Trends of Development of International Water Law
Author(s)
Paulo Canelas de Castro
ABSTRACT
International water law has been witnessing profound changes in the latter twenty years. These changes denote certain cardinal options for new goals and values that the newer international water law is seeking to embrace. Amongst these new goals and values, the ones of environmentalization, humanisation, economicisation stand out as attempts at bringing efficient response to the challenges set by the current global water crisis and the more complex expectations of the international community. They amount to an innovative normative message and even true paradigm-shifts in the understanding of international water law. These trends of development of international water law set this legal field in line with other chapters of contemporary international law and derive in part from the cross-fertilisation of normative ideas and principles between these chapters of international law.
International water law has been witnessing profound changes in the latter twenty years. These changes denote certain cardinal options for new goals and values that the newer international water law is seeking to embrace. Amongst these new goals and values, the ones of environmentalization, humanisation, economicisation stand out as attempts at bringing efficient response to the challenges set by the current global water crisis and the more complex expectations of the international community. They amount to an innovative normative message and even true paradigm-shifts in the understanding of international water law. These trends of development of international water law set this legal field in line with other chapters of contemporary international law and derive in part from the cross-fertilisation of normative ideas and principles between these chapters of international law.
KEYWORDS
Economicisation, Environmentalization, Global Water Crisis, Humanisation, Human Right to Water, International Water Law, Paradigm Changes, Trade in Water, Water Protection, Water Services
Economicisation, Environmentalization, Global Water Crisis, Humanisation, Human Right to Water, International Water Law, Paradigm Changes, Trade in Water, Water Protection, Water Services
Cite this paper
de Castro, P. (2015) Trends of Development of International Water Law. Beijing Law Review, 6, 285-295. doi: 10.4236/blr.2015.64025.
de Castro, P. (2015) Trends of Development of International Water Law. Beijing Law Review, 6, 285-295. doi: 10.4236/blr.2015.64025.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9780792321408.009-225 [22] Canelas de Castro, P. (2003). Freshwaters-Sea Interface: Emerging International Legal Field? Boletim da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Macau, 16, 179-220. [23] Canelas de Castro, P. (2005). Recent Developments in International Law. Principles and Comparative Cases. Lisbon: Luso-American Foundation. [24] Canelas de Castro, P. (2008). The Global Challenge of Sustainable Water Management: International and European Union Law Responses. Temas de Integracao, 25, 95-133. [25] Canelas de Castro, P. (2011). Climate Change and Water Management: Is Water Law Adapted to Climate Change? In C. A. Brebbia, & V. Popov (Eds.), Water Resources Management VI (pp. 827-839). Southampton: WIT Press.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004137028.3-756.6 [39] Kamto, M. (1990). Le droit international des ressources en eau continentales africaines. Annuaire francais de droit international, 36, 855-871. [40] Kiss, A. (1987). Tchernobale ou la pollution accidentelle du Rhin par des produits chimiques. Annuaire francais de droit international, 33, 719-727.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20535150 [50] Mechlem, K. (2009). Moving Ahead in Protecting Freshwater Resources: The International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on Transboundary Aquifers. Leiden Journal of International Law, 22, 801.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0922156509990239 [51] Mekong River Commission for Sustainable Development (2005). Public Participation in the Lower Mekong Basin. Vientiane: Mekong River Commission for Sustainable Development. [52] Paquerot, S. (2005). Eau douce: La nécéssaire refondation du droit international. Sainte-Foy (Québec): Presses de l’Université du Québec. [53] Salman, S. M. A. (2005). Evolution and Context of International Water Resources Law. In S. M. A. Salman, & L. Boisson de Chazournes (Eds.), Les ressources en eau et le droit international (pp. 66-68). The Hague: Hague Academy of International Law.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004137028.3-756.2 [54] Salman, S. M. A., & Lankford, S. M. (2004). The Human Right to Water. Legal and Policy Dimensions. Washington DC: The World Bank.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5922-3 [55] Sand, P. H. (2003). Information Disclosure as an Instrument of Environmental Governance. Heidelberg Journal of International Law, 2, 487-502. [56] Sohnle, J. (2002). Le droit international des ressources en eau douce: Solidarité contre souveraineté. Paris: La documenta- tion francaise. [57] Solanes, M. (1998). Integrated Water Management from the Perspective of the Dublin Principles. CEPAL Review, 64, 165. [58] Tanzi, A., & Arcari, M. (2001). The United Nations Convention on the Law of International Watercourses: A Framework for Sharing. The Hague: Kluwer. [59] Tuerk, E., Ostrovsky, A., & Speed, R. (2005). GATS and Its Impact on Private Sector Participation in Water Services. In E. Brown-Weiss, L. Boisson de Chazournes, & N. Bernasconi-Osterwalder (Eds.), Fresh Water and International Economic Law (pp. 143-172). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [60] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2000). The Aarhus Convention: An Implementation Guide. New York: United Nations. [61] WHO and UNICEF (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO and UNICEF. [62] Ziegler, A. (Ed.) (1993). Internationales Recht auf See und Binnengewaesser. Festschrift fuer Walter Mueller. Zuerich: Schulthess.
