Perceptions of Owners on the Roles and Future of Bamboo-Tree Gardens in the Agricultural Landscape of the Upper Citarum Basin, West Java-Indonesia
Author(s)
Oekan S. Abdoellah1*,
Parikesit2,
Satoru Okubo3,
Susanti Withaningsih4,
Kazuhiko Takeuchi5,
Kosuke Mizuno6
Affiliation(s)
1 Institute of Ecology and Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia. 2 Institute of Ecology and Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia. 3 National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan. 4 Graduate Program on Environmental Studies and Institute of Ecology, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia. 5 UNU Center, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan. 6 Center for Southeast Asian Studies, The University of Kyoto, Sakyo, Japan.
1 Institute of Ecology and Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia. 2 Institute of Ecology and Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia. 3 National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan. 4 Graduate Program on Environmental Studies and Institute of Ecology, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia. 5 UNU Center, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan. 6 Center for Southeast Asian Studies, The University of Kyoto, Sakyo, Japan.
ABSTRACT
We studied human perceptions on the management of bamboo-tree gardens in two villages with contrasting agroecological conditions in the upper Citarum basin. We undertook interviews to reveal perceptions on the tenure, function, and management strategies of multi-layered agroforest. Owners in a village located lower in the basin perceived the gardens more positively than those in an upland village, where market pressures were felt more keenly and for a longer period. There was not always a direct correlation between perceptions and behavior with respect to bamboo-tree garden management. However, we concluded that an understanding of human perceptions could provide valuable insight to the process of formulating strategies that might be effective in minimizing the conversion of bamboo-tree gardens to more intensive and less ecologically diverse agricultural systems. Specifically, since the villagers retained a strong cultural perception of the heritage value of the bamboo-tree gardens, they would likely be responsive to conservation efforts that increased the economic value of the gardens and reduced the opportunity cost of not converting them to production that is more intensive or other land uses.
We studied human perceptions on the management of bamboo-tree gardens in two villages with contrasting agroecological conditions in the upper Citarum basin. We undertook interviews to reveal perceptions on the tenure, function, and management strategies of multi-layered agroforest. Owners in a village located lower in the basin perceived the gardens more positively than those in an upland village, where market pressures were felt more keenly and for a longer period. There was not always a direct correlation between perceptions and behavior with respect to bamboo-tree garden management. However, we concluded that an understanding of human perceptions could provide valuable insight to the process of formulating strategies that might be effective in minimizing the conversion of bamboo-tree gardens to more intensive and less ecologically diverse agricultural systems. Specifically, since the villagers retained a strong cultural perception of the heritage value of the bamboo-tree gardens, they would likely be responsive to conservation efforts that increased the economic value of the gardens and reduced the opportunity cost of not converting them to production that is more intensive or other land uses.
Cite this paper
Abdoellah, O. , Parikesit, &. , Okubo, S. , Withaningsih, S. , Takeuchi, K. and Mizuno, K. (2015) Perceptions of Owners on the Roles and Future of Bamboo-Tree Gardens in the Agricultural Landscape of the Upper Citarum Basin, West Java-Indonesia. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 1333-1351. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.611128.
Abdoellah, O. , Parikesit, &. , Okubo, S. , Withaningsih, S. , Takeuchi, K. and Mizuno, K. (2015) Perceptions of Owners on the Roles and Future of Bamboo-Tree Gardens in the Agricultural Landscape of the Upper Citarum Basin, West Java-Indonesia. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 1333-1351. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.611128.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4742-5_11 [2] Garcia-Llorente, M., Martin-Lopez, B., Gonzales, J.A., Alcorlo, P. and Montes, C. (2008) Social Perceptions of the Impacts and Benefits of Invansive Alien Species: Implications for Management. Biological Conservation, 141, 2969-2983.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1996.9942814 [5] Uri, N.D. (2000) Perceptions on the Use of No-Till Farming in Production Agriculture in the United States: An Analysis of Survey Results. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 77, 263-266.