Sediment Yield Dynamics during the 1950s Multi-Year Droughts from Two Ungauged Basins in the Edwards Plateau, Texas
Author(s)
Joseph K. Sang1,2*,
Peter M. Allen1,
John A. Dunbar1,
Jeffrey G. Arnold3,
Joseph D. White4
Affiliation(s)
1 Geology Department, Baylor University, Waco, USA. 2 Soil, Water and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya. 3 Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, USA. 4 Biology Department, Baylor University, Waco, USA.
1 Geology Department, Baylor University, Waco, USA. 2 Soil, Water and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya. 3 Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, USA. 4 Biology Department, Baylor University, Waco, USA.
ABSTRACT
Sediment yield dynamics on the Edwards Plateau region of Texas was dramatically influenced by a multi-year drought that occurred there during the 1950s. To assess the effect of this drought on sediment yield, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to identify the factors that contributed erosion and to propose potential mitigation measures in case of future drought recurrence. The basins of interest to this study were Brady Creek One (BC 1) and Deep Creek Three (DC 3), located in McCulloch County, Texas. Although the streams in these basins are not gauged, the land cover and reservoir sediment budgets have been assessed in a past study. Calibration of SWAT flow simulation was accomplished using parameter transfer from a gauging station located in San Saba River. The results showed that sediment yield from storms above 60 mm was five times more during and immediately after drought period than during continuous wet seasons. Approximately half of the total drought period sediment yield was from five major rainstorms. The multi-year drought coupled with historical high grazing intensity resulted in significant loss of plant cover, which was considered critical in determining erosion and sedimentation rates. To test this hypothesis, the model was run for the periods of high land cover (1990s) using the 1950s multi-year drought data which showed that sediment yield was 24% of that simulated for 1950s land cover. It was concluded that maintenance of surface cover could play a critical role associated with multi-year drought extreme events.
Sediment yield dynamics on the Edwards Plateau region of Texas was dramatically influenced by a multi-year drought that occurred there during the 1950s. To assess the effect of this drought on sediment yield, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to identify the factors that contributed erosion and to propose potential mitigation measures in case of future drought recurrence. The basins of interest to this study were Brady Creek One (BC 1) and Deep Creek Three (DC 3), located in McCulloch County, Texas. Although the streams in these basins are not gauged, the land cover and reservoir sediment budgets have been assessed in a past study. Calibration of SWAT flow simulation was accomplished using parameter transfer from a gauging station located in San Saba River. The results showed that sediment yield from storms above 60 mm was five times more during and immediately after drought period than during continuous wet seasons. Approximately half of the total drought period sediment yield was from five major rainstorms. The multi-year drought coupled with historical high grazing intensity resulted in significant loss of plant cover, which was considered critical in determining erosion and sedimentation rates. To test this hypothesis, the model was run for the periods of high land cover (1990s) using the 1950s multi-year drought data which showed that sediment yield was 24% of that simulated for 1950s land cover. It was concluded that maintenance of surface cover could play a critical role associated with multi-year drought extreme events.
KEYWORDS
Multi-Year Droughts, Sediment Yield, SWAT, Parameter Transfer, Land Cover, Reservoir Survey
Multi-Year Droughts, Sediment Yield, SWAT, Parameter Transfer, Land Cover, Reservoir Survey
Cite this paper
Sang, J. , Allen, P. , Dunbar, J. , Arnold, J. and White, J. (2015) Sediment Yield Dynamics during the 1950s Multi-Year Droughts from Two Ungauged Basins in the Edwards Plateau, Texas. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 1345-1362. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.716109.
Sang, J. , Allen, P. , Dunbar, J. , Arnold, J. and White, J. (2015) Sediment Yield Dynamics during the 1950s Multi-Year Droughts from Two Ungauged Basins in the Edwards Plateau, Texas. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 1345-1362. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.716109.