[1] Albuquerque, C. (2010). Water and Sanitation as Human Rights. In Conseil d’Etat, L’eau et son droit, Rapport publique. Paris: Conseil d’état. [2] Albuquerque, C. (2012). On the Right Track: Good Practices in Realising the Rights to Water and Sanitation. New York: The United Nations. [3] Albuquerque, C. (2013). Water and Sanitation Are Human Rights: Why Does It Matter? In L. Boisson de Chazournes, C. Leb, & M. Tignino, (Eds.). International Law and Freshwater: The Multiple Challenges. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781781005095.00013 [4] Anderson, B. D. (1999). Selling Great Lakes Water to a Thirsty World: Legal, Policy and Trade Considerations. Buffalo Environmental Law Journal, 6, 219-220. [5] Anderson, T. L. Eds. (1994). Continental Water Marketing. San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy. [6] Baumann, C. (2001). Water Wars: Canada’s Upstream Battle to Ban Bulk Water Export. Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, 10. [7] Blociszewski, J. (1926). Le régime international du Danube. Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de La Haye, 11, 253-340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789028604827.253-340 [8] Bogdanovic, S. (2001). International Law of Water Resources: Contribution of the ILA (1954-2000). London: Kluwer. [9] Boisson de Chazournes, L. (2003). The Role of Diplomatic Means of Solving Water Disputes: A Special Emphasis on Institutional Mechanisms. In The PCA/Peace Palace Papers. Resolution of International Water Disputes (Vol. 5, pp. 91-110). The Hague: Kluwer. [10] Boisson de Chazournes, L. (2007). Precaution in International Law: Reflection on its Composite Nature. In T. M. Ndlaye et al. (Eds.). Law of the Sea, Environmental Law and Settlement of Disputes: Liber Amicorum Judge Thomas A. Mensah (pp. 21-34). Leiden: M. Nijhoff.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004161566.i-0.22 [11] Boisson de Chazournes, L. (2007). Technical and Financial Assistance. In D. Bodansky, J. Brunnée, & E. Hey (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law (pp. 947-973). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [12] Boisson de Chazournes, L. (2009). Freshwater and International Law: The Interplay between Universal, Regional and Basin Perspectives. Paris: UNESCO, United Nations World Water Assessment Programme. [13] Boisson de Chazournes, L. (2015). Fresh Water in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [14] Bray, H. L. (2014). ICSID and the Right to Water: An Ingredient in the Stone Soup. ICSID Review, 1-10. [15] Brown-Weiss, E. (2005). Water Transfers and International Trade Law. In E. Brown-Weiss, L. Boisson de Chazournes, & N. Bernasconi-Osterwalder (Eds.), Fresh Water and International Economic Law (pp. 61-89). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [16] Brown-Weiss, E. (2007). The Evolution of International Water Law. Recueil des cours de l’académie de Droit international, 331, 222. [17] Brown-Weiss, E. (2013). International Law in a Water Scarce World. The Hague Academy of International Monographs, Volume 7, Leiden: Brill. [18] Brown-Weiss, E., Boisson de Chazournes, L., & Bernasconi-Osterwalder, N. (Eds.) (2005). Fresh Water and International Economic Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [19] Caflisch, L. (1993). Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas: Règle prioritaire ou élément servant à mesurer le droit de participation équitable et raisonnable à l’utilisation d’un coursd’eau international? In A. Ziegler (Ed.), Internationales Recht auf See und Binnengewaesser. Festschrift fuer Walter Mueller (pp. 27-47). Zuerich: Schulthess. [20] Caflisch, L. (2011). Le droit à l’eau—Un droit de l’homme internationalement protégé. In Société francaise pour le droit international, Colloque d’Orléans. L’eau en droit international (pp. 392-394). Paris: Pédone. [21] Caflisch. L. (1989). Règles générales du droit des cours d’eau internationaux. Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de La Haye, 219, 196-202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9780792321408.009-225 [22] Canelas de Castro, P. (2003). Freshwaters-Sea Interface: Emerging International Legal Field? Boletim da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Macau, 16, 179-220. [23] Canelas de Castro, P. (2005). Recent Developments in International Law. Principles and Comparative Cases. Lisbon: Luso-American Foundation. [24] Canelas de Castro, P. (2008). The Global Challenge of Sustainable Water Management: International and European Union Law Responses. Temas de Integracao, 25, 95-133. [25] Canelas de Castro, P. (2011). Climate Change and Water Management: Is Water Law Adapted to Climate Change? In C. A. Brebbia, & V. Popov (Eds.), Water Resources Management VI (pp. 827-839). Southampton: WIT Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/WRM110741 [26] Caponera, D. (1992). Principles of Water Law and Administration. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. [27] Carter, H. O. (Ed.) (1994). Sharing Scarcity: Gainers and Losers in Water Marketing. Davis: University of California Agric. Issue Center. [28] Chamberlain, J. P. (1923). The Regime of the International River: Danube and Rhine. New York: Columbia University. [29] Colliard, C. A. (1968). Evolution et aspects actuels du régime juridique des fleuves internationaux. Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de La Haye, 125, 417-431.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789028616226.337-442 [30] Cossy, M. (2005a). Le statut de l’eau en droit international économique. Principaux aspects au regard des règles de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, In L. Boisson de Chazournes, & S. M. A. Salman (Eds.), Les ressources en eau et le droit international (pp. 177-178). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. [31] Cossy, M. (2005b). Water Services and the GATS—Selected Legal Issues. In E. Brown-Weiss, L. Boisson de Chazournes, & N. Bernasconi-Osterwalder (Eds.), Fresh Water and International Economic Law (pp. 129). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [32] Cossy, M. (2005c). Water Services at the WTO—Selected Legal Issues. In E. Brown-Weiss, L. Boisson de Chazournes, & N. Bernasconi-Osterwalder (Eds.), Fresh Water and International Economic Law (pp. 117-141). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [33] Coulée, F. (2011). Rapport général—Du droit international de l’eau à la reconnaissance internationale d’un droit à l’eau: Les enjeux. In Société francaise pour le droit international, Colloque d’Orléans. L’eau en droit international (pp. 27-31). Paris: Pédone. [34] Dalhuisen, J. M., Groot, H. L. F., & Nijkamp, P. (2000). The Economics of Water: A Survey. International Journal of Development Planning Literature, 15, 4. [35] Franck, T. (1995). Fairness in International Law and Institutions. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [36] Gaines, S. (2001). The WTO’s Reading of the GATT Article XX Chapeau: A Disguised Restriction on Environmental Measures. Journal of International Economic Law (University of Pacific), 22, 739. [37] Haan, E. (1997). Balancing Free Trade in Water and the Protection of Water Resources in GATT. In E. P. Brans et al. (Eds.), The Scarcity of Water—Emerging Legal and Policy Responses (pp. 246-247). The Hague: Kluwer. [38] Hildering, A. (2005). Water as an Economic Good. In L. Boisson de Chazournes, & S. M. A. Salman (Eds.), Les ressources en eau et le droit international (pp. 225-227). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004137028.3-756.6 [39] Kamto, M. (1990). Le droit international des ressources en eau continentales africaines. Annuaire francais de droit international, 36, 855-871. [40] Kiss, A. (1987). Tchernobale ou la pollution accidentelle du Rhin par des produits chimiques. Annuaire francais de droit international, 33, 719-727.