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00085-7 [6] Tahvanainen, L., Tyrvainen, L., Ihalainen, M., Vuorela, N. and Kolehmainen, O. (2001) Forest Management and Public Perceptions: Visual versus Verbal Information. Landscape and Urban Planning, 53, 53-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00137-7 [7] Mekoya, A., Oosting, J., Fernandez-Rivera, S. and Van der Zijpp, J. (2008) Farmers’ Perceptions about Exotic Multi-purpose Fodder Trees and Constraints to Their Adoption. Agroforestry System, 73, 141-153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9102-5 [8] Boogaard, B.K, Oosting, S.J. and Bock, B.B. (2006) Elements of Societal Perception of Farm Animal Welfare: A Quantitative Study in the Netherlands. Livestock Science, 104, 13-22.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.02.010 [9] Parikesit (2004) Local Bioresources Assessment in the Agricultural Landscape of the Upper Citarum Watershed, Indonesia. PhD Dissertation, University of Tokyo, Tokyo. [10] Parikesit, Djuniwarti and Hadikusumah, H.Y. (1997) Spatial Structure and Floristic Diversity of Man-Made Ecosystems in Upper Citarum River Basin. In: Dove, M.R. and Sajise, P.E., Eds., The Conditions of Biodiversity Maintenance in Asia, East-West Center, Honolulu-Hawaii, 17-43. [11] Parikesit, Takeuchi, K., Tsunekawa, A. and Abdoellah, O.S. (2004) Kebon Tatangkalan: A Disappearing Agroforest in the Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems, 63, 171-182.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-004-1182-x [12] Soemarwoto, O. and Soemarwoto, I. (1984) The Javanese Rural Ecosystem. In: Rambo, A.T. and Sajise, P.E., Eds., An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural System in Southeast Asia, University of the Philippines Los Banõs, Laguna, 254-287. [13] Christanty, L., Mailly, D. and Kimmins, J.P. (1996) “Without Bamboo, the Land Dies”: Biomass, Litterfall, and Soil Organic Matter Dynamics of a Javanese Bamboo-Talun-Kebunsystem. Forest Ecology and Management, 87, 75-88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03834-0 [14] Michon, D. and Mary, F. (1994) Conversion of Traditional Village Gardens and New Economic Strategies of Rural Households in the Area of Bogor, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems, 25, 31-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705705 [15] Wiersum, K.F. (2004) Forest Gardens as an “Intermediate” Land Use System in the Nature-Culture Continuum: Characteristics and Future Potential. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 123-134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_9 [16] Okubo, S., Parikesit., Harashina, K., Muhamad, D., Abdoellah, O.S. and Takeuchi, K. (2010) Traditional Perennial Crop-Based Agroforestry in West Java: The Trade off between On-Farm Biodiversity and Income. Agroforestry Systems, 80, 17-31.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-010-9341-8 [17] Erawan, T.S., Djuangsih, N., Muchtar, M., Setiana, H. and Istanti, L.S. (1997) Community Structure and Diversity of Fauna in Upper Citarum River Basin, West Java, Indonesia. In: Dove, M.R. and Sajise, P.E., Eds., The Conditions of Biodiversity Maintenance in Asia, East-West Center, Hawaii, 73-111. [18] Lynch, F., Hollnsteiner, M.R. and Corvar, L.C. (1974) Data Gathering by Social Survey. Trial Edition. Social Science Council Inc., Quezon City, 272 p. [19] Muhamad, D., Okubo, S., Harashina, K., Parikesit, Gunawan, B. and Takeuchi, K. (2014) Living Close to Forests Enhances People’s Perception of Ecosystem Services in Forest-Agricultural Landscape of West Java, Indonesia. Ecosystem Services, 8, 197-206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.04.003 [20] Jackson-Smith, D. and Buttel, F. (1998) The Conventional Alternative Agricultural Paradigm: A Replication. Paper Prepared for the Rural Sociological Society Meeting, Portland, 5-9 August 1998. [21] Beedell, J. and Rehman, T. (2000) Using Social-Psychology Models to Understand Farmers’ Conservation Behavior. Journal of Rural Studies, 16, 117-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00043-1 [22] Corselius, K.L., Simmon, S.R. and Flora, C.B. (2003) Farmer Perspectives on Cropping Systems Diversification in Northwestern Minnesota. Agricultural and Human Values, 20, 371-383.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:AHUM.0000005148.00229.70 [23] Anosike, N. and Coughenour, M.C. (1990) The Socio-Economic Basis of Farm Enterprise Diversification Decisions. Journal Rural Sociology, 55, 1-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1990.tb00670.x [24] Turvey, C. (1991) Environmental Quality Constraints and Farm-Level Decision Making. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73, 1404-1405.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1242390 [25] Lynne, G.D. and Rola L.R. (1988) Improving Attitude-Behavior Prediction Models with Economic Variables: Farmers’ Action toward Soil Conservation. Journal of Social Psychology, 128, 19-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1988.9711680 [26] Carr, S. and Tait, J. (1991) Differences in the Attitudes of Farmers and Conservationists and Their Implications. Journal of Environmental Management, 32, 281-294.