Improvement of Biodiesel Product Yield during Simple Consecutive-Competitive Reactions
Author(s)
Kal Renganathan Sharma
ABSTRACT
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be made from vegetable oil and waste restaurant greases by catalysed transesterification reactions. Over 5 billion gallons of biodiesel was produced in 2010. The European Union and United States are seeing the sigmoidal portion of the growth curve in biodiesel production. Economic analysis such as profitability and annualized worth (AW) of a biodiesel plant in Taiwan is presented. With the revenue from glycerine byproduct recovery and with lower raw material costs, biodiesel may be profitable especially during days of higher gasoline prices. Multiple reactions of the consecutive-competive type may be used to model the methonolysis of trigylcerides. The reaction rate constant ratios and residence time in the reactor are important parameters in determining higher selectivity of FAME, fatty acid methyl ester product yield over glycerol by-product production. Illustrations of higher FAME yield, higher glycerol yield and cross-over from FAME to glycerol are shown for some values of reaction rate constant ratios and reaction scheme from triglycerides to diglycerides, monoglycerides and glycerol along with formation of FAME in each step by addition of methanol and catalyst is shown. Product distribution curves are presented in Figures 2-5 for different values or reaction rate constant ratios.
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be made from vegetable oil and waste restaurant greases by catalysed transesterification reactions. Over 5 billion gallons of biodiesel was produced in 2010. The European Union and United States are seeing the sigmoidal portion of the growth curve in biodiesel production. Economic analysis such as profitability and annualized worth (AW) of a biodiesel plant in Taiwan is presented. With the revenue from glycerine byproduct recovery and with lower raw material costs, biodiesel may be profitable especially during days of higher gasoline prices. Multiple reactions of the consecutive-competive type may be used to model the methonolysis of trigylcerides. The reaction rate constant ratios and residence time in the reactor are important parameters in determining higher selectivity of FAME, fatty acid methyl ester product yield over glycerol by-product production. Illustrations of higher FAME yield, higher glycerol yield and cross-over from FAME to glycerol are shown for some values of reaction rate constant ratios and reaction scheme from triglycerides to diglycerides, monoglycerides and glycerol along with formation of FAME in each step by addition of methanol and catalyst is shown. Product distribution curves are presented in Figures 2-5 for different values or reaction rate constant ratios.
KEYWORDS
Biodiesel, Transesterification Reactions, Consecutive-Competitive Reactions, Jatropha Curcas Oil, Genomics, Centrifugal Separation, Optimization, Profitability, Method of Laplace Transforms
Biodiesel, Transesterification Reactions, Consecutive-Competitive Reactions, Jatropha Curcas Oil, Genomics, Centrifugal Separation, Optimization, Profitability, Method of Laplace Transforms
Cite this paper
Sharma, K. (2015) Improvement of Biodiesel Product Yield during Simple Consecutive-Competitive Reactions. Journal of Encapsulation and Adsorption Sciences, 5, 204-216. doi: 10.4236/jeas.2015.54017.
Sharma, K. (2015) Improvement of Biodiesel Product Yield during Simple Consecutive-Competitive Reactions. Journal of Encapsulation and Adsorption Sciences, 5, 204-216. doi: 10.4236/jeas.2015.54017.
References
[1] Podolski, W.F., Shmalzer, D.K., Conrad, V., Lowenhaupt, D.E., Winschel, R.A., Klunder, E.G., Mcllvried III, H.G., Ramezan, M., Stiegel, G.J., Srivastave, R.D., Winslow, J., Loftus, P.J., Benson, C.E., Wheeldon, J.M., Krumpelt, M. and Lee-Smith, F. (2008) Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization. In: Gren, D.W. and Perry, R.H., Eds., Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York. [2] (2005) Congressional Record. Vol. 151, Part 4, 4544. [3] Shay, E.G. (1993) Diesel Fuel from Vegetable Oils: Status and Opportunities. Biomass and Bioenergy, 4, 227-242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(93)90080-N [4] Abraham, M.A. and Nguyen, N. (2005) Results from the Sandestin Conference: Green Engineering: Defining Principle. Environmental Progress, 22, 233-236.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670220410 [5] Krawczyk, T. (1996) Biodiesel—Alternative Fuel Makes Inroads But Hurdles Remain. INFORM, 7, 801-829. [6] Sharma, K.R. (2012) Power Draw of the Rotor during Centrifugal High Volume Separation of Oil and Water. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research, 4, 10-16.
