An Analysis of the Effectiveness Farmer Field School (FFS) Approach in Sustainable Rural Livelihood (SRL): The Experience of Punjab-Pakistan
Affiliation(s)
1 College of Humanities and Development (COHD), China Agriculture University, Beijing, China. 2 Agriculture Officer, Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
1 College of Humanities and Development (COHD), China Agriculture University, Beijing, China. 2 Agriculture Officer, Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Farmer Field School (FFS) is a capacity building approach in the Agricultural Extension Approaches (AEA), which provides opportunities to farmers of improving various skills through practicing various techniques by themselves. The review paper is in 2015 to analyze FFS as a strategy for benefiting resource poor farmers from agricultural technologies in Pakistan. Keeping in view the importance of exchange of information, FFS approach is the only approach to agriculture extension in which communication is an integral component because after trained by FFS program and to be expected to become a local agent to deliver the information and techniques of agriculture to other farmers for enhancing the agricultural production, income and improved livelihood. It can be concluded from the study that FFS proves highly beneficial to the farming community due to its capacity building functions.
Farmer Field School (FFS) is a capacity building approach in the Agricultural Extension Approaches (AEA), which provides opportunities to farmers of improving various skills through practicing various techniques by themselves. The review paper is in 2015 to analyze FFS as a strategy for benefiting resource poor farmers from agricultural technologies in Pakistan. Keeping in view the importance of exchange of information, FFS approach is the only approach to agriculture extension in which communication is an integral component because after trained by FFS program and to be expected to become a local agent to deliver the information and techniques of agriculture to other farmers for enhancing the agricultural production, income and improved livelihood. It can be concluded from the study that FFS proves highly beneficial to the farming community due to its capacity building functions.
Cite this paper
Butt, T. , Gao, Q. and Yousuf Hussan, M. (2015) An Analysis of the Effectiveness Farmer Field School (FFS) Approach in Sustainable Rural Livelihood (SRL): The Experience of Punjab-Pakistan. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 1164-1175. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.610111.
Butt, T. , Gao, Q. and Yousuf Hussan, M. (2015) An Analysis of the Effectiveness Farmer Field School (FFS) Approach in Sustainable Rural Livelihood (SRL): The Experience of Punjab-Pakistan. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 1164-1175. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.610111.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.03.008 [43] Ravallion, M. and Datt, G. (1996) How Important to India’s Poor Is the Sectoral Composition of Economic Growth. World Bank Economic Review, 10, 1-26.
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http://www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/community [62] Horton, D. (2002) Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating Capacity Development. International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) Briefing Paper 50.
http://portals.wi.wur.nl/files/docs/ppme/capacity_development_isnar.pdf [63] Horton, D. (1999) Building Capacity in Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation: Lessons from the Field. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 11, 152-188.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/0488381283516m28/fulltext.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12130-999-1008-2 [64] Fukuda-Parr, S., Lopes, C. and Malik, K., Eds. (2002) Capacity for Development: New Solutions to Old Problems. United Nations Development Programme, New York. [65] Degnbol-Martinussen, J. (2002) Development Goals, Governance and Capacity Building: Aid as a Catalyst. Development & Change, 33, 269-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00253 [66] Government of Punjab (2013) Evaluation Report on Project “Fruits & Vegetables Development Project”. Directorate General Monitoring and Evaluation, Planning and Development Department, Punjab. [67] Bartlet, A. (2005) Farmer Field School to Promote Integrated Pest Management in Asia: The FAO Experience. Case Study Presented to the Workshop on Scaling up Case Studies in Agriculture, International Rice Research Institute, 16-18 August 2005, Bangkok. [68] Van den Bergand, H. and Knols, B.G.J. (2006) The Farmer Field School: A Method for Enhancing the Role of Rural Communities in Malaria Control? Malaria Journal, 5, 3. [69] Braun, A.R. and Graham, T. (2000) Integrated Nutrient Management to Attain Sustainable Productivity Increase in East African Farming Systems, Kenya, Nairobi. [70] Matata, J.B.W. and Okech, A.G.O. (1998) Promising and New Methods. Draft Report on New and Adapted Field Methods in Kenya. [71] Van den Berg, H. (2004) IPM Farmer Field Schools: A Synthesis of 25 Impact Evaluations. Global IPM