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4797(05)80058-1 [27] Willock, J., Deary, I.J., McGregor, M.M., Sutherland, A., Edwards-Jones, G. and Morgan, O. (1999) Farmers’ Attitudes, Objectives, Behavior and Personality Traits: The Edinburgh Study of Decision Making on Farms. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 5-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1642 [28] Gunawan, B., Parikesit and Abdoellah, O.S. (2005) Micro Level Implications for Macro Level Policy: A Case Study of Conservation in the Upper Citarum River Basin, West Java. In: Dove, M.R., Sajise, P.E. and Doolittle, A.A., Eds., Conserving Nature in Culture: Case Studies from Southeast Asia, Yale Southeast Asia Studies Monographs 54, Yale Southeast Asia Studies, New Haven, 119-143. [29] Abdoellah, O.S., Hadikusumah, H.Y., Takeuchi, K., Okubo, S. and Parikesit (2006) Commercialization of Homegardens in an Indonesia Village: Vegetation Composition and Functional Changes. Agroforestry Systems, 68, 1-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-7475-x [30] Nautiyal, S., Kaechele, H., Rao, K.S., Maikhuri, R.K. and Saxena, K.G. (2007) Energy and Economic Analysis of Traditional versus Introduced Crops Cultivation in the Mountains of the Indian Himalayas: A Case Study. Energy, 32, 2321-2335.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.07.011 [31] Pagiola, S. (2008) Payments for Environmental Services in Costa Rica. Ecological Economics, 65, 712-724.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.033 [32] Wunscher, T., Engel, S. and Wunder, S. (2008) Spatial Targeting of Payments For Environmental Services: A Tool for Boosting Conservation Benefits. Ecological Economics, 65, 822-833.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.11.014
[1] Nassauer, J.I. and Westmacott, R. (1987) Progressiveness among Farmers as a Factor in Heterogeneity of Farmed Landscapes. In: Turner, M.G., Ed., Landscape Heterogeneity and Disturbance, Springer, New York, 199-210.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4742-5_11 [2] Garcia-Llorente, M., Martin-Lopez, B., Gonzales, J.A., Alcorlo, P. and Montes, C. (2008) Social Perceptions of the Impacts and Benefits of Invansive Alien Species: Implications for Management. Biological Conservation, 141, 2969-2983.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.09.003 [3] Marten, G.G. (2001) Human Ecology: Basic Concept for Sustainable Development. Earthscan Publications, London, 256. [4] Petrzelska, P., Korsching, P.F. and Malia, J.E. (1996) Farmers’ Attitudes and Behavior toward Sustainable Agriculture. The Journal of Environmental Education, 28, 38-44.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1996.9942814 [5] Uri, N.D. (2000) Perceptions on the Use of No-Till Farming in Production Agriculture in the United States: An Analysis of Survey Results. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 77, 263-266.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00085-7 [6] Tahvanainen, L., Tyrvainen, L., Ihalainen, M., Vuorela, N. and Kolehmainen, O. (2001) Forest Management and Public Perceptions: Visual versus Verbal Information. Landscape and Urban Planning, 53, 53-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00137-7 [7] Mekoya, A., Oosting, J., Fernandez-Rivera, S. and Van der Zijpp, J. (2008) Farmers’ Perceptions about Exotic Multi-purpose Fodder Trees and Constraints to Their Adoption. Agroforestry System, 73, 141-153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9102-5 [8] Boogaard, B.K, Oosting, S.J. and Bock, B.B. (2006) Elements of Societal Perception of Farm Animal Welfare: A Quantitative Study in the Netherlands. Livestock Science, 104, 13-22.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.02.010 [9] Parikesit (2004) Local Bioresources Assessment in the Agricultural Landscape of the Upper Citarum Watershed, Indonesia. PhD Dissertation, University of Tokyo, Tokyo. [10] Parikesit, Djuniwarti and Hadikusumah, H.Y. (1997) Spatial Structure and Floristic Diversity of Man-Made Ecosystems in Upper Citarum River Basin. In: Dove, M.R. and Sajise, P.E., Eds., The Conditions of Biodiversity Maintenance in Asia, East-West Center, Honolulu-Hawaii, 17-43. [11] Parikesit, Takeuchi, K., Tsunekawa, A. and Abdoellah, O.S. (2004) Kebon Tatangkalan: A Disappearing Agroforest in the Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems, 63, 171-182.