Comparative Geochemical Study of the Tertiary and Quaternary Lavas of Western Senegal and the Cape Verde Islands: Geodynamic Implications
Affiliation(s)
1 Département de Géologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal. 2 Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (IFAN), Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal.
1 Département de Géologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal. 2 Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (IFAN), Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal.
ABSTRACT
The western area of Senegal was the site of a basic volcanism in the Tertiary and Quaternary. That volcanism had caused the formation of alkaline olivine basalts, basanites and nephelinites from microlitic and porphyritic texture to dolerite texture. The geochemistry of major elements shows that the Quaternary basalts are more aluminous and more siliceous, but they contain less magnesium, less iron and less calcium than the Tertiary basalts. Two types of basalt occur here, based on the characteristics of the major elements in the Tertiary lavas: the highly undersaturated basalts of the Cape Verde Peninsula and the slightly undersaturated basalts of the Thiès Plateau. The characteristics of the trace elements reveal shallow interactions due to the contamination and/or assimilation, and to the fractional crystallization, but not due to the heterogeneity of the source. The strong enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and the slight enrichment in heavy rare earth elements (HREE), the anomalies which are negative in K and Pb and positive in Nb, Ta and Eu of the Tertiary and Quaternary basalts of Western Senegal and similar anomalies of the same elements (Pb not analyzed) described in the Cape Verde islands, allow us to establish links between the petrogenetic mechanisms that had caused the formation of the basalts of this Islands and Western Senegal. Moreover, the volcanic activity in Western Senegal (of continental lntraplate type) and that of the Cape Verde Islands (oceanic intraplate type) are probably related to the hot spot located on the vertical of the Cape Verde.
The western area of Senegal was the site of a basic volcanism in the Tertiary and Quaternary. That volcanism had caused the formation of alkaline olivine basalts, basanites and nephelinites from microlitic and porphyritic texture to dolerite texture. The geochemistry of major elements shows that the Quaternary basalts are more aluminous and more siliceous, but they contain less magnesium, less iron and less calcium than the Tertiary basalts. Two types of basalt occur here, based on the characteristics of the major elements in the Tertiary lavas: the highly undersaturated basalts of the Cape Verde Peninsula and the slightly undersaturated basalts of the Thiès Plateau. The characteristics of the trace elements reveal shallow interactions due to the contamination and/or assimilation, and to the fractional crystallization, but not due to the heterogeneity of the source. The strong enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and the slight enrichment in heavy rare earth elements (HREE), the anomalies which are negative in K and Pb and positive in Nb, Ta and Eu of the Tertiary and Quaternary basalts of Western Senegal and similar anomalies of the same elements (Pb not analyzed) described in the Cape Verde islands, allow us to establish links between the petrogenetic mechanisms that had caused the formation of the basalts of this Islands and Western Senegal. Moreover, the volcanic activity in Western Senegal (of continental lntraplate type) and that of the Cape Verde Islands (oceanic intraplate type) are probably related to the hot spot located on the vertical of the Cape Verde.
Cite this paper
Yatte, D. , Diallo, D. and Sagna, I. (2015) Comparative Geochemical Study of the Tertiary and Quaternary Lavas of Western Senegal and the Cape Verde Islands: Geodynamic Implications. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 1193-1213. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.611094.