Facility, Rome. [72] Luther, G.C., Harris, C., Sherwood, S., Gallagher, K., Mangan, J. and Gamby, K.T. (2005) Chapter 9: Developments and Innovations in Farmer Field Schools and the Training of Trainers. In: Norton, G.W., Heinrichs, E.A., Luther, G.C. and Irwin, M.E., Eds., Globalizing Integrated Pest Management—A Participatory Research Process, Blackwell, Ames. [73] Farrington, J. and Martin, A. (1988) Farmer Participation in Agricultural Research: A Review of Concepts and Practices. ODA, London. [74] Bijlmakers, H. (2005) Farmer Field Schools for IPM—Refresh Your Memory, IPM DANIDA. [75] Rustam, I. (2012) Farmer Field Schools for Improved Agricultural Practices in the Irrigation Zones of Uzbekistan. Central Asian Countries’ Initiative for Land Management (CACILM), Uzbekistan. [76] Adato, M. and Meinzen-Dick, R. (2002) Assessing the Impact of Agricultural Research on Poverty Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. FCND Discussion Paper 128, EPTD Discussion Paper 89, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC. [77] DFID (2000) Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. Department for International Development. www.livelihood.org/info/info_guidancesheets.htm
[1] UNDP (2010) Beyond the Midpoints: Achieving the Millennium Development Goal. United Nations Development Programme, New York. [2] Jianxiu, G. (2006) The Role of NGOs in the Social Welfare. Canadian Social Science, 2, 15-18. [3] Government of Pakistan (2013-2014) Economic Survey 2013-14: Government of Pakistan, Economic Advisor’s Wing. Finance Division, Islamabad. [4] Birner, R., Davis, K., Pender, J., Nkonya, E., Anandajayasekeram, P., Ekboir, J., Mbabu, A., Spielman, D., Horna, D., Benin, S. and Cohen, M. (2006) From “Best Practice” to “Best Fit”: A Framework for Analyzing Pluralistic Agricultural Advisory Services Worldwide. ISNAR Discussion Paper No. 5. NW, Washington DC. IFPRI. [5] World Bank (2007) Pakistan Promoting Rural Growth and Poverty Reduction. Report No. 39303-PK. Sustainable and Development Unit, South Asia Region, World Bank, Islamabad. [6] Khan, A.R. and Khan, A.N. (2001) An Overview of Rural Development Programmes and Strategies in Pakistan. Journal of Rural Development & Administration, 33, 22-29. [7] Abdullah, M., Xia, L.C., Li, J., Ghazanfar, S., Mehmood, Y., Ishaq, M.N. and Saud, S. (2014) Effectiveness Comparison Between the Farmers Field School and the Training & Visit Approaches of Agricultural Extension in Two Districts of Pakistan. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 14, 33-39. [8] Malik, S.M. (2011) An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship between Food Insecurity, Landlessness, and Violent Conflict in Pakistan. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad. [9] David, S. (2007) Learning to Think for Ourselves: Knowledge Improvement and Social Benefits among Farmer Field School Participants in Cameroon. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 14, 35-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2007.14203 [10] Zaheer, A. (2013) World Bank, 2013 by Newspaper Business Recorder 19 May, 2013 [11] Eicher, C.K. (2001) Africa’s Unfinished Business: Building Sustainable Agricultural Research Systems. Staff Paper 20001-10, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing. [12] Anderson, R.J. and Feder, G. (2003) Rural Extension Services. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2976, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank, Washington DC. [13] Farooq, A. and Ishaq, M. (2005) Devolving the Farm Extension System, P: III. Economic and Business Review. Daily Dawn, Karachi. [14] Obaa, B., Mutimba, J. and Semana, A.R. (2005) Prioritizing Farmers’ Extension Needs in a Publicly-Funded Contract System of Extension: A Case Study from Mukono District, Uganda. Agricultural Research & Extension Network, Network Paper No. 147. [15] Photakoun, V., Millar, J. and Race, D. (2010) Evaluating Capacity Building Methods to Strengthen Livestock Extension Outcomes in Laos. Extension Farming Systems Journal, 5, 91-100. [16] Kingsley, M. (1999) Season of Learning: From Field Schools to Farmers Organized Management: Extension and Advocacy. Farmer and NGO Experiences in Indonesia. World Education, Jakarta. [17] Siddiqui, A.A., Mirani, Z.A. and Bukhari, S.S. (2012) Impact of Farmer Field School Training on Farmers’ Knowledge and Skills regarding Recommended Agro-Ecological Sound IPM Practices in Selected Districts of Sindh. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences, 28, 186-198. [18] Khan, M.Z., Nawab, K. and Khan, M.A. (2006) Weeds Related Professional Competency of Agricultural Extension Agents in NWFP, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 12, 331-337. [19] Swanson, B.E. and Rajalahti, R. (2010) Strengthening Agricultural Extension and Advisory Systems: Procedures for Assessing, Transforming, and Evaluating Extension Systems. Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 45, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington DC. [20] Pontius, J., Dilts, R. and Bartlett, A. (2002) From Farmer Field School to Community IPM. Ten Years of IPM Training in Asia. FAO Community IPM Program, Jakarata. [21] World Bank (2004) Social Mobilization and Enhancing Livelihoods. World Bank, Washington DC. [22] Qadir, A. (2002) Pakistan in Civic Entrepreneurship: A Civil Society Perspective on Sustainable Development. Gandhara Academy Press, Islamabad. [23] Shahbaz, B., Shah, Q.A., Suleri, A.Q., Commins, S. and Malik, A.A. (2012) Livelihoods, Basic Services and Social Protection in North-Western Pakistan. Working Paper 5, SDPI. [24] World Bank (2008) World Development-Report: Agricultural for Development. The World Bank, Washington DC. [25] FAO (2013) Agricultural Livelihoods and Food Security Impact Assessment and Response Plan for the Syria Crisis in the Neighboring Countries of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. FAO, Rome. [26] Bryceson, D. (2000) Rural Africa at the Crossroads: Livelihood Practices and Policies. Natural Resource Perspectives No. 52, Overseas Development Institute (ODI). www.odi.org.uk [27] Ellis, F. and Freeman, H.A. (2004) Rural Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction Strategies in Four African Countries. Journal of Development Studies, 40, 1-30.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380410001673175 [28] FAO (2006) The Role of Agriculture and Rural Development in Revitalizing Abandoned/Depopulated Areas. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. [29] Madukwe, M.C., Okoli, E.C. and Eze, S.O. (2002) Analysis and Comparison of the Agricultural Development Programme and University Agricultural Technology Transfer Systems in Nigeria. ATPS Working Paper Series No. 3. www.atpsnet.org/Files/working_paper_series_35 [30] Lanjouw, J.O. and Lanjouw, P. (2001) The Rural Non-Farm Sector: Issues and Evidence from Developing Countries. Agricultural Economics, 261, 1-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00051.x [31] Haq, M. (2003) Human Development in South Asia 2002. Oxford University Press, Karachi, 24. [32] Gallup, J., Radelet, S. and Warner, A. (1997) Economic Growth and the Income of the Poor. CAER II Discussion Paper No. 36, Harvard Institute for International Development, Boston. [33] Timmer, P. (1997) How Well Do the Poor Connect to the Growth Process? CAER Discussion Paper No. 178, Harvard Institute for International Development (HIID), Cambridge, MA. [34] Suryahadi, A., Suryadarma, D. and Sumarto, S. (2009) The Effects of Location and Sectoral Components of Economic Growth on Poverty: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Development Economics, 89, 109-117.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.08.003 [35] Christoplos, I. and Kidd, A. (2000) Guide for Monitoring, Evaluation, and Joint Analyses of Pluralistic Extension Support. Neuchatel Group, Lindau. [36] Peralta, O.B. (2003) The Role of Financial Sector in Poverty Reduction. UNEP F1 Global Roundtable, Tokyo. [37] World Bank (2009) From Poor Areas to Poor People: China’s Evolving Poverty Reduction Agenda—An Assessment of Poverty and Inequality in China. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department, The World Bank, Washington DC. [38] World Bank (2001) World Development-Report. Oxford University Press, New York. [39] ADB (2002) Poverty in Pakistan: Issues, Causes and Institutional Response. Asian Development Bank (ADB)-Pakistan Resident Mission, Islamabad. [40] Bari, F. (2003) Growth and Poverty Paradox. The Journal, 8, 13-18. [41] Grewal, B. and Ahmad, A. (2011) International Workshop on the Role of Agriculture in Poverty Reduction. Centre for Strategic Economic Studies Victoria University, Melbourne. [42] Loayza, N.V. and Raddatz, C. (2010) The Composition of Growth Matters for Poverty Alleviation. Journal of Development Economics, 93, 137-151.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.03.008 [43] Ravallion, M. and Datt, G. (1996) How Important to India’s Poor Is the Sectoral Composition of Economic Growth. World Bank Economic Review, 10, 1-26.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/10.1.1 [44] Topalova, P.B. (2008) India: Is the Rising Tide Lifting All Boats? IMF Working Paper No. 08/54, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Washington DC. [45] Virmani, A. (2007) The Sudoku of Growth, Poverty and Malnutrition: Policy Implications for Lagging States. Planning Commission Working Paper No. 2/2007-PC. [46] Government of Ghana (2010) Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA). National Development Planning Commission (NDPC), September 7, 2010. [47] Chambers, R. (1995) Poverty and Livelihoods: Whose Reality Counts? ID Discussion Paper 347, IDS, Brighton. [48] Swaminathan, M.S. (1987) Food 2000: Global Policies for Sustainable Agriculture. Report to the World Commission on Environment and Development, Zed Press, London. [49] Chambers, R. (1987) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Strategy for People, Environment and Development. An Overview Paper for Only One Earth: Conference on Sustainable Development, 28-30 April 1987, IIED, London. [50] Baumann, P. (2000) Sustainable Livelihoods and Political Capital: Arguments and Evidence from Decentralization and Natural Resource Management in India. ODI Working Paper 136, ODI, London. [51] Hoon, P., Singh, N. and Wanmali, S. (1997) Sustainable Livelihoods: Concepts, Principles and Approaches to Indicator Development.
