The EQ-i Profile of the Indonesians Compared to the Dutch: A Cross-Cultural Approach
Affiliation(s)
1 Department of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. 2 Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
1 Department of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. 2 Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
ABSTRACT
Indonesia, as a country which tends to be collectivistic, is characterized by a strong interrelationship and interdependency among the members of each social group. These characteristics make it more difficult for most Indonesians to be psychologically autonomous and to express their thoughts and emotions as extravert as the Dutch. This study attempts to portray the emotional intelligence (EI) competences of Indonesians as the fourth most populous country, compared to Dutch normative samples. By applying the EQ-i to 1274 Indonesians and 1455 Dutch participants, overall findings show, as predicted, that the level of EI of Indonesians is generally lower than that of the Dutch. The results reveal that there are significant differences for EQ total, five scales, and 15 subscales between the two groups. Based on the results, we see that the collectivistic tendency of the Indonesians as an Eastern society, to some extent, cannot optimally support the development of the EI competences, including interpersonal skill which is assumed to be higher in the Indonesian than in the Dutch. These results indicate that intervention programs in developing EI competences of Indonesian people can be helpful in developing society.
Indonesia, as a country which tends to be collectivistic, is characterized by a strong interrelationship and interdependency among the members of each social group. These characteristics make it more difficult for most Indonesians to be psychologically autonomous and to express their thoughts and emotions as extravert as the Dutch. This study attempts to portray the emotional intelligence (EI) competences of Indonesians as the fourth most populous country, compared to Dutch normative samples. By applying the EQ-i to 1274 Indonesians and 1455 Dutch participants, overall findings show, as predicted, that the level of EI of Indonesians is generally lower than that of the Dutch. The results reveal that there are significant differences for EQ total, five scales, and 15 subscales between the two groups. Based on the results, we see that the collectivistic tendency of the Indonesians as an Eastern society, to some extent, cannot optimally support the development of the EI competences, including interpersonal skill which is assumed to be higher in the Indonesian than in the Dutch. These results indicate that intervention programs in developing EI competences of Indonesian people can be helpful in developing society.
Cite this paper
Dewi, Z. , Halim, M. and Derksen, J. (2015) The EQ-i Profile of the Indonesians Compared to the Dutch: A Cross-Cultural Approach. Psychology, 6, 1700-1710. doi: 10.4236/psych.2015.613166.
Dewi, Z. , Halim, M. and Derksen, J. (2015) The EQ-i Profile of the Indonesians Compared to the Dutch: A Cross-Cultural Approach. Psychology, 6, 1700-1710. doi: 10.4236/psych.2015.613166.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734282912449449 [26] Matsumoto, D. (1984). People: Psychology from a Cultural Perspective. Belmont, CL: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. [27] Parker, J. D. A., Saklofske, D. H., Shaughnessy, P. A., Huang, S. H. S., Wood, L. M., & Eastabrook, J. M. (2005). Generalizability of the Emotional Intelligence Construct: A Cross-Cultural Study of North American Aboriginal Youth. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 215-227.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.008 [28] Schulze, R., & Roberts, R. D. (2005). Emotional Intelligence: An International Handbook. Gottingen: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. [29] Setiadi, B. N., Supratiknya, A., Lonner, W. J., & Poortinga, Y. H. (2004). Ongoing Themes in Psychology and Culture. Melbourne, FL: The International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. [30] Stough, C., Saklofske, D. H., & Parker, J. D. A. (2009). Assessing Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Research, and Application. New York: Springer. [31] Van Dierendonck, D., Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Maria T. M., & Dijkstra, M. T. M. (2009). Goal Integration and Well-Being: Self-Regulation through Inner Resources in the Netherlands and Spain. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 746-760.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022109338622 [32] Wood, L. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Keefer, K. V. (2009). Assessing Emotional Intelligence: Using the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) and Related Instruments. In C. Stough, D. H. Saklofske, & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), Assessing Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Research, and Applications (pp. 67-84). New York: Springer Science + Business Media, LLC. [33] World Health Organization, WHO. (2013). World Health Statictics 2013.