Yatte, D. , Diallo, D. and Sagna, I. (2015) Comparative Geochemical Study of the Tertiary and Quaternary Lavas of Western Senegal and the Cape Verde Islands: Geodynamic Implications. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 1193-1213. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.611094.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90035-5 [4] Lompo, M. (1987) Méthodes et étude de la fracturation et des filons; exemple de la région du Cap-Vert (Sénégal). Mém. D.E.A. Fac. Sci. Dakar., 59 p, 16 fig., 2 ann. [5] Mellet, O. (1993) Pétrologie du magmatisme volcanique quaternaire de la presqu’ile du Cap-Vert. Mém. D.E.A.Géosciences. Fac. Sci. Dakar. [6] Crevola, G., Cantagrl, J.M. and Moreau, C. (1994) Le volcanisme cénozoique de la Presqu’ile du Cap-Vert (Sénégal): Cadre chronologique et géodynamique. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 5, 437-446. [7] Templeton, R.S.M. (1971) The Geology of the Continental Margin between Dakar and Cape Palmas. Ln: Delany, F.M., Ed., The Geology of the East Atlantic continental Margin, Africa inst. Géol. Sci. Rep. No 70/16, 43-60. [8] Bongrand, M.O. and Elouard, P. (1968) Nature pétrographique de la formation de l’Hopital de Dakar. Ann. Fac. Sc., Dakar, 22 sér. Sc. Terre, No 2, p. 5-32, 3 tabl., 3pl., 2 Annexes. [9] Cantagrel, J.M., Jamond, C. and Lassere, M. (1978) Le magmatisme alcalin de ligne du Cameroun au Tertiaire inférieur: Données géochronologiques K/Ar. Compte Rendu Sommaire des Séances de la Société Géologique de France, 6, 300-303. [10] Sarr, R., Ndiaye, P.M., Niang-Diop, I. and Gueye, M. (2000) Datation par les foraminifères planctoniques d’une activité volcanique, d’age lutétien, à Toubab Dialaw (Sénégal Occidental). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 171, 197-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/171.2.197 [11] Elouard, P. and Hebrard, L. (1976) Notice explicative de la carte géologique de la tête de la presqu’ile du Cap-Vert au 1/20000 (Sangalkam). Bull. Dir. Mines et Géol. (Sénégal), 33 p. [12] Mpassi, R.D. (2004) Contribution à l’étude tectonique de la partie occidentale du bassin sénégalo-mauritanien. Thèse 3è cycle, Univ. Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar (Sénégal). 344 p. [13] Bellion, Y. and Cevola, G. (1991) Cretaceous and Cenozoic Magmatism of the Senegal Basin (West Africa): A Review. In: Kampuzu, A.B. and Lubala, R.T., Eds., Magmatism in Extensional Settings: The Phanerozoic Africa Plate, Springer Verla Publ., Berlin, 189-208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73966-8_8 [14] Doucelance, R., Escrig, S., Moreira, M., Gariepy, C. and Kurz, M.D. (2003) Pb-Sr-He Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of the Cape Verde Archipelago. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 733. [15] Irvine, I.N. and Baragar, W.R.A. (1971) A Guide to Chemical Classification of the Common Volcanic Rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8, 523-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e71-055 [16] Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F. (1989) Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes. In: Saunders, A.D. and Norry, M.J., Eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, Geological Society Special Publication, London, 313-345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.042.01.19 [17] Taylor, S.R. and McLennan, S.M. (1985) Continental Crust; Its Compositions and Evolution. 312. Backwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. [18] Dongmo, A.K., Wandi, P., Pouclet, A., Vicat, J.-P., Cheilletz, A., Nkouathio, D.G., Alexandrov, P. and Tchoua, F.M. (2006) évolution volcanologique du mont Manengouba (Ligne du Cameroun); nouvelles données pétrographiques, géochimiques et géochronologiques. [19] Treuil, M. and Louis, J.J. (1977) Utilisation des éléments hygromagmatophiles pour la simplification de la modélisation quantitative des processus magmatiques. Exemples de l’Afar et de la dorsale médio-atlantique. [20] Millet, M.A. (2007) Interactions de Faibles Profondeurs et Géochimie des basaltes d’iles océaniques: implications sur les modes d’acquisition de la signature isotopique et sur la topologie mantellique. Thèse, Univ Blaise Pascal, UFR Sciences et Technologies, 224 p. [21] Menard, G. (2014) Comportement des éléments traces au cours des processus de dégazage. Etude des volcans Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion) et Lascar (Chili). [22] Sims, K.W.W. and