http://www.sustainablelivelihoods.com/pdf/sustainablelivelihoodsc-1.pdf [52] Scoones, I. (1998) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis. IDS Working Paper 72, IDS, Brighton. [53] Nicol, A. (2000) Adopting a Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to Water Projects: Implications for Policy and Practice. ODI Working Paper 133, ODI, London. [54] Chambers, R. and Conway, G. (1992) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century. IDS Discussion Paper 296, IDS, Brighton. [55] Ashley, C. and Carney, D. (1999) Sustainable Livelihoods: Lessons from Early Experience. DFID, London. [56] Carney, D., Ed. (1998) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution Can We Make? DFID, London. [57] Conway, T., et al. (2012) Rights and Livelihoods Approaches: Exploring Policy Dimensions. Natural Resource Perspectives 78, ODI, London. [58] Chambers, R. (2008) Revolutions in Development Inquiry. Earth Scan, London. [59] UNDP (2006) Quoted in World Bank Capacity Development Resource Center, Perspectives and Definitions. UNDP, New York. [60] CIDA (2006) Quoted in World Bank Capacity Development Resource Center-Perspectives and Definitions. Canadian International Development Agency, Gatineau. [61] Frank, F. and Smith, A. (1999) The Community Development Handbook. Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC).
http://www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/community [62] Horton, D. (2002) Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating Capacity Development. International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) Briefing Paper 50.
http://portals.wi.wur.nl/files/docs/ppme/capacity_development_isnar.pdf [63] Horton, D. (1999) Building Capacity in Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation: Lessons from the Field. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 11, 152-188.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/0488381283516m28/fulltext.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12130-999-1008-2 [64] Fukuda-Parr, S., Lopes, C. and Malik, K., Eds. (2002) Capacity for Development: New Solutions to Old Problems. United Nations Development Programme, New York. [65] Degnbol-Martinussen, J. (2002) Development Goals, Governance and Capacity Building: Aid as a Catalyst. Development & Change, 33, 269-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00253 [66] Government of Punjab (2013) Evaluation Report on Project “Fruits & Vegetables Development Project”. Directorate General Monitoring and Evaluation, Planning and Development Department, Punjab. [67] Bartlet, A. (2005) Farmer Field School to Promote Integrated Pest Management in Asia: The FAO Experience. Case Study Presented to the Workshop on Scaling up Case Studies in Agriculture, International Rice Research Institute, 16-18 August 2005, Bangkok. [68] Van den Bergand, H. and Knols, B.G.J. (2006) The Farmer Field School: A Method for Enhancing the Role of Rural Communities in Malaria Control? Malaria Journal, 5, 3. [69] Braun, A.R. and Graham, T. (2000) Integrated Nutrient Management to Attain Sustainable Productivity Increase in East African Farming Systems, Kenya, Nairobi. [70] Matata, J.B.W. and Okech, A.G.O. (1998) Promising and New Methods. Draft Report on New and Adapted Field Methods in Kenya. [71] Van den Berg, H. (2004) IPM Farmer Field Schools: A Synthesis of 25 Impact Evaluations. Global IPM Facility, Rome. [72] Luther, G.C., Harris, C., Sherwood, S., Gallagher, K., Mangan, J. and Gamby, K.T. (2005) Chapter 9: Developments and Innovations in Farmer Field Schools and the Training of Trainers. In: Norton, G.W., Heinrichs, E.A., Luther, G.C. and Irwin, M.E., Eds., Globalizing Integrated Pest Management—A Participatory Research Process, Blackwell, Ames. [73] Farrington, J. and Martin, A. (1988) Farmer Participation in Agricultural Research: A Review of Concepts and Practices. ODA, London. [74] Bijlmakers, H. (2005) Farmer Field Schools for IPM—Refresh Your Memory, IPM DANIDA. [75] Rustam, I. (2012) Farmer Field Schools for Improved Agricultural Practices in the Irrigation Zones of Uzbekistan. Central Asian Countries’ Initiative for Land Management (CACILM), Uzbekistan. [76] Adato, M. and Meinzen-Dick, R. (2002) Assessing the Impact of Agricultural Research on Poverty Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. FCND Discussion Paper 128, EPTD Discussion Paper 89, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC. [77] DFID (2000) Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. Department for International Development. www.livelihood.org/info/info_guidancesheets.htm