http://www.academicjournals.org/jmer/PDF/Pdf2012/January/Sharma.pdf. [7] Connemann, J., Krallmann, A. and Fischer, E. (1994) Process for the Continuous Production of Lower Alkyl Esters of Higher Fatty Acids. US Patent No. 5354878. [8] Martin, A., Flynn, J.E. and Lange, H. (2011) Biodiesel Production Method. B & P Process Equipment and Systems, LLC, Saginaw, US Patent No. 8030505. [9] Kulkarni, M.G. and Dalai, A.K. (2006) Waste Cooking Oil—An Economic Source for Biodiesel: A Review. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 45, 2901-2913. [10] Ma, F. and Hanna, M.A. (1999) Biodiesel Production: A Review. Bioresource Technology, 70, 1-15. [11] Sharma, K.R. (2011) Fundamentals of Engineering Economics. Cognella Academic Publishers, San Diego. [12] Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary. The Hindu, Chennai, February 27th, 2006. [13] Moran, S. (2006) Biodiesel Comes of Age as the Demand Rises. New York Times, September 12th, 2006. [14] Levenspiel, O. (1999) Chemical Reaction Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. [15] Sharma, K.R. (2012) Process Instrumentation, Dynamics and Control. Cognella Academic Publishers, San Diego. [16] Bender, M. (1999) Economic Feasibility Review for Communit-Scale Farmer Cooperatives for Biodiesel. Bioresource Technology, 70, 81-87.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00009-7 [17] Weber, J.A. (1993) The Economic Feasibiloty of Community-Based Biodiesel Plants. Master’s Thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia. [18] Nelson, R.G. and Shrock, M.G. (1993) Energetic and Economic Feasibility Associated with the Production, Processing and Conversion of Beef Tallow to Diesel Fuel. In: Proceedings of the First Biomass Conference of the Americas: Energy, Environment, Agriculture and Industry, Volume 2, NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, 848-862. [19] You, Y.D., Shie, J.L., Chang, C.Y., Huang, S.H., Pai, C.Y., Yu, Y.H. and Chang, C.H. (2008) Economic Cost Analysis of Biodiesel Production: Case in Soybean Oil. Energy & Fuels, 22, 182-189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef700295c [20] Turton, R., Bailie, R.C., Whiting, W.B. and Shaeiwitz, J.A. (1998) Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. [21] Darnoko, D. and Cheryan, M. (2000) Continous Production of Palm Methyl Esters. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 77, 1269-1272. [22] Jaya, N. and Ethirajulu, K. (2011) Kinetic Modeling of Transesterification Reaction for Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous Catalyst. International Journal of Engineering Science, 3, 3463-3466. [23] Shiva Prasad, B.G. and Sharma, K.R. (2012) Alternative Energy for Energy Sustainability. Annals of Arid Zone, April 2012.
[1] Podolski, W.F., Shmalzer, D.K., Conrad, V., Lowenhaupt, D.E., Winschel, R.A., Klunder, E.G., Mcllvried III, H.G., Ramezan, M., Stiegel, G.J., Srivastave, R.D., Winslow, J., Loftus, P.J., Benson, C.E., Wheeldon, J.M., Krumpelt, M. and Lee-Smith, F. (2008) Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization. In: Gren, D.W. and Perry, R.H., Eds., Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York. [2] (2005) Congressional Record. Vol. 151, Part 4, 4544. [3] Shay, E.G. (1993) Diesel Fuel from Vegetable Oils: Status and Opportunities. Biomass and Bioenergy, 4, 227-242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(93)90080-N [4] Abraham, M.A. and Nguyen, N. (2005) Results from the Sandestin Conference: Green Engineering: Defining Principle. Environmental Progress, 22, 233-236.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670220410 [5] Krawczyk, T. (1996) Biodiesel—Alternative Fuel Makes Inroads But Hurdles Remain. INFORM, 7, 801-829. [6] Sharma, K.R. (2012) Power Draw of the Rotor during Centrifugal High Volume Separation of Oil and Water. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research, 4, 10-16.
http://www.academicjournals.org/jmer/PDF/Pdf2012/January/Sharma.pdf. [7] Connemann, J., Krallmann, A. and Fischer, E. (1994) Process for the Continuous Production of Lower Alkyl Esters of Higher Fatty Acids. US Patent No. 5354878. [8] Martin, A., Flynn, J.E. and Lange, H. (2011) Biodiesel Production Method. B & P Process Equipment and Systems, LLC, Saginaw, US Patent No. 8030505. [9] Kulkarni, M.G. and Dalai, A.K. (2006) Waste Cooking Oil—An Economic Source for Biodiesel: A Review. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 45, 2901-2913. [10] Ma, F. and Hanna, M.A. (1999) Biodiesel Production: A Review. Bioresource Technology, 70, 1-15. [11] Sharma, K.R. (2011) Fundamentals of Engineering Economics. Cognella Academic Publishers, San Diego. [12] Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary. The Hindu, Chennai, February 27th, 2006. [13] Moran, S. (2006) Biodiesel Comes of Age as the Demand Rises. New York Times, September 12th, 2006. [14] Levenspiel, O. (1999) Chemical Reaction Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. [15] Sharma, K.R. (2012) Process Instrumentation, Dynamics and Control. Cognella Academic Publishers, San Diego. [16] Bender, M. (1999) Economic Feasibility Review for Communit-Scale Farmer Cooperatives for Biodiesel. Bioresource Technology, 70, 81-87.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00009-7 [17] Weber, J.A. (1993) The Economic Feasibiloty of Community-Based Biodiesel Plants. Master’s Thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia. [18] Nelson, R.G. and Shrock, M.G. (1993) Energetic and Economic Feasibility Associated with the Production, Processing and Conversion of Beef Tallow to Diesel Fuel. In: Proceedings of the First Biomass Conference of the Americas: Energy, Environment, Agriculture and Industry, Volume 2, NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, 848-862. [19] You, Y.D., Shie, J.L., Chang, C.Y., Huang, S.H., Pai, C.Y., Yu, Y.H. and Chang, C.H. (2008) Economic Cost Analysis of Biodiesel Production: Case in Soybean Oil. Energy & Fuels, 22, 182-189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef700295c [20] Turton, R., Bailie, R.C., Whiting, W.B. and Shaeiwitz, J.A. (1998) Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. [21] Darnoko, D. and Cheryan, M. (2000) Continous Production of Palm Methyl Esters. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 77, 1269-1272. [22] Jaya, N. and Ethirajulu, K. (2011) Kinetic Modeling of Transesterification Reaction for Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous Catalyst. International Journal of Engineering Science, 3, 3463-3466. [23] Shiva Prasad, B.G. and Sharma, K.R. (2012) Alternative Energy for Energy Sustainability. Annals of Arid Zone, April 2012.