Useful and Unique Descriptions of Tropospheric Processes Which Produce Oxygen and Thereafter Give Birth to Equatorial Electro-Jets
Author(s)
Cesar Mbane Biouele
Affiliation(s)
Laboratory of Earth’s Atmosphere Physics, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
Laboratory of Earth’s Atmosphere Physics, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
ABSTRACT
Formation of negative static charges (e-) throughout troposphere is a natural phenomenon revealed by some weather events such as storms and lightning flashes that accompany thunderclouds. This climatic phenomenon (formation of negative charge in that case) has long been considered as physical phenomena of very small space-time scales. Now we have good reasons to say that this perception of troposphere electrical status is totally meaningless. Indeed, it is now easy to show that significant numbers of electrons are provided to troposphere at each appearance of a thunderstorm (or a lightning flash). Thereafter, movement implemented in the troposphere by winds (e.g., West African aerojet) contributes to the formation of low altitudes Electrojets (e.g., West African Equatorial Aerojet gives birth to West African Equatorial Electrojet). The existence of Low Layers Equatorial Electrojets (LL-EEJ) was totally unknown by the first theorists who have studied the Earth’s Ionosphere Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics. This mistake has led their followers to many questions unanswered in their attempt to explain the longitudinal and seasonal variations of observed EEJ. In this paper, we will provide many useful explanations on the manner in which clouds provide oxygen to troposphere and thereafter trigger negative static charges (e-) throughout both troposphere and ionosphere. Indeed, this paper also explains how, opportunely, the ITF (inter tropical front) plays the role of the tap which facilitates oxygen transfer from troposphere to ionosphere. Detailed studies on the Earth’s troposphere plasma physics and electrodynamics are impatiently awaited.
Formation of negative static charges (e-) throughout troposphere is a natural phenomenon revealed by some weather events such as storms and lightning flashes that accompany thunderclouds. This climatic phenomenon (formation of negative charge in that case) has long been considered as physical phenomena of very small space-time scales. Now we have good reasons to say that this perception of troposphere electrical status is totally meaningless. Indeed, it is now easy to show that significant numbers of electrons are provided to troposphere at each appearance of a thunderstorm (or a lightning flash). Thereafter, movement implemented in the troposphere by winds (e.g., West African aerojet) contributes to the formation of low altitudes Electrojets (e.g., West African Equatorial Aerojet gives birth to West African Equatorial Electrojet). The existence of Low Layers Equatorial Electrojets (LL-EEJ) was totally unknown by the first theorists who have studied the Earth’s Ionosphere Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics. This mistake has led their followers to many questions unanswered in their attempt to explain the longitudinal and seasonal variations of observed EEJ. In this paper, we will provide many useful explanations on the manner in which clouds provide oxygen to troposphere and thereafter trigger negative static charges (e-) throughout both troposphere and ionosphere. Indeed, this paper also explains how, opportunely, the ITF (inter tropical front) plays the role of the tap which facilitates oxygen transfer from troposphere to ionosphere. Detailed studies on the Earth’s troposphere plasma physics and electrodynamics are impatiently awaited.
KEYWORDS
Formation of Negative Static Charges (e-) throughout Troposphere, Earth’s Troposphere Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics, Oxygen Transfer from Troposphere to Ionosphere
Formation of Negative Static Charges (e-) throughout Troposphere, Earth’s Troposphere Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics, Oxygen Transfer from Troposphere to Ionosphere
Cite this paper
Biouele, C. (2015) Useful and Unique Descriptions of Tropospheric Processes Which Produce Oxygen and Thereafter Give Birth to Equatorial Electro-Jets. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 1248-1253. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.611098.
Biouele, C. (2015) Useful and Unique Descriptions of Tropospheric Processes Which Produce Oxygen and Thereafter Give Birth to Equatorial Electro-Jets. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 1248-1253. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.611098.
References
[1] Mbane Biouele, C. (2015) Fundamentals on Thermodynamic Processes behind Cloud’s and Rainfall’s Formation. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 5, 257-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2015.53019 [2] Mbane Biouele, C. (2015) Earth’s Atmosphere Dynamic Balance Meteorology. Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 110 p. [3] Mbane Biouele, C. (2013) Hurricanes and Cyclones Kinematics and Thermodynamic Based on Clausius Clapeyron Relation Derived in 1832. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 8, 1284-1290. [4] Mbane Biouele, C. (2009) Vertical Profiles of Winds and Electric Fields Triggered by Tropical Storms—Under the Hydrodynamic Concept of Air Particle. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 4, 242-246. [5] Anderson, D., Anghel, A., Chau, J. and Veliz, O. (2004) Daytime Vertical ExB Drift Velocities Inferred from Ground-Based Magnetometer Observations at Low Latitudes. Space Weather, 2, S11001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004SW000095 [6] Anderson, D., Araujo Pradere, E. and Scherliess, L. (2009) Comparing Daytime Equatorial ExB Drift Velocities and TOPEX/TEC Observations Associated with the 4-Cell, Non-Migrating Tidal Structure. Annales Geophysicae, 27, 2861-2867. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2861-2009 [7] Campbell, W.H. (1997) Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [8] Fukushima, N. and Kamide, Y. (1973) Partial Current Models for Worldwide Geomagnetic Disturbances. