Yield and Water Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Influenced by Different Irrigation Regimes and Varieties under Semi Desert Climatic Conditions of Sudan
Affiliation(s)
1 Water Management Section, Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Hudeiba Research Station (HRS), Ed-Damer, Sudan. 2 Crop Agronomy Section, Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Hudeiba Research Station (HRS), Ed-Damer, Sudan. 3 Graduate Studies and Research Wad Medani Ahlia College, Wad Medani, Sudan.
1 Water Management Section, Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Hudeiba Research Station (HRS), Ed-Damer, Sudan. 2 Crop Agronomy Section, Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Hudeiba Research Station (HRS), Ed-Damer, Sudan. 3 Graduate Studies and Research Wad Medani Ahlia College, Wad Medani, Sudan.
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted at Hudeiba Research Station Farm, located at Ed-Damer, Sudan during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 winter seasons to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and varieties on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield, yield components and water productivity. The treatments include three irrigation regimes; irrigation every 10 days (I1 = full irrigation), irrigation every 15 days (I2 = moderate stress) and irrigation every 20 days (I3 = severe stress) and two varieties (Borgieg and Wad Hamid). The treatments were arranged in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Irrigation water being applied, grain yield, yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and the 100 seeds weight) and crop water productivity (CWP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) were recorded. Results showed that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight, grain yield and irrigation water applied were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by irrigation regimes. The highest values of these traits obtained with full irrigation, whereas the lowest values were recorded under severe water stress conditions. Results also indicated that, moderate and severe water stress regimes saved irrigation water by 24% and 32%, respectively compared with full irrigation. This study indicated that treatment I1 which was irrigated every 10-days did not produce the highest IWP, while treatment I2 which irrigated every 15-days gave the highest IWP. The lowest IWP occurred at severe water stress regime (I3). It could be concluded that moderate water stress might be adopted. Contrarily, the adoption of severe water stressed that produce high water savings would lead to yield losses that might be economically not acceptable. The late maturing chickpea variety of Borgieg significantly (p ≤ 0.05) out-yielded the early maturing variety Wad Hamid by 11%. Borgieg displayed the highest values of CWP and IWP.
A field experiment was conducted at Hudeiba Research Station Farm, located at Ed-Damer, Sudan during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 winter seasons to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and varieties on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield, yield components and water productivity. The treatments include three irrigation regimes; irrigation every 10 days (I1 = full irrigation), irrigation every 15 days (I2 = moderate stress) and irrigation every 20 days (I3 = severe stress) and two varieties (Borgieg and Wad Hamid). The treatments were arranged in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Irrigation water being applied, grain yield, yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and the 100 seeds weight) and crop water productivity (CWP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) were recorded. Results showed that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight, grain yield and irrigation water applied were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by irrigation regimes. The highest values of these traits obtained with full irrigation, whereas the lowest values were recorded under severe water stress conditions. Results also indicated that, moderate and severe water stress regimes saved irrigation water by 24% and 32%, respectively compared with full irrigation. This study indicated that treatment I1 which was irrigated every 10-days did not produce the highest IWP, while treatment I2 which irrigated every 15-days gave the highest IWP. The lowest IWP occurred at severe water stress regime (I3). It could be concluded that moderate water stress might be adopted. Contrarily, the adoption of severe water stressed that produce high water savings would lead to yield losses that might be economically not acceptable. The late maturing chickpea variety of Borgieg significantly (p ≤ 0.05) out-yielded the early maturing variety Wad Hamid by 11%. Borgieg displayed the highest values of CWP and IWP.
Cite this paper
Jabow, M. , Ibrahim, O. and Adam, H. (2015) Yield and Water Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Influenced by Different Irrigation Regimes and Varieties under Semi Desert Climatic Conditions of Sudan. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 1299-1308. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.611124.
Jabow, M. , Ibrahim, O. and Adam, H. (2015) Yield and Water Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as Influenced by Different Irrigation Regimes and Varieties under Semi Desert Climatic Conditions of Sudan. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 1299-1308. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.611124.
