Kinetic Study of Curing Phenol-Formaldehyde/Tannin-Formaldehyde Composite Resins
Affiliation(s)
1 Polymer Research Center, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq. 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
1 Polymer Research Center, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq. 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
ABSTRACT
This work presents a study on the uses of tannin-formadehyde derivative into phenolic resins. Eucalyptus tannins (T) were reacted with formaldehyde to form tannin-formaldehyde resin (TF). Then this derivative was used to prepare tannin-formaldehyde/phenol-formaldehyde resins (TFPF) at 20 and 40 %w/w. The kinetic values of thermal curing of Phenol-formaldehyde (PF), tannin-formaldehyde and tannin-formaldehyde/phenol-formaldehyde resins (TFPF) at 20 and 40 wt% from TF were studied by monitoring the weight changes which occurred in the samples weight during thermosetting process at four temperature (160°C, 180°C, 200°C and 220°C). The total evolved condensation products from curing reactions were about 32% - 36% per sample weight, and the rate of curing reaction constants was ranged between 0.163 %wt·min-1 at 160°C and 0.50 %wt·min-1 at 220°C. The path of TFPF curing and kinetic values indicated that these resins could be cured with the behavior and velocity comparable to that of PF. The activation energy of TFPF cross-linking was higher than that of PF. Increasing TF level to 20% and 40% into PF can reduce the amount of PF curing reactions density and weight loss percentage. The global kinetic properties showed that the TF participated in the thermoset network formation with acceptable activity and performance. The general results of this paper show that the TF is a suitable alternative material for partially replacement into PF resin.
This work presents a study on the uses of tannin-formadehyde derivative into phenolic resins. Eucalyptus tannins (T) were reacted with formaldehyde to form tannin-formaldehyde resin (TF). Then this derivative was used to prepare tannin-formaldehyde/phenol-formaldehyde resins (TFPF) at 20 and 40 %w/w. The kinetic values of thermal curing of Phenol-formaldehyde (PF), tannin-formaldehyde and tannin-formaldehyde/phenol-formaldehyde resins (TFPF) at 20 and 40 wt% from TF were studied by monitoring the weight changes which occurred in the samples weight during thermosetting process at four temperature (160°C, 180°C, 200°C and 220°C). The total evolved condensation products from curing reactions were about 32% - 36% per sample weight, and the rate of curing reaction constants was ranged between 0.163 %wt·min-1 at 160°C and 0.50 %wt·min-1 at 220°C. The path of TFPF curing and kinetic values indicated that these resins could be cured with the behavior and velocity comparable to that of PF. The activation energy of TFPF cross-linking was higher than that of PF. Increasing TF level to 20% and 40% into PF can reduce the amount of PF curing reactions density and weight loss percentage. The global kinetic properties showed that the TF participated in the thermoset network formation with acceptable activity and performance. The general results of this paper show that the TF is a suitable alternative material for partially replacement into PF resin.
KEYWORDS
Phenol-Formaldehyde, Tannin-Formaldehyde, Curing Reactions, Weight Loss Monitoring, Kinetic Properties
Phenol-Formaldehyde, Tannin-Formaldehyde, Curing Reactions, Weight Loss Monitoring, Kinetic Properties
Cite this paper
Shnawa, H. , Ibraheem, I. and Shenta, A. (2015) Kinetic Study of Curing Phenol-Formaldehyde/Tannin-Formaldehyde Composite Resins. Natural Resources, 6, 503-513. doi: 10.4236/nr.2015.610048.
Shnawa, H. , Ibraheem, I. and Shenta, A. (2015) Kinetic Study of Curing Phenol-Formaldehyde/Tannin-Formaldehyde Composite Resins. Natural Resources, 6, 503-513. doi: 10.4236/nr.2015.610048.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.12.045 [13] Grigsby, W.J., Bridson, J.H., Lomas, C. and Elliot, J.-A. (2013) Esterification of Condensed Tannins and Their Impact on the Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid). Polymers, 5, 344-360.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym5020344 [14] Ramires, E.C. and Frollini, E. (2012) Tannin Phenolic Resin: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application as Matrix in Bio Based Composites Reinforced with Sisal Fibers. Composites Part B: Engineering, 43, 2851-2860.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.049 [15] Yoneda, S. and Nakatsuba, F. (1998) Effects of the Hydroxylation patterns and Degrees of Polymerization of Condensed Tannin on Their Metal-Chelating Capacity. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 18, 193-205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773819809349576 [16] Khalaf, M.N., Shnawa, H.A., Goda, M.K., Lazem, M.A. and Abd-Alemam, D.A. (2008) Phenolic Antioxidant for Polyolefins from Grafted Phenol on Polyethylene Wax. Macromolecular Symposia, 274, 184-188.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200851425 [17] Turi, E.A. (1981) Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials. Academic Press, New York, 435-465. [18] Chang, R. (2000) Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences. 3rd Edition, University Science Books, California, 448-471.
