9. [11] Soares, J.R., Cantarella, H. and de Campos Menegale, M.L. (2012) Ammonia Volatilization Losses from Surface-Applied Urea with Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 52, 82-89.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.013 [14] Meijide, A., Garcia-Torres, L., Arce, A. and Vallejo, A. (2009) Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Affected by Organic Fertilization in a Non Irrigated Mediterranean Barley Field. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 132, 106-115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.03.005 [15] Sanz-Cobena, A., Sancez-Martin, L., Garcia-Torres, L. and Vallejo, A. (2012) Gaseous Emissions of N2O and NO and NO3- Leaching from Urea Applied with Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors to Maize (Zea mays) Crop. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 149, 64-73.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.12.016 [16] Dawar, K., Zaman, M., Rowarth, J.S., Blennerhassett, J. and Tutnbull, M.H. (2011) Urease Inhibitor Reduces N Losses and Improves Plant-Bioavailability of Urea Applied in Fine Particle and Granular Forms under Fields Conditions. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 144, 41-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.08.007 [17] Mueller, N.D., Gerber, J.S., Johnston, M., Ray, D.K., Ramankutty, N. and Foley, J.A. (2012) Closing Yield Gaps through Nutrient and Water Management. Nature, 490, 254-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11420 [18] Goos, R.J. (1985) Identification of Ammonium Thiosulphate as a Nitrification and Urease Inhibitor. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49, 232-235.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900010047x [19] Fairlie, T.E. and Goos, R.J. (1986) Urea Hydrolysis and Ammonia Volatilization Characteristics of Liquid Fertilizer mixtures. Journal of Fertilizer Issues, 3, 86-90. [20] Goos, R.J. and Fairlie, T.E. (1987) Effect of Liquid Fertilizer Composition and Droplet Size Urea Hydrolysis by Two Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52, 522-524.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704308 [23] Sullivan, D.M. and Havlin, J.L. (1988) Agronomic Use of Ammonium Thiosulfate to Improve Nitrogen Fertilizer Efficiency. Journal of Fertilizer Issues, 5, 37-44. [24] Sullivan, D.M. and Havlin, J.L. (1992) Soil and Environmental Effects on Urease Inhibition by Ammonium Thiosulfate. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 56, 950-956.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5418-5_37
[1] European Commission (2012) Innovating for Sustainable Growth. A Bioeconomy for Europe. European Commission, Brussels. [2] Tilman, D., Cassman, K.G., Matson, P.A., Naylor, R. and Polasky, S. (2002) Agricultural Sustainability and Intensive Production Practices. Nature, 418, 671-677.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01014 [3] FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013. www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3107e/i3107e00.htm [4] Godfray, H.C., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S.M. and Toulmin, C. (2010) Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People. Science, 327, 812-818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383 [5] Baulcombe, D., Crute, I., Davies, B., Dunwell, J., Gale, M., Jones, J., Pretty, J., Sutherland, W. and Toulmin, C. (2009) Reaping the Benefits: Science and the Sustainable Intensification of Global Agriculture. The Royal Society, London.