References
[1] Raes, D., Geerts, S., Kipkorir, E., Wellens, J. and Sahli, A. (2006) Simulation of Yield Decline as a Result of Water Stress with a Robust Soil Water Balance Model. Agricultural Water Management, 81, 335-357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.04.006 [2] Wilson, E. (1999) One Third of World’s Population 2.7 Billion People Will Experience Water Scarcity by 2025, Says New Study Conducted by the International Water Management Institute, a Research Centre of the Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research (CGIAR). Washington DC. [3] Faki, H.H. (1999) Water Allocation and Its Effect on Faba Bean Technology Adoption in Shendi Area. Pages 72-75 in Nile Valley Regional Program on Cool-Season Food Legumes and Wheat, Annual Report 1990/91, Sudan ICARDA/ NVRP-DOC-017. [4] Pereira, L.S., Oweis, T. and Zairi, A. (2002) Irrigation Management under Water Scarcity. Agricultural Water Management, 57, 175-206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00075-6 [5] Fereres, E.M. and Soriano, A. (2007) Deficit Irrigation for Reducing Agricultural Water Use: Integrated Approaches to Sustain and Improve Plant Production under Drought Stress Special Issue. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58, 147-159.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl165 [6] Burke, S., Mulligan, M. and Thornes, J.B. (1999) Optimal Irrigation Efficiency for Maximum Plant Productivity and Minimum Water Loss. Agricultural Water Management, 40, 377-391.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(99)00011-6 [7] Singh, R., van Dam, J.C. and Feddes, R.A. (2006) Water Productivity Analysis of Irrigated Crops in Sirsa District, India. Agricultural Water Management, 82, 253-278.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.027 [8] Augus, J.F. and van Herwaarden, A.F. (2001) Increasing Water Use and Water Use Efficiency in Dryland Wheat. Agronomy Journal, 93, 290-298.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.932290x [9] Igbadun, H.E., Mahoo, H.F., Tarimo, A.K.P.R. and Salim, B.A. (2006) Crop Water Productivity of an Irrigated Maize Crop in Mkoji Sub-Catchment of the Great Ruaha River Basin, Tanzania. Agricultural Water Management, 85, 141-150.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.04.003 [10] Zwart, S.J. and Bastiaanssen, W.G.M. (2004) Review of Measured Crop Water Productivity Values for Irrigated Wheat, Rice, Cotton and Maize. Agricultural Water Management, 69, 115-133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.04.007 [11] Geerts, S. and Raes, D. (2009) Deficit Irrigation as an On-Farm Strategy to Maximize Crop Water Productivity in Dry Areas. Agriultural Water Management, 96, 1275-1284.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.009 [12] Vazifedoust, M., van Dam, J.C., Feddes, R.A. and Feizi, M. (2008) Increasing Water Productivity of Irrigated Crops under Limited Water Supply at Field Scale. Agricultural Water Management, 95, 89-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.09.007 [13] Maiti, R.K. (2001) The Chickpea Crop. In: Maiti, R. and Wesche-Ebeling, P., Eds., Advances in Chickpea Science, Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, 1-31. [14] Kumar, J. and Abbo, S. (2001) Genetics of Flowering Time in Chickpea and Its Bearing on Productivity in Semiarid Environments. In: Spaks, D.L., Ed., Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 122-124. [15] Soltani, A., Hammer, G.L., Torabi, B., Robertsonc, M.J. and Zeinali, E. (2006) Modeling Chickpea Growth and Development: Phenological Development. Field Crops Research, 99, 1-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.02.004 [16] FAO (2011) FAOSTAT.