Depaolo, D.J. (1997) Inferences about Mantle Magma Sources from Incompatible Element Concentration Ratios in Oceanic Basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 765-784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00372-9 [23] MEVEL (2003) Magmatisme des dorsales: Approches pétrologiques et géochimique. mevel@ipgp.fr [24] Graham, D.W. (1987) Helium and Lead Isotope Geochemistry of Oceanic Volcanic Rocks from the East Pacific and South Atlantic. PhD Thesis, MIT/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/3948 [25] Mullen, E.D. (1983) MnO/TiO2/P2O5: A Minor Element Discriminant for Basaltic Rocks of Oceanic Environments and Its Implications for Petrogenesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 62, 53-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90070-5 [26] Meschede, M. (1986) A Method of Discriminating between Different Types of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts and Continental Tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y Diagram. Chemica, 56, 207-218. [27] DUYCK (2008) Archipel des iles du Cap-Vert: Histoire géologique. [28] Mitchell, J.G., Le Bas, M.J., Zielonka, J. and Furnes, H. (1983) On Dating the Magmatism of Maio, Cape Verde Islands. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64, 61-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90053-5 [29] Gerlach, D.C., Cliff, C.A., Davies, G.R., Norry, M.J. and Hodgson, N. (1988) Magma Sources of the Cape Verdes Archipelago: Isotopic and Trace Element Constraints. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 2979-2992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90162-7 [30] Torres, P.C. (1998) Geologia e petrogénese das formacaes vulcanicas da ilha do Sal, Arquipélago de Cabo Verde. Dissertacao apresentada ao Instituto de Investigacao Científica e Tropical para prestacao de provas d’acesso à categoria d’Investigador auxiliar, 212 p. [31] Jorgensen, J.O. and Holm, P.M. (2002) Temporal Variation and Carbonatite Contamination in Primitive Ocean Island Volcanics from Sao Vicente, Cape Verde Islands. Chemical Geology, 192, 249-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00198-5 [32] Torres, P.C., Silva, L.C., Serralheiro, A., Tassinari, C. and Munha, J. (2002) Enquadramento geochronologico pelo metodo K-Ar das principais sequencias volcano-estratigraficas da Ilha do Sal—Cabo Verde. Garcia de Orta, Série de Geologia, 18, 9-13. [33] Holm, P.M., Grandvuinet, T., Friis, J., Wilson, J.R., Barker, A.K. and Plesner, S. (2008) An 40Ar-39Ar Study of the Cape Verde Hot Spot: Temporal Evolution in a Semistationary Plate Environment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, Article ID: B08201. [34] Duprat, H.I., Friis, J., Holm, P.M., Grandvuinet, T. and Sorensen, R.V. (2007) The Volcanic and Geochemical Development of Sao Nicolau, Cape Verde Islands: Constraints from Field and 40Ar/39Ar Evidence. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 162, 1-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.01.001 [35] Holm, P.M., Wilson, J.R., Christensen, B.P., Hansen, S.L., Hein, K.M., Mortensen, A.K., Pedersen, R., Plesner, S. and Runge, M.K. (2006) Sampling the Cape Verde Mantle Plume: Evolution of Melt Compositions on Santo Antao, Cape Verde Islands. Journal of Petrology, 47, 145-189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi071 [36] Dyhr, C.T. and Holm, P.M. (2010) A Volcanological and Geochemical Investigation of Boa Vista, Cape Verde Islands; 40Ar/ 39Ar Geochronology and Field Constraints. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 189, 19-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.10.010 [37] Madeira, J., Mata, J., Mourao, C., Brum da Silveira, A., Martins, S., Ramalho, R. and Hoffman, D.L. (2010) Volcano-Stratigraphic and Structural Evolution of Brava Island (Cape Verde) Based on 40Ar/ 39Ar, U-Th and Field Constraints. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 196, 219-235.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.07.010 [38] Montelli, R., Nolet, G., Dahlen, F.A. and Masters, G.A. (2006) Catalogue of Deep Mantle Plumes: New Results from Finite-Frequency Tomography. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7, Article ID: Q11007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001248