http://royalsociety.org/document.asp?tip=0&id=8825 [6] Hall, S.J., Matson, P.A. and Roth, P. (1996) NOx Emissions from Soil: Implications for Air Quality Modeling in Agricultural Regions. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 21, 311-346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.21.1.311 [7] Delmass, R., Serca, D. and Jambert, C. (1997) Global Inventory of NOx Sources. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 48, 51-60.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009793806086 [8] Shejbalová, Š., Cerny, J., Vašák, F., Kulhánek, M. and Balík, J. (2014) Nitrogen Efficiency of Spring Barley in Long-Term Experiment. Plant, Soil and Environment, 60, 291-296. [9] Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J. and Befort, B.L. (2011) Global Food Demand and the Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 20260-20264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108 [10] Heffer, P. and Prud’homme, M. (2011) Fertilizer Outlook 2011-2015. 79th IFA Annual Conference, Montreal, 23-25 May 2011, 1-9. [11] Soares, J.R., Cantarella, H. and de Campos Menegale, M.L. (2012) Ammonia Volatilization Losses from Surface-Applied Urea with Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 52, 82-89.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019 [12] Doering, O.C., Galloway, J.N., Theis, T.L., Aneja, V., Boyer, E., Cassman, K.G., Cowling, E.B., Dickerson, R.R., Herz, W., Hey, D.L., Kohn, R., Lighy, J.S., Mitsch, W., Moomaw, W., Mosier, A., Paerl, H., Shaw, B. and Stacey, P. (2011) Reactive Nitrogen in the United States: An Analysis of Inputs, Flows, Consequences, and Management Options. EPA-SAB-11-013, Washington DC. [13] Sutton, M.A., Erisman, J.W., Dentener, F. and Moller, D. (2008) Ammonia in the Environment: From Ancient Times to the Present. Environmental Pollution, 156, 583-604.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.013 [14] Meijide, A., Garcia-Torres, L., Arce, A. and Vallejo, A. (2009) Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Affected by Organic Fertilization in a Non Irrigated Mediterranean Barley Field. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 132, 106-115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.03.005 [15] Sanz-Cobena, A., Sancez-Martin, L., Garcia-Torres, L. and Vallejo, A. (2012) Gaseous Emissions of N2O and NO and NO3- Leaching from Urea Applied with Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors to Maize (Zea mays) Crop. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 149, 64-73.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.12.016 [16] Dawar, K., Zaman, M., Rowarth, J.S., Blennerhassett, J. and Tutnbull, M.H. (2011) Urease Inhibitor Reduces N Losses and Improves Plant-Bioavailability of Urea Applied in Fine Particle and Granular Forms under Fields Conditions. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 144, 41-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.08.007 [17] Mueller, N.D., Gerber, J.S., Johnston, M., Ray, D.K., Ramankutty, N. and Foley, J.A. (2012) Closing Yield Gaps through Nutrient and Water Management. Nature, 490, 254-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11420 [18] Goos, R.J. (1985) Identification of Ammonium Thiosulphate as a Nitrification and Urease Inhibitor. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49, 232-235.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900010047x [19] Fairlie, T.E. and Goos, R.J. (1986) Urea Hydrolysis and Ammonia Volatilization Characteristics of Liquid Fertilizer mixtures. Journal of Fertilizer Issues, 3, 86-90. [20] Goos, R.J. and Fairlie, T.E. (1987) Effect of Liquid Fertilizer Composition and Droplet Size Urea Hydrolysis by Two Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52, 522-524.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200020040x [21] Murphy, M.D. (1998) Ammonium Thiosulphate as an Environmentally Friendly Tool for Reducing Inputs. End of Project Report ARMIS 4270, Johnstown Castle Research Centre, Wexford. [22] Graziano, P.L. and Parente, G. (1996) Response of Irrigated Maize to Urea-Ammonium Nitrate and Ammonium Thiosulphate Solutions on a Sulphur Deficient Soil. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 46, 91-95.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704308 [23] Sullivan, D.M. and Havlin, J.L. (1988) Agronomic Use of Ammonium Thiosulfate to Improve Nitrogen Fertilizer Efficiency. Journal of Fertilizer Issues, 5, 37-44. [24] Sullivan, D.M. and Havlin, J.L. (1992) Soil and Environmental Effects on Urease Inhibition by Ammonium Thiosulfate. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 56, 950-956.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600030044x [25] McCarty, G.W., Bremner, J.M. and Krogmeier, M.J. (1990) Evaluation of Ammonium Thiosulfate as a Soil Urease Inhibitor. Fertilizer Research, 24, 135-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073581 [26] Sparks, D.L., Ed. (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. SSSA Book Series 5, Soil Science Society of America, Madison. [27] Jenkinson, D.S. (1988) The Determination of Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen in Soil. In: Wilson, J.R., Ed., Advances in Nitrogen Cycling in Agricultural Ecosystems, CAB International, Wallingford, 368-386. [28] Harwood, J.E. and Kuhn, A.L. (1970) A Colorimetric Method for Ammonia in Natural Waters. Water Research, 4, 805-811.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(70)90037-0 [29] US Environmental Protection Agency (1983) Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, Method 353.3. USEPA Report No. EPA/600/4-79/020, Environmental Monitoring and Support Lab, Office of Research and Development, Washington DC. [30] Vance, E.D., Brookes, P.C. and Jenkinson, D.S. (1987) An Extraction Method for Measuring Soil Microbial Biomass C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 19, 703-707.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(87)90052-6 [31] Lindsay, W.L. and Norwell, W.A. (1978) Development of DTPA of Soil Test for Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. Journal of American Soil Science, 42, 421-428.
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