http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html [17] Ministry of Agriculture, River Nile State 2013. [18] Taha, M.B. (1987) Effect of Seed Rate, Phosphorous Fertilizer and Irrigation on Yield and Yield Components of Chickpea. Hudeiba Research Station, Annual Report, Ed-Damer. [19] Nourai, A.H. (1986) Effects of Frequency of Irrigation and Variety on Yield and Yield Components of Chickpea. Hudeiba Research Station, Annual Report, Ed-Damer. [20] Nourai, A.H. (1989) Effects of Variety, Frequency of Irrigation and Nitrogen Nutrition on Yield and Yield Components of Chickpea Grown at Borgieg. Hudeiba Research Station, Annual Report, Ed-Damer. [21] Taha, M.B. and Ali, M.E.K. (1991) Response of Chickpea to Methods of Planting and Date of Terminal Irrigation. Nile Valley Regional Program on Cool-Season Food Legumes. Annual Coordination Meeting, Cairo, 16-23 September 1991, 99. [22] Ibrahim, O.H. (1993) Effects of Irrigation Regime and Terminal Water Stoppage on Growth and Yield of Chickpea. Nile Valley Regional Program on Cool-Season Food Legumes and Wheat. Food Legumes Report, Annual National Coordination Meeting, Wad Medani, 29 August-2 September 1993, 202-203. [23] Ibrahim, O.H. (1994) Effects of Irrigation Regime and Terminal Water Stoppage on Growth and Yield of Chickpea. Nile Valley Regional Program on Cool-Season Food Legumes and Wheat. Food Legumes Report, Annual National Coordination Meeting, Wad Medani, 28 August-l September 1994, 175. [24] Ibrahim, O.H. (1995) Effects of Irrigation Regime and Terminal Water Stoppage on Growth and Yield of Chickpea. Hudeiba Research Station, Annual Report, Ed-Damer. [25] Taha, M.B., Ali, M.E.K. and Ahmed, S.H. (1990) Effect of Sowing Method and Irrigation Frequency on Chickpea Yield and Yield Components. Hudeiba Research Station, Annual Report, Ed-Damer. [26] Adam, H.S. (2005) Agro-Climatology, Crop Water Requirement and Water Management. Water Management and Irrigation Institute, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, 169 p. [27] Pereira, L.S., Oweis, T. and Zairi, A. (2002) Irrigation Management under Water Scarcity. Agricultural Water Management, 57, 175-206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00075-6 [28] Khurgami, A. and Rafiee, M. (2009) Drought Stress, Supplemental Irrigation and Plant Densities in Chickpea Cultivars. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 9, 141-143. [29] Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Mustafavi, S.H. and Shafagh-Kalvanagh, J. (2012) Field Performance of Chickpea Cultivars in Response to Irrigation Disruption at Reproductive Stages. Research on Crops, 13, 107-112. [30] Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Ghassemi, S. and Bandehhagh, A. (2013) Effects of Water Supply on Field Performance of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4, 94-97. [31] Al-Suhaibani, N.A. (2009) Influence of Early Water Deficit on Seed Yield and Quality of Faba Bean under Arid Environment of Saudi Arabia. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 5, 649-654. [32] Emam, Y., Shekoofa, A., Salehi, F. and Jalali, A.H. (2010) Water Stress Effects on Two Common Bean Cultivars with Contrasting Growth Habits. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 9, 495-499. [33] Szilagyi, L. (2003) Influence of Drought on Seed Yield Components in Common Bean. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology, Special Issue, 320-330. [34] Zhang, H. and Oweis, T. (1999) Water-Yield Relations and Optimal Irrigation Scheduling of Wheat in the Mediterranean Region. Agricultural Water Management, 38, 195-211.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(98)00069-9 [35] Al-Jamal, M.S., Sammis, T.W. and Smeal, B.D. (2000) Computing the Crop Water Production Function for Onion. Agricultural Water Management, 46, 29-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00076-7 [36] Kipkorir, E.C., Raes, D. and Massawe, B. (2002) Seasonal Water Production Functions and Yield Response Factors for Maize and Onion in Perkerra, Kenya. Agricultural Water Management, 56, 229-240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00034-3 [37] Igbadun, H.E., Ramalan, A.A. and Oiganji, E. (2012) Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation and Mulch on Yield, Water Use and Crop Water Productivity of Onion in Samaru, Nigeria. Agricultural Water Management, 109, 162-169.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.03.006 [38] Oweis, T., Zhang, H. and Pala, M. (2000) Water Use Efficiency of Rainfed and Irrigated Bread Wheat in a Mediterranean Environment. Agronomy Journal, 92, 231-238.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.922231x