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/afdi.1987.2804 [41] Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [42] Libecap, G. D. (2005). Rescuing Water Markets: Lessons from Owens Valley. Bozeman: PERC. [43] Little, S. P. (1996). Canada’s Capacity to Control the Flow: Water Export and the North American Free Trade Agreement. Pace International Law Review, 8, 127. [44] Manner, E., & Metsalampi, V. M. (Eds.) (1988). The Work of the International Law Association on the Law of International Water Resources. Helsinki: Finnish Branch of the International Law Association. [45] Maravilla, S. (2001). The Canadian Bulk Water Moratorium and Its Implications for NAFTA. Current International Trade Law Journal, 10, 31-35. [46] Martin, G. J. (1998). Le concept de risque et la protection de l’environnement: Evolution parallèle ou fertilization croisée? In M. Prieur (Ed.), Les hommes et l’environnement, en hommage à Alexandre Kiss (pp. 451-460). Paris: Frison-Roche. [47] McAllister, S. T. (1998). The Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making, and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, 9, 187. [48] McCaffrey, S. (2007). The Law of International Watercourses—Non-Navigational Uses (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [49] McCaffrey, S. (2009). The International Law Commission Adopts Draft Articles on Transboundary Aquifers. American Journal of International Law, 103, 272.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20535150 [50] Mechlem, K. (2009). Moving Ahead in Protecting Freshwater Resources: The International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on Transboundary Aquifers. Leiden Journal of International Law, 22, 801.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0922156509990239 [51] Mekong River Commission for Sustainable Development (2005). Public Participation in the Lower Mekong Basin. Vientiane: Mekong River Commission for Sustainable Development. [52] Paquerot, S. (2005). Eau douce: La nécéssaire refondation du droit international. Sainte-Foy (Québec): Presses de l’Université du Québec. [53] Salman, S. M. A. (2005). Evolution and Context of International Water Resources Law. In S. M. A. Salman, & L. Boisson de Chazournes (Eds.), Les ressources en eau et le droit international (pp. 66-68). The Hague: Hague Academy of International Law.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004137028.3-756.2 [54] Salman, S. M. A., & Lankford, S. M. (2004). The Human Right to Water. Legal and Policy Dimensions. Washington DC: The World Bank.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5922-3 [55] Sand, P. H. (2003). Information Disclosure as an Instrument of Environmental Governance. Heidelberg Journal of International Law, 2, 487-502. [56] Sohnle, J. (2002). Le droit international des ressources en eau douce: Solidarité contre souveraineté. Paris: La documenta- tion francaise. [57] Solanes, M. (1998). Integrated Water Management from the Perspective of the Dublin Principles. CEPAL Review, 64, 165. [58] Tanzi, A., & Arcari, M. (2001). The United Nations Convention on the Law of International Watercourses: A Framework for Sharing. The Hague: Kluwer. [59] Tuerk, E., Ostrovsky, A., & Speed, R. (2005). GATS and Its Impact on Private Sector Participation in Water Services. In E. Brown-Weiss, L. Boisson de Chazournes, & N. Bernasconi-Osterwalder (Eds.), Fresh Water and International Economic Law (pp. 143-172). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [60] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2000). The Aarhus Convention: An Implementation Guide. New York: United Nations. [61] WHO and UNICEF (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO and UNICEF. [62] Ziegler, A. (Ed.) (1993). Internationales Recht auf See und Binnengewaesser. Festschrift fuer Walter Mueller. Zuerich: Schulthess.