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-004-1182-x [12] Soemarwoto, O. and Soemarwoto, I. (1984) The Javanese Rural Ecosystem. In: Rambo, A.T. and Sajise, P.E., Eds., An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural System in Southeast Asia, University of the Philippines Los Banõs, Laguna, 254-287. [13] Christanty, L., Mailly, D. and Kimmins, J.P. (1996) “Without Bamboo, the Land Dies”: Biomass, Litterfall, and Soil Organic Matter Dynamics of a Javanese Bamboo-Talun-Kebunsystem. Forest Ecology and Management, 87, 75-88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03834-0 [14] Michon, D. and Mary, F. (1994) Conversion of Traditional Village Gardens and New Economic Strategies of Rural Households in the Area of Bogor, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems, 25, 31-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705705 [15] Wiersum, K.F. (2004) Forest Gardens as an “Intermediate” Land Use System in the Nature-Culture Continuum: Characteristics and Future Potential. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 123-134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_9 [16] Okubo, S., Parikesit., Harashina, K., Muhamad, D., Abdoellah, O.S. and Takeuchi, K. (2010) Traditional Perennial Crop-Based Agroforestry in West Java: The Trade off between On-Farm Biodiversity and Income. Agroforestry Systems, 80, 17-31.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-010-9341-8 [17] Erawan, T.S., Djuangsih, N., Muchtar, M., Setiana, H. and Istanti, L.S. (1997) Community Structure and Diversity of Fauna in Upper Citarum River Basin, West Java, Indonesia. In: Dove, M.R. and Sajise, P.E., Eds., The Conditions of Biodiversity Maintenance in Asia, East-West Center, Hawaii, 73-111. [18] Lynch, F., Hollnsteiner, M.R. and Corvar, L.C. (1974) Data Gathering by Social Survey. Trial Edition. Social Science Council Inc., Quezon City, 272 p. [19] Muhamad, D., Okubo, S., Harashina, K., Parikesit, Gunawan, B. and Takeuchi, K. (2014) Living Close to Forests Enhances People’s Perception of Ecosystem Services in Forest-Agricultural Landscape of West Java, Indonesia. Ecosystem Services, 8, 197-206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.04.003 [20] Jackson-Smith, D. and Buttel, F. (1998) The Conventional Alternative Agricultural Paradigm: A Replication. Paper Prepared for the Rural Sociological Society Meeting, Portland, 5-9 August 1998. [21] Beedell, J. and Rehman, T. (2000) Using Social-Psychology Models to Understand Farmers’ Conservation Behavior. Journal of Rural Studies, 16, 117-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00043-1 [22] Corselius, K.L., Simmon, S.R. and Flora, C.B. (2003) Farmer Perspectives on Cropping Systems Diversification in Northwestern Minnesota. Agricultural and Human Values, 20, 371-383.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:AHUM.0000005148.00229.70 [23] Anosike, N. and Coughenour, M.C. (1990) The Socio-Economic Basis of Farm Enterprise Diversification Decisions. Journal Rural Sociology, 55, 1-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1990.tb00670.x [24] Turvey, C. (1991) Environmental Quality Constraints and Farm-Level Decision Making. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73, 1404-1405.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1242390 [25] Lynne, G.D. and Rola L.R. (1988) Improving Attitude-Behavior Prediction Models with Economic Variables: Farmers’ Action toward Soil Conservation. Journal of Social Psychology, 128, 19-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1988.9711680 [26] Carr, S. and Tait, J. (1991) Differences in the Attitudes of Farmers and Conservationists and Their Implications. Journal of Environmental Management, 32, 281-294.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4797(05)80058-1 [27] Willock, J., Deary, I.J., McGregor, M.M., Sutherland, A., Edwards-Jones, G. and Morgan, O. (1999) Farmers’ Attitudes, Objectives, Behavior and Personality Traits: The Edinburgh Study of Decision Making on Farms. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 5-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1642 [28] Gunawan, B., Parikesit and Abdoellah, O.S. (2005) Micro Level Implications for Macro Level Policy: A Case Study of Conservation in the Upper Citarum River Basin, West Java. In: Dove, M.R., Sajise, P.E. and Doolittle, A.A., Eds., Conserving Nature in Culture: Case Studies from Southeast Asia, Yale Southeast Asia Studies Monographs 54, Yale Southeast Asia Studies, New Haven, 119-143. [29] Abdoellah, O.S., Hadikusumah, H.Y., Takeuchi, K., Okubo, S. and Parikesit (2006) Commercialization of Homegardens in an Indonesia Village: Vegetation Composition and Functional Changes. Agroforestry Systems, 68, 1-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-7475-x [30] Nautiyal, S., Kaechele, H., Rao, K.S., Maikhuri, R.K. and Saxena, K.G. (2007) Energy and Economic Analysis of Traditional versus Introduced Crops Cultivation in the Mountains of the Indian Himalayas: A Case Study. Energy, 32, 2321-2335.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.07.011 [31] Pagiola, S. (2008) Payments for Environmental Services in Costa Rica. Ecological Economics, 65, 712-724.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.033 [32] Wunscher, T., Engel, S. and Wunder, S. (2008) Spatial Targeting of Payments For Environmental Services: A Tool for Boosting Conservation Benefits. Ecological Economics, 65, 822-833.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.11.014