[1] Raes, D., Geerts, S., Kipkorir, E., Wellens, J. and Sahli, A. (2006) Simulation of Yield Decline as a Result of Water Stress with a Robust Soil Water Balance Model. Agricultural Water Management, 81, 335-357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.04.006 [2] Wilson, E. (1999) One Third of World’s Population 2.7 Billion People Will Experience Water Scarcity by 2025, Says New Study Conducted by the International Water Management Institute, a Research Centre of the Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research (CGIAR). Washington DC. [3] Faki, H.H. (1999) Water Allocation and Its Effect on Faba Bean Technology Adoption in Shendi Area. Pages 72-75 in Nile Valley Regional Program on Cool-Season Food Legumes and Wheat, Annual Report 1990/91, Sudan ICARDA/ NVRP-DOC-017. [4] Pereira, L.S., Oweis, T. and Zairi, A. (2002) Irrigation Management under Water Scarcity. Agricultural Water Management, 57, 175-206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00075-6 [5] Fereres, E.M. and Soriano, A. (2007) Deficit Irrigation for Reducing Agricultural Water Use: Integrated Approaches to Sustain and Improve Plant Production under Drought Stress Special Issue. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58, 147-159.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl165 [6] Burke, S., Mulligan, M. and Thornes, J.B. (1999) Optimal Irrigation Efficiency for Maximum Plant Productivity and Minimum Water Loss. Agricultural Water Management, 40, 377-391.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(99)00011-6 [7] Singh, R., van Dam, J.C. and Feddes, R.A. (2006) Water Productivity Analysis of Irrigated Crops in Sirsa District, India. Agricultural Water Management, 82, 253-278.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.027 [8] Augus, J.F. and van Herwaarden, A.F. (2001) Increasing Water Use and Water Use Efficiency in Dryland Wheat. Agronomy Journal, 93, 290-298.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.932290x [9] Igbadun, H.E., Mahoo, H.F., Tarimo, A.K.P.R. and Salim, B.A. (2006) Crop Water Productivity of an Irrigated Maize Crop in Mkoji Sub-Catchment of the Great Ruaha River Basin, Tanzania. Agricultural Water Management, 85, 141-150.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.04.003 [10] Zwart, S.J. and Bastiaanssen, W.G.M. (2004) Review of Measured Crop Water Productivity Values for Irrigated Wheat, Rice, Cotton and Maize. Agricultural Water Management, 69, 115-133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.04.007 [11] Geerts, S. and Raes, D. (2009) Deficit Irrigation as an On-Farm Strategy to Maximize Crop Water Productivity in Dry Areas. Agriultural Water Management, 96, 1275-1284.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.009 [12] Vazifedoust, M., van Dam, J.C., Feddes, R.A. and Feizi, M. (2008) Increasing Water Productivity of Irrigated Crops under Limited Water Supply at Field Scale. Agricultural Water Management, 95, 89-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.09.007 [13] Maiti, R.K. (2001) The Chickpea Crop. In: Maiti, R. and Wesche-Ebeling, P., Eds., Advances in Chickpea Science, Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, 1-31. [14] Kumar, J. and Abbo, S. (2001) Genetics of Flowering Time in Chickpea and Its Bearing on Productivity in Semiarid Environments. In: Spaks, D.L., Ed., Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 122-124. [15] Soltani, A., Hammer, G.L., Torabi, B., Robertsonc, M.J. and Zeinali, E. (2006) Modeling Chickpea Growth and Development: Phenological Development. Field Crops Research, 99, 1-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.02.004 [16] FAO (2011) FAOSTAT.