[1] Dia, A. (1982) Contribution à l’étude des caractéristiques pétrographiques, pétrochimiques et géochimiques des granulats basaltiques de la presqu’ile du Cap-Vert et du plateau de Thiès. Thèse 3e cycle, University of Dakar, Dakar, 183 p. [2] Lo, G. (1988) Le volcanisme quaternaire de Dakar (Sénégal Occidental): Particularités pétrographiques, caractères géochimiques, implications pétrogénétiques. Thèse 3è cycle, Nancy-Université, Lorraine, 202 p. [3] Lo, P.G., Dia, A. and Kampunyu, A.B. (1992) Cenozoic Volcanism in Western Senegal and Its Relationship to the Opening of the Central Atlantic Ocean. Tectonophysics, 209, 281-291.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90035-5 [4] Lompo, M. (1987) Méthodes et étude de la fracturation et des filons; exemple de la région du Cap-Vert (Sénégal). Mém. D.E.A. Fac. Sci. Dakar., 59 p, 16 fig., 2 ann. [5] Mellet, O. (1993) Pétrologie du magmatisme volcanique quaternaire de la presqu’ile du Cap-Vert. Mém. D.E.A.Géosciences. Fac. Sci. Dakar. [6] Crevola, G., Cantagrl, J.M. and Moreau, C. (1994) Le volcanisme cénozoique de la Presqu’ile du Cap-Vert (Sénégal): Cadre chronologique et géodynamique. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 5, 437-446. [7] Templeton, R.S.M. (1971) The Geology of the Continental Margin between Dakar and Cape Palmas. Ln: Delany, F.M., Ed., The Geology of the East Atlantic continental Margin, Africa inst. Géol. Sci. Rep. No 70/16, 43-60. [8] Bongrand, M.O. and Elouard, P. (1968) Nature pétrographique de la formation de l’Hopital de Dakar. Ann. Fac. Sc., Dakar, 22 sér. Sc. Terre, No 2, p. 5-32, 3 tabl., 3pl., 2 Annexes. [9] Cantagrel, J.M., Jamond, C. and Lassere, M. (1978) Le magmatisme alcalin de ligne du Cameroun au Tertiaire inférieur: Données géochronologiques K/Ar. Compte Rendu Sommaire des Séances de la Société Géologique de France, 6, 300-303. [10] Sarr, R., Ndiaye, P.M., Niang-Diop, I. and Gueye, M. (2000) Datation par les foraminifères planctoniques d’une activité volcanique, d’age lutétien, à Toubab Dialaw (Sénégal Occidental). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 171, 197-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/171.2.197 [11] Elouard, P. and Hebrard, L. (1976) Notice explicative de la carte géologique de la tête de la presqu’ile du Cap-Vert au 1/20000 (Sangalkam). Bull. Dir. Mines et Géol. (Sénégal), 33 p. [12] Mpassi, R.D. (2004) Contribution à l’étude tectonique de la partie occidentale du bassin sénégalo-mauritanien. Thèse 3è cycle, Univ. Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar (Sénégal). 344 p. [13] Bellion, Y. and Cevola, G. (1991) Cretaceous and Cenozoic Magmatism of the Senegal Basin (West Africa): A Review. In: Kampuzu, A.B. and Lubala, R.T., Eds., Magmatism in Extensional Settings: The Phanerozoic Africa Plate, Springer Verla Publ., Berlin, 189-208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73966-8_8 [14] Doucelance, R., Escrig, S., Moreira, M., Gariepy, C. and Kurz, M.D. (2003) Pb-Sr-He Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of the Cape Verde Archipelago. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 733. [15] Irvine, I.N. and Baragar, W.R.A. (1971) A Guide to Chemical Classification of the Common Volcanic Rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8, 523-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e71-055 [16] Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F. (1989) Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes. In: Saunders, A.D. and Norry, M.J., Eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, Geological Society Special Publication, London, 313-345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.042.01.19 [17] Taylor, S.R. and McLennan, S.M. (1985) Continental Crust; Its Compositions and Evolution. 312. Backwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. [18] Dongmo, A.K., Wandi, P., Pouclet, A., Vicat, J.-P., Cheilletz, A., Nkouathio, D.G., Alexandrov, P. and Tchoua, F.M. (2006) évolution volcanologique du mont Manengouba (Ligne du Cameroun); nouvelles données pétrographiques, géochimiques et géochronologiques. [19] Treuil, M. and Louis, J.J. (1977) Utilisation des éléments hygromagmatophiles pour la simplification de la modélisation quantitative des processus magmatiques. Exemples de l’Afar et de la dorsale médio-atlantique. [20] Millet, M.A. (2007) Interactions de Faibles Profondeurs et Géochimie des basaltes d’iles océaniques: implications sur les modes d’acquisition de la signature isotopique et sur la topologie mantellique. Thèse, Univ Blaise Pascal, UFR Sciences et Technologies, 224 p. [21] Menard, G. (2014) Comportement