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 11, 795-853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/RG011i004p00795 [9] Onwumechili, C.A. (1967) In: Matsushita, S. and Campbell, W.H., Eds., Physics of Geomagnetic Phenomena, 1, 425-507. [10] Obiekezie, T.N. and Agbo, G.A. (2008) Day to Day Variability of Sq(H) Variation in the Indian Sector. JANS, 3, 81-85. [11] Rabiu, A.B., Mamukuyomi, A.I. and Joshua, E.O. (2007) Variability of Equatorial Ionosphere Inferred from Geomagnetic Field Measurements. Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India, 35, 607-618. [12] Agbo, G.A., Chikwendu, A.O. and Obiekezie, T.N. (2010) Variability of Daily Horizontal Component of Geomagnetic Field Component at Low and Middle Latitudes. Indian Journal of Scientific Research, 1, 1-8. [13] Obiekezie, T.N. and Okeke, F.N. (2009) Variations of Geomagnetic H, D and Z Field Intensities on Quiet Days at West African latitudes Moldavian. Journal of Physical Science, 8, 366-372. [14] Obiekezie, T.N. and Obiadazie, S.C. (2013) The Variability of H Component of Geomagnetic Field at the African Sector. Physical Review & Research International, 3, 154-160. [15] Forbes, J.M. (1981) The Equatorial Electrojet. Reviews of Geophysics, 19, 469-504.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/RG019i003p00469 [16] Heelis, R.A. (2004) Electrodynamics in the Low and Middle Latitude Ionosphere: A Tutorial. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 66, 825-838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.01.034 [17] Rabiu, A.B., et al. (2007) Variability of Equatorial Ionosphere Inferred from Geomagnetic Field Measurements. The Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India, 35, 607-618. [18] Price, A.T. and Wilkins, G.A. (1963) New Methods for the Analysis of Geomagnetic Fields and Their Application to the Sq Field of 1932-3. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 256, 31-98. [19] Vestine, E. (1947) The Geomagnetic Field, Its Description and Analysis. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, Washington DC, 580. [20] Rabiu, A.B. (2000) Geomagnetic Field Variations at the Middle Latitudes. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. [21] Onwumechili, C.A. (1997) The Equatorial Electrojet. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 610 p. [22] Onwumechili, C.A. and Ezema, P.O. (1977) On the Course of the Geomagnetic Daily Variation in Low Latitudes. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 39, 1079-1086.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(77)90016-2
[1] Mbane Biouele, C. (2015) Fundamentals on Thermodynamic Processes behind Cloud’s and Rainfall’s Formation. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 5, 257-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2015.53019 [2] Mbane Biouele, C. (2015) Earth’s Atmosphere Dynamic Balance Meteorology. Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 110 p. [3] Mbane Biouele, C. (2013) Hurricanes and Cyclones Kinematics and Thermodynamic Based on Clausius Clapeyron Relation Derived in 1832. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 8, 1284-1290. [4] Mbane Biouele, C. (2009) Vertical Profiles of Winds and Electric Fields Triggered by Tropical Storms—Under the Hydrodynamic Concept of Air Particle. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 4, 242-246. [5] Anderson, D., Anghel, A., Chau, J. and Veliz, O. (2004) Daytime Vertical ExB Drift Velocities Inferred from Ground-Based Magnetometer Observations at Low Latitudes. Space Weather, 2, S11001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004SW000095 [6] Anderson, D., Araujo Pradere, E. and Scherliess, L. (2009) Comparing Daytime Equatorial ExB Drift Velocities and TOPEX/TEC Observations Associated with the 4-Cell, Non-Migrating Tidal Structure. Annales Geophysicae, 27, 2861-2867. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2861-2009 [7] Campbell, W.H. (1997) Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [8] Fukushima, N. and Kamide, Y. (1973) Partial Current Models for Worldwide Geomagnetic Disturbances. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 11, 795-853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/RG011i004p00795 [9] Onwumechili, C.A. (1967) In: Matsushita, S. and Campbell, W.H., Eds., Physics of Geomagnetic Phenomena, 1, 425-507. [10] Obiekezie, T.N. and Agbo, G.A. (2008) Day to Day Variability of Sq(H) Variation in the Indian Sector. JANS, 3, 81-85. [11] Rabiu, A.B., Mamukuyomi, A.I. and Joshua, E.O. (2007) Variability of Equatorial Ionosphere Inferred from Geomagnetic Field Measurements. Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India, 35, 607-618. [12] Agbo, G.A., Chikwendu, A.O. and Obiekezie, T.N. (2010) Variability of Daily Horizontal Component of Geomagnetic Field Component at Low and Middle Latitudes. Indian Journal of Scientific Research, 1, 1-8. [13] Obiekezie, T.N. and Okeke, F.N. (2009) Variations of Geomagnetic H, D and Z Field Intensities on Quiet Days at West African latitudes Moldavian. Journal of Physical Science, 8, 366-372. [14] Obiekezie, T.N. and Obiadazie, S.C. (2013) The Variability of H Component of Geomagnetic Field at the African Sector. Physical Review & Research International, 3, 154-160. [15] Forbes, J.M. (1981) The Equatorial Electrojet. Reviews of Geophysics, 19, 469-504.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/RG019i003p00469 [16] Heelis, R.A. (2004) Electrodynamics in the Low and Middle Latitude Ionosphere: A Tutorial. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 66, 825-838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.01.034 [17] Rabiu, A.B., et al. (2007) Variability of Equatorial Ionosphere Inferred from Geomagnetic Field Measurements. The Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India, 35, 607-618. [18] Price, A.T. and Wilkins, G.A. (1963) New Methods for the Analysis of Geomagnetic Fields and Their Application to the Sq Field of 1932-3. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 256, 31-98. [19] Vestine, E. (1947) The Geomagnetic Field, Its Description and Analysis. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, Washington DC, 580. [20] Rabiu, A.B. (2000) Geomagnetic Field Variations at the Middle Latitudes. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. [21] Onwumechili, C.A. (1997) The Equatorial Electrojet. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 610 p. [22] Onwumechili, C.A. and Ezema, P.O. (1977) On the Course of the Geomagnetic Daily Variation in Low Latitudes. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 39, 1079-1086.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(77)90016-2