References
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[1] Mishra, A.K. and Singh, V.P. (2010) A Review of Drought Concepts. Journal of Hydrology, 391, 202-216.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012 [2] Lott, N. and Ross, T. (2006) Tracking and Evaluating U.S. Billion Dollar Weather Disasters, 1980-2005. In: AMS Forum: Environmental Risk and Impacts on Society: Successes and Challenges, American Meteorological Society, Atlanta, 1-6. [3] Stahle, D.W., Fye, F.K. and Therrell, M.D. (2003) Interannual to Decadal Climate and Streamflow Variability Estimated from Tree Rings. In: Gillespie, A.R. and Atwater, B.F., Eds., Developments in Quaternary Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 491-504.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1571-0866(03)01023-6 [4] Kallis, G. (2008) Droughts. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 33, 85-118.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.33.081307.123117 [5] Woodhouse, C.A. and Overpeck, J.T. (1998) 2000 Years of Drought Variability in the Central United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 2693-2714.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<2693:YODVIT>2.0.CO;2 [6] Bradley, R.G. and Malstaff, G. (2004) Dry Periods and Drought Events of the Edwards Plateau, Texas, in Aquifers of the Edwards Plateau. Texas Water Development Board, Austin, 201-210. [7] Lowry, R.L. (1959) A Study of Droughts in Texas. State Board of Water Engineers, Austin. [8] Wilhite, D.A. and Glantz, M.H. (1985) Understanding the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions. Water International, 10, 111-120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508068508686328 [9] Dunbar, J.A., Allen, P.M. and Bennett, S.J. (2010) Effect of Multiyear Drought on Upland Sediment Yield and Subsequent Impacts on Flood Control Reservoir Storage. Water Resources Research, 46, 1-12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007519 [10] Allen, P.M., et al. (2011) Upland Contribution of Sediment and Runoff during Extreme Drought: A Study of the 1947-1956 Drought in the Blackland Prairie, Texas. Journal of Hydrology, 407, 1-11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.04.039 [11] Harmel, R.D., et al. (2014) USDA-ARS Riesel Watersheds, Riesel, Texas, USA: Water Quality Research Database. Water Resources Research, 50, 8374-8382.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013WR015191 [12] Thurow, T.L., Blackburn, W.H. and Taylor, C.A. (1986) Hydrologic Characteristics of Vegetation Types as Affected by Livestock Grazing Systems, Edwards Plateau, Texas. Journal of Range Management, 39, 505-509.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3898758 [13] Andreadis, K.M., et al. (2005) Twentieth-Century Drought in the Conterminous United States. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 6, 985-1001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JHM450.1 [14] Nearing, M.A., et al. (2005) Modeling Response of Soil Erosion and Runoff to Changes in Precipitation and Cover. Catena, 61, 131-154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.007 [15] Thomson, A.M., et al. (2003) Simulated Impacts of El Nino/Southern Oscillation on United States Water Resources. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39, 137-148.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb01567.x [16] Perkins, S.P. and Sophocleous, M. (1999) Development of a Comprehensive Watershed Model Applied to Study Stream Yield under Drought Conditions. Ground Water, 37, 418-426.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01121.x [17] Singh, V.P. and Frevert, D.K. (2006) Watershed Models. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton. [18] Refsgaard, J.C. and Henriksen, H.J. (2004) Modelling Guidelines—Terminology and Guiding Principles. Advances in Water Resources, 27, 71-82.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2003.08.006 [19] Goswami, M., O’Connor, K.M. and Bhattarai, K.P. (2007) Development of Regionalisation Procedures Using a Multi-Model Approach for Flow Simulation in an Ungauged Catchment. Journal of Hydrology, 333, 517-531.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.09.018 [20] Merz, R. and Bloschl, G. (2004) Regionalisation of Catchment Model Parameters. Journal of Hydrology, 287, 95-123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.028 [21] Bardossy, A. (2007) Calibration of Hydrological Model Parameters for Ungauged Catchments. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11, 703-710.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-703-2007 [22] Yokoo, Y., et al. (2001) Regionalization of Lumped Water Balance Model Parameters Based on Multiple Regression. Journal of Hydrology, 246, 209-222.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00372-9 [23] Oudin, L., et al. (2008) Spatial Proximity, Physical Similarity, Regression and Ungaged Catchments: A Comparison of Regionalization Approaches Based on 913 French Catchments. Water Resources Research, 44, W03413.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006240 [24] Wang, R. and Kalin, L. (2010) Modelling Effects of Land Use/Cover Changes under Limited Data. Ecohydrology, 4, 265-276. [25] Heuvelmans, G., Muys, B. and Feyen, J. (2004) Evaluation of Hydrological Model Parameter Transferability for Simulating the Impact of Land Use on Catchment Hydrology. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 29, 739-747.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2004.05.002 [26] URS Corporation, et al. (2013) Evaluation of Natural Resources Conservation Services Flood and Sediment Control Structure Conditions to Better Estimate Erosion Rates. Texas Water Development Board (TWDB), Austin, 233. [27] Dunbar, J.A., Allen, P.M. and Higley, P.D. (1999) Multifrequency Acoustic Profiling for Water Reservoir Sedimentation Studies. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 69, 521-527.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.69.518 [28] Gopinath, G. (2010) Sediment Stratification and Bathymetric Survey Using Sediment Echo Sounder in Reservoirs and Shallow Marine Areas. Current Science, 99, 1821-1825. [29] Furnans, J. and Austin, B. (2008) Hydrographic Survey Methods for Determining Reservoir Volume. Environmental Modelling and Software, 23, 139-146.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.05.011 [30] Graf, W.L., et al. (2010) Sedimentation and Sustainability of Western American Reservoirs. Water Resources Research, 46, 1-13.
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