des éléments traces au cours des processus de dégazage. Etude des volcans Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion) et Lascar (Chili). [22] Sims, K.W.W. and Depaolo, D.J. (1997) Inferences about Mantle Magma Sources from Incompatible Element Concentration Ratios in Oceanic Basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 765-784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00372-9 [23] MEVEL (2003) Magmatisme des dorsales: Approches pétrologiques et géochimique. mevel@ipgp.fr [24] Graham, D.W. (1987) Helium and Lead Isotope Geochemistry of Oceanic Volcanic Rocks from the East Pacific and South Atlantic. PhD Thesis, MIT/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/3948 [25] Mullen, E.D. (1983) MnO/TiO2/P2O5: A Minor Element Discriminant for Basaltic Rocks of Oceanic Environments and Its Implications for Petrogenesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 62, 53-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90070-5 [26] Meschede, M. (1986) A Method of Discriminating between Different Types of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts and Continental Tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y Diagram. Chemica, 56, 207-218. [27] DUYCK (2008) Archipel des iles du Cap-Vert: Histoire géologique. [28] Mitchell, J.G., Le Bas, M.J., Zielonka, J. and Furnes, H. (1983) On Dating the Magmatism of Maio, Cape Verde Islands. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64, 61-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90053-5 [29] Gerlach, D.C., Cliff, C.A., Davies, G.R., Norry, M.J. and Hodgson, N. (1988) Magma Sources of the Cape Verdes Archipelago: Isotopic and Trace Element Constraints. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 2979-2992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90162-7 [30] Torres, P.C. (1998) Geologia e petrogénese das formacaes vulcanicas da ilha do Sal, Arquipélago de Cabo Verde. Dissertacao apresentada ao Instituto de Investigacao Científica e Tropical para prestacao de provas d’acesso à categoria d’Investigador auxiliar, 212 p. [31] Jorgensen, J.O. and Holm, P.M. (2002) Temporal Variation and Carbonatite Contamination in Primitive Ocean Island Volcanics from Sao Vicente, Cape Verde Islands. Chemical Geology, 192, 249-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00198-5 [32] Torres, P.C., Silva, L.C., Serralheiro, A., Tassinari, C. and Munha, J. (2002) Enquadramento geochronologico pelo metodo K-Ar das principais sequencias volcano-estratigraficas da Ilha do Sal—Cabo Verde. Garcia de Orta, Série de Geologia, 18, 9-13. [33] Holm, P.M., Grandvuinet, T., Friis, J., Wilson, J.R., Barker, A.K. and Plesner, S. (2008) An 40Ar-39Ar Study of the Cape Verde Hot Spot: Temporal Evolution in a Semistationary Plate Environment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, Article ID: B08201. [34] Duprat, H.I., Friis, J., Holm, P.M., Grandvuinet, T. and Sorensen, R.V. (2007) The Volcanic and Geochemical Development of Sao Nicolau, Cape Verde Islands: Constraints from Field and 40Ar/39Ar Evidence. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 162, 1-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.01.001 [35] Holm, P.M., Wilson, J.R., Christensen, B.P., Hansen, S.L., Hein, K.M., Mortensen, A.K., Pedersen, R., Plesner, S. and Runge, M.K. (2006) Sampling the Cape Verde Mantle Plume: Evolution of Melt Compositions on Santo Antao, Cape Verde Islands. Journal of Petrology, 47, 145-189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi071 [36] Dyhr, C.T. and Holm, P.M. (2010) A Volcanological and Geochemical Investigation of Boa Vista, Cape Verde Islands; 40Ar/ 39Ar Geochronology and Field Constraints. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 189, 19-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.10.010 [37] Madeira, J., Mata, J., Mourao, C., Brum da Silveira, A., Martins, S., Ramalho, R. and Hoffman, D.L. (2010) Volcano-Stratigraphic and Structural Evolution of Brava Island (Cape Verde) Based on 40Ar/ 39Ar, U-Th and Field Constraints. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 196, 219-235.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.07.010 [38] Montelli, R., Nolet, G., Dahlen, F.A. and Masters, G.A. (2006) Catalogue of Deep Mantle Plumes: New Results from Finite-Frequency Tomography. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7, Article ID: Q11007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001248