Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- Blood Interactions in Antiretroviral Drugs Environment—Surface Thermodynamics Approach
Affiliation(s)
1 Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria. 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
1 Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria. 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Hamaker coefficient approach was used as a surface thermodynamic tool in determining the HIV- blood interactions in the antiretroviral drug environment. The methodology involved the absorbance measurement using a digital Ultraviolet Visible MetaSpecAE1405031Pro Spectrophotometer of blood samples collected from ten HIV infected persons who had not commenced treatment with antiretroviral drugs (No ARV), ten HIV infected persons who had already commenced treatment with antiretroviral drugs (with ARV) and ten blood samples of uninfected persons all in each of five different antiretroviral drugs environment. The variables required for the computations with the Lifshiftz formula in the determination of Hamaker constants/coefficients were derived from the absorbance data. The values of the various Hamaker coefficients for each antiretroviral drug on both infected and uninfected blood samples were calculated. MATLAB software tools were employed in the computations. The absolute values for the combined Hamaker coefficient for the drugs ranged from －0.02481 × 10－21 Joule for drug 4 to －0.05845 × 10－21 Joule for drug 3. The negative senses of the absolute combined Hamaker coefficient imply net negative van der Waals forces indicating a possible repulsion between HIV and drug coated lymphocyte cells. For the virus interacting with blood samples not coated with the drugs, the Hamaker coefficients are positive indicating the vulnerability of the lymphocytes in the absence of the drugs. This effect suggests effective coating or binding of the lymphocytes with the drugs is needed for possible blocking of the virus from the surface of the lymphocyte cell. A thermodynamic criterion for HIV-drug interaction prediction was suggested and found to be a valuable tool in HIV-blood interaction study. The use of the findings of this work by pharmaceutical industries may be possible in the area of drug design.
Hamaker coefficient approach was used as a surface thermodynamic tool in determining the HIV- blood interactions in the antiretroviral drug environment. The methodology involved the absorbance measurement using a digital Ultraviolet Visible MetaSpecAE1405031Pro Spectrophotometer of blood samples collected from ten HIV infected persons who had not commenced treatment with antiretroviral drugs (No ARV), ten HIV infected persons who had already commenced treatment with antiretroviral drugs (with ARV) and ten blood samples of uninfected persons all in each of five different antiretroviral drugs environment. The variables required for the computations with the Lifshiftz formula in the determination of Hamaker constants/coefficients were derived from the absorbance data. The values of the various Hamaker coefficients for each antiretroviral drug on both infected and uninfected blood samples were calculated. MATLAB software tools were employed in the computations. The absolute values for the combined Hamaker coefficient for the drugs ranged from －0.02481 × 10－21 Joule for drug 4 to －0.05845 × 10－21 Joule for drug 3. The negative senses of the absolute combined Hamaker coefficient imply net negative van der Waals forces indicating a possible repulsion between HIV and drug coated lymphocyte cells. For the virus interacting with blood samples not coated with the drugs, the Hamaker coefficients are positive indicating the vulnerability of the lymphocytes in the absence of the drugs. This effect suggests effective coating or binding of the lymphocytes with the drugs is needed for possible blocking of the virus from the surface of the lymphocyte cell. A thermodynamic criterion for HIV-drug interaction prediction was suggested and found to be a valuable tool in HIV-blood interaction study. The use of the findings of this work by pharmaceutical industries may be possible in the area of drug design.
KEYWORDS
Absorbance, Hamaker Constant, Hamaker Coefficient, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Antiretroviral Drug, Lymphocyte, Van der Waals Forces, Surface Energy
Absorbance, Hamaker Constant, Hamaker Coefficient, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Antiretroviral Drug, Lymphocyte, Van der Waals Forces, Surface Energy
Cite this paper
Ani, O. , Omenyi, S. and Achebe, C. (2015) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- Blood Interactions in Antiretroviral Drugs Environment—Surface Thermodynamics Approach. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 3, 1-15. doi: 10.4236/jbm.2015.311001.
Ani, O. , Omenyi, S. and Achebe, C. (2015) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- Blood Interactions in Antiretroviral Drugs Environment—Surface Thermodynamics Approach. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 3, 1-15. doi: 10.4236/jbm.2015.311001.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-012-0305-1 [6] United States Department of Health and Human Services (2004) A Guide to Primary Care for People with HIV/AIDS. [7] Achebe, C.H. and Omenyi, S.N. (2013) The Effects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections on the Absorbance Characteristics of Different Blood Components. International Journal of Science Invention, 2, 53-61.
www.ijesi.org [8] Good, R.J. (1979) Contact Angles and Surface Free Energy of Solids. Surface and Colloid Science, Plenum Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7969-4_1 [9] Lyklema, J. (1991) Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science. Vol. 3, Liquid-Fluid Interfaces, Academic Press. [10] Brady, P.V. (1996) Physical and Chemistry of Mineral Surfaces. CRC Press. [11] Etzler, F.M. (2001) Characterization of Surface Free Energies and Surface Chemistry of Solids. In: Mittal, K.L., Ed., Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, VSP, Utrecht, 219-264. [12] van Oss, C.J. and Giese, R.F. (2002) Colloid and Surface Properties of Clay and Related Minerals. Marcel Dekker, New York. [13] Lifshiftz, E.M., Dzyaloshinskii, I.E. and Pitaevskii, L.P. (1961) The General Theory of van der Waals Forces. Advances in Physics, 10, 165-209.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00018736100101281 [14] Ani, O.I., Omenyi, S.N. and Achebe, C.H. (2015) Negative Hamaker Coefficients: Application to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Blood Interactions in Antiretroviral Drug Media. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS), 11, 4-9.