http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html [17] Ministry of Agriculture, River Nile State 2013. [18] Taha, M.B. (1987) Effect of Seed Rate, Phosphorous Fertilizer and Irrigation on Yield and Yield Components of Chickpea. Hudeiba Research Station, Annual Report, Ed-Damer. [19] Nourai, A.H. (1986) Effects of Frequency of Irrigation and Variety on Yield and Yield Components of Chickpea. Hudeiba Research Station, Annual Report, Ed-Damer. [20] Nourai, A.H. (1989) Effects of Variety, Frequency of Irrigation and Nitrogen Nutrition on Yield and Yield Components of Chickpea Grown at Borgieg. Hudeiba Research Station, Annual Report, Ed-Damer. [21] Taha, M.B. and Ali, M.E.K. (1991) Response of Chickpea to Methods of Planting and Date of Terminal Irrigation. Nile Valley Regional Program on Cool-Season Food Legumes. Annual Coordination Meeting, Cairo, 16-23 September 1991, 99. [22] Ibrahim, O.H. (1993) Effects of Irrigation Regime and Terminal Water Stoppage on Growth and Yield of Chickpea. Nile Valley Regional Program on Cool-Season Food Legumes and Wheat. Food Legumes Report, Annual National Coordination Meeting, Wad Medani, 29 August-2 September 1993, 202-203. [23] Ibrahim, O.H. (1994) Effects of Irrigation Regime and Terminal Water Stoppage on Growth and Yield of Chickpea. Nile Valley Regional Program on Cool-Season Food Legumes and Wheat. Food Legumes Report, Annual National Coordination Meeting, Wad Medani, 28 August-l September 1994, 175. [24] Ibrahim, O.H. (1995) Effects of Irrigation Regime and Terminal Water Stoppage on Growth and Yield of Chickpea. Hudeiba Research Station, Annual Report, Ed-Damer. [25] Taha, M.B., Ali, M.E.K. and Ahmed, S.H. (1990) Effect of Sowing Method and Irrigation Frequency on Chickpea Yield and Yield Components. Hudeiba Research Station, Annual Report, Ed-Damer. [26] Adam, H.S. (2005) Agro-Climatology, Crop Water Requirement and Water Management. Water Management and Irrigation Institute, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, 169 p. [27] Pereira, L.S., Oweis, T. and Zairi, A. (2002) Irrigation Management under Water Scarcity. Agricultural Water Management, 57, 175-206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00075-6 [28] Khurgami, A. and Rafiee, M. (2009) Drought Stress, Supplemental Irrigation and Plant Densities in Chickpea Cultivars. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 9, 141-143. [29] Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Mustafavi, S.H. and Shafagh-Kalvanagh, J. (2012) Field Performance of Chickpea Cultivars in Response to Irrigation Disruption at Reproductive Stages. Research on Crops, 13, 107-112. [30] Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Ghassemi, S. and Bandehhagh, A. (2013) Effects of Water Supply on Field Performance of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4, 94-97. [31] Al-Suhaibani, N.A. (2009) Influence of Early Water Deficit on Seed Yield and Quality of Faba Bean under Arid Environment of Saudi Arabia. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 5, 649-654. [32] Emam, Y., Shekoofa, A., Salehi, F. and Jalali, A.H. (2010) Water Stress Effects on Two Common Bean Cultivars with Contrasting Growth Habits. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 9, 495-499. [33] Szilagyi, L. (2003) Influence of Drought on Seed Yield Components in Common Bean. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology, Special Issue, 320-330. [34] Zhang, H. and Oweis, T. (1999) Water-Yield Relations and Optimal Irrigation Scheduling of Wheat in the Mediterranean Region. Agricultural Water Management, 38, 195-211.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(98)00069-9 [35] Al-Jamal, M.S., Sammis, T.W. and Smeal, B.D. (2000) Computing the Crop Water Production Function for Onion. Agricultural Water Management, 46, 29-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00076-7 [36] Kipkorir, E.C., Raes, D. and Massawe, B. (2002) Seasonal Water Production Functions and Yield Response Factors for Maize and Onion in Perkerra, Kenya. Agricultural Water Management, 56, 229-240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00034-3 [37] Igbadun, H.E., Ramalan, A.A. and Oiganji, E. (2012) Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation and Mulch on Yield, Water Use and Crop Water Productivity of Onion in Samaru, Nigeria. Agricultural Water Management, 109, 162-169.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.03.006 [38] Oweis, T., Zhang, H. and Pala, M. (2000) Water Use Efficiency of Rainfed and Irrigated Bread Wheat in a Mediterranean Environment. Agronomy Journal, 92, 231-238.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.922231x