[1] Keutgen, W.A. (1969) Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins, Phenolic Resins. In: Mark, H.F. and Gaylord, N.G., Eds., Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Plastics, Resins, Rubbers, Fibers, Vol. 10, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1-73. [2] Adam, G.A. (2001) Chemistry and Technology of Methylolic Resins, Their Derivatives and IPN. National Journal of Chemistry, 1, 131-157. [3] Olivares, M., Aceituno, H., Neiman, G., Rivera, E. and Sellers Jr., T. (1995) Lignin-Modified Phenolic Adhesives for Bonding Radiate Pine Plywood. Forest Products Journal, 45, 63-67. [4] Sellers Jr., T. (1990) Survey Reveals Use of Lignins as Partial Substitute for Phenol. Panel World, 31, 26-29. [5] Sellers Jr., T., Kim, M.G., Miller, G.D., Haupt, R.A. and Strickland, R.C. (1994) Comparison of Strand Boards Made with Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin and Resins Modified with TVA Acid-Hydrolysis Lignin. Forest Products Journal, 44, 63-68. [6] Ahmed, M. and Nazli, S. (1993) The Effect of Bivalent Metal Ions of Tannin Formaldehyde Reaction. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 15, 21-29. [7] Herbert, H.L. (1989) Condensed Tannin in Adhesives: Introduction and Historical Perspectives. In: Hemingway, R.W., Conner, A.H. and Branham, S.J., Eds., Adhesives from Renewable Resources, ACS Symposium Series 385, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 155-171. [8] Saayman, H.M. (1975) Private Communication. Letter to Reichhold Chemicals (USA), 12 May 1975, from Dr. H.M. Saayman, Chief Research Officer, Leather Industries Research Institute, Grahamstown, South Africa. [9] Pizzi, A. (1999) Phenolic and Tannin Adhesives for Panel Products. In: Christiansen, A.W. and Pilato, L.A., Eds., Proceedings of International Contributions to Wood Adhesion Research, Forest Products Society, Madison, 13-30. [10] Berg, A., Westermeyer, C. and Valenzuela, J. (1999) Radiate Pin Tannin-Based Adhesives. In: Christiansen, A.W. and Pilato, L.A., Eds., Proceedings of International Contributions to Wood Adhesion Research, Forest Products Society, Madison, 122-126. [11] Sellers Jr., T. and Miller Jr., G.D. (1997) Tannin-Extended Adhesives for Bonding Strand board Panels. Abstracts of Technical Sessions and Technical Forum Presentations. Annual Meeting, Forest Product Society, Vancouver, 22-26 June 1997, 34. [12] Benyahya, S., Aouf, C., Caillol, S., Boutevin, B., Pascault, J.P. and Fulcrand, H. (2014) Functionalized Green Tea Tannins as Phenolic Prepolymers for Bio-Based Epoxy Resins. Industrial Crops and Products, 53, 296-307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.12.045 [13] Grigsby, W.J., Bridson, J.H., Lomas, C. and Elliot, J.-A. (2013) Esterification of Condensed Tannins and Their Impact on the Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid). Polymers, 5, 344-360.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym5020344 [14] Ramires, E.C. and Frollini, E. (2012) Tannin Phenolic Resin: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application as Matrix in Bio Based Composites Reinforced with Sisal Fibers. Composites Part B: Engineering, 43, 2851-2860.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.049 [15] Yoneda, S. and Nakatsuba, F. (1998) Effects of the Hydroxylation patterns and Degrees of Polymerization of Condensed Tannin on Their Metal-Chelating Capacity. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 18, 193-205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773819809349576 [16] Khalaf, M.N., Shnawa, H.A., Goda, M.K., Lazem, M.A. and Abd-Alemam, D.A. (2008) Phenolic Antioxidant for Polyolefins from Grafted Phenol on Polyethylene Wax. Macromolecular Symposia, 274, 184-188.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200851425 [17] Turi, E.A. (1981) Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials. Academic Press, New York, 435-465. [18] Chang, R. (2000) Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences. 3rd Edition, University Science Books, California, 448-471.