www.eaas-journal.org [15] Ani, O.I. (2015) Surface Energetics Study of the Interactions between HIV and Blood Cells Treated with Antiretroviral Drugs. PhD Dissertation, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. [16] Nir, S., Rein, R. and Weiss, L. (1972) On the Applicability of Certain Approximations of the Lifshitz Theory to Thin Films. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 34, 135-153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(72)90060-4 [17] Visser, J. (1975) In: Matijevic, E., Ed., Surface/Colloid Science, Volume 8, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 3. [18] Israelachivili, J.N. (1972) Proceedings of the Royal Social Services A, 331, 39. [19] Achebe, C.H. (2010) Human Immunodefficiency Virus (HIV)-Blood Interactions: Surface Thermodynamics Approach. PhD Dissertation, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. [20] Ozoihu, E.M. (2014) Human Immunodefficiency Virus (HIV)-Blood Interactions: Contact Angle Approach. PhD Dissertation, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. [21] Van der Waals, J.D. (1873) Thesis, Leiden. [22] London, F. (1930) Zur Theorie und Systematik der Molekularkrafte. Zeitschrift für Physik, 63, 245-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421741 [23] Ninham, B.W. and Parsegian, V.A. (1970) van der Waals Forces across Triple-Layer Films. Journal of Chemistry and Physics, 52, 4578-4587.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1673689 [24] Krupp, H. (1967) Particle Adhesion Theory and Experiment. Advances in Colloid Interface Science, 1, 111-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-8686(67)80004-6 [25] Moore, A.L., Youle, M., Lipman, M., et al. (2002) Raised Viral Load in Patients with Viral Suppression on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: Transient Increase or Treatment Failure? AIDS, 16, 615-618.
[1] UNAIDS (2013) Report on the Global on HIV/AIDS Treatment. [2] UNAIDS (2006) Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic/UNAIDS: A UNAIDS 10th Anniversary Special Edition. 1-2. [3] Szekeres, G. (1999) Bulletin of Experimental Treatments for AIDS. San Francisco AIDS Foundation. [4] Omenyi, S.N. (2005) The Concept of Negative Hamaker Coefficients. Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Inaugural Lecture Series No. 8.1, 23. [5] Quashie, P.K. (2013) HIV Drug Resistance and the Advent of Integrase Inhibitors. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 15, 85-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-012-0305-1 [6] United States Department of Health and Human Services (2004) A Guide to Primary Care for People with HIV/AIDS. [7] Achebe, C.H. and Omenyi, S.N. (2013) The Effects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections on the Absorbance Characteristics of Different Blood Components. International Journal of Science Invention, 2, 53-61.
www.ijesi.org [8] Good, R.J. (1979) Contact Angles and Surface Free Energy of Solids. Surface and Colloid Science, Plenum Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7969-4_1 [9] Lyklema, J. (1991) Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science. Vol. 3, Liquid-Fluid Interfaces, Academic Press. [10] Brady, P.V. (1996) Physical and Chemistry of Mineral Surfaces. CRC Press. [11] Etzler, F.M. (2001) Characterization of Surface Free Energies and Surface Chemistry of Solids. In: Mittal, K.L., Ed., Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, VSP, Utrecht, 219-264. [12] van Oss, C.J. and Giese, R.F. (2002) Colloid and Surface Properties of Clay and Related Minerals. Marcel Dekker, New York. [13] Lifshiftz, E.M., Dzyaloshinskii, I.E. and Pitaevskii, L.P. (1961) The General Theory of van der Waals Forces. Advances in Physics, 10, 165-209.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00018736100101281 [14] Ani, O.I., Omenyi, S.N. and Achebe, C.H. (2015) Negative Hamaker Coefficients: Application to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Blood Interactions in Antiretroviral Drug Media. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS), 11, 4-9.
www.eaas-journal.org [15] Ani, O.I. (2015) Surface Energetics Study of the Interactions between HIV and Blood Cells Treated with Antiretroviral Drugs. PhD Dissertation, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. [16] Nir, S., Rein, R. and Weiss, L. (1972) On the Applicability of Certain Approximations of the Lifshitz Theory to Thin Films. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 34, 135-153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(72)90060-4 [17] Visser, J. (1975) In: Matijevic, E., Ed., Surface/Colloid Science, Volume 8, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 3. [18] Israelachivili, J.N. (1972) Proceedings of the Royal Social Services A, 331, 39. [19] Achebe, C.H. (2010) Human Immunodefficiency Virus (HIV)-Blood Interactions: Surface Thermodynamics Approach. PhD Dissertation, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. [20] Ozoihu, E.M. (2014) Human Immunodefficiency Virus (HIV)-Blood Interactions: Contact Angle Approach. PhD Dissertation, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. [21] Van der Waals, J.D. (1873) Thesis, Leiden. [22] London, F. (1930) Zur Theorie und Systematik der Molekularkrafte. Zeitschrift für Physik, 63, 245-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01421741 [23] Ninham, B.W. and Parsegian, V.A. (1970) van der Waals Forces across Triple-Layer Films. Journal of Chemistry and Physics, 52, 4578-4587.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1673689 [24] Krupp, H. (1967) Particle Adhesion Theory and Experiment. Advances in Colloid Interface Science, 1, 111-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-8686(67)80004-6 [25] Moore, A.L., Youle, M., Lipman, M., et al. (2002) Raised Viral Load in Patients with Viral Suppression on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: Transient Increase or Treatment Failure? AIDS, 16, 615-618.