http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/
[1] Alisjahbana, S. T. (1989). The Concept of Culture and Civilization: Problems of National Identity and the Emerging World in Anthropology and Sociology. Jakarta: Dian Rakyat. [2] Ashkanasy, N. M., & Daus, C. S. (2005). Rumors of the Death of Emotional Intelligence in Organizational Behavior Are Vastly Exaggerated. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 441-452.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.320 [3] BarOn, R. (1997). BarOn Emotional Quotion-Inventory.
http://www.mhs.com [4] BarOn, R. (2004a). The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): Rationale, Description, and Summary of Psychometric Properties. In G. Geher (Ed.), Measuring Emotional Intelligence: Common Ground and Controversy (pp. 111-142). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. [5] BarOn, R. (2004b). BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventor, a Measure of Emotional Intelligence: Technical Manual. Toronto: Multi-Health System Inc. [6] BarOn, R., & Parker, J. D. A. (2000). The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Development, Assessment, and Application At Home, School, and in the Workplace. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Company. [7] Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H., & Dasen, P. R. (2002). Cross-Cultural Psychology: Research and Applications (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. [8] CDC-Atlanta. (2014). CDC in Indonesia.
http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/indonesia/ [9] Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., & House, R. J. (2007). Culture and Leadership across the World: A GLOBE Report of In-Depth Studies of the Cultures of 25 Countries. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [10] Ciarrochi, J., Forgas, J. P., & Mayer, J. D. (2001). Emotional Intelligence in Everyday Life: A Scientific Inquiry. Taylor & Francis. [11] Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [12] Depkes, R. I. (2006). Pharmaceutical Care untuk Pasien Penyakit Jantung Koroner: Fokus Sindrom Koroner Akut (Pharmaceutical Care for Patients of Coronary Heart Disease: Focus on Acute Coronary Syndrome). Jakarta: Depkes RI. [13] Derksen, J. (2007). Zijn wij wel narcistische genoeg? Over het ontstaan van onze lentecultuur als gevolg van gewijzigde vroegkinderlijke condities (Are We Enough?) Nijmegen: PEN Tests Publisher. [14] Derksen, J., Kramer, I., & Katzko, M. (2002). Does a Self-Report Measure for Emotional Intelligence Assess Something Different than General Intelligence? Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 37-48.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00004-6 [15] Dusseldorp, L. R. L. C., van Meijel, B. K. G., & Derksen, J. J. L. (2011). Emotional Intelligence of Mental Health Nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30, 555-562.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03120.x [16] Ekermans, G., Saklofske, D. H., Austin, E., & Stough, C. (2011). Measurement Invariance and Differential Item Functioning of the Bar-On EQ-i: S Measure over Canadian, Scottish, South African and Australian Samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 286-290.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.004 [17] Fjneman, Y. A., Willemsen, M. E., Poortinga, Y. H., Erelcin, F. G., Georgas, J., Hui, C. H., Leung, K., Roy, S., & Malpass, R. S. (1996). Individualism-Collectivism: An Empirical Study of a Conceptual Issue. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 381-402.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022196274001 [18] Gardiner, H. W., & Kosmitzki, C. (2005). Lives across Cultures: Cross-Cultural Human Development (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. [19] Gerits, L., Derksen, J. J. L., & Verbruggen, A. B. (2004). Emotional Intelligence and Adaptive Success of Nurses Caring for People with Mental Retardation and Severe Behavior Problems. Mental Retardation, 42, 106-121.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2004)42<106:EIAASO>2.0.CO;2 [20] Gerits, L., Derksen, J. J. L., Verbruggen, A. B., & Katzko, M. (2005). Emotional Intelligence Profiles of Nurses Caring for People with Severe Behaviour Problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 33-43.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.03.019 [21] Halim, M. S., Derksen, J. J. L., & van der Staak, C. P. F. (2004). Development of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory for Indonesia: A Preliminary Study. In B. N. Setiadi, A. Supratiknya, W. J. Lonner, & Y. H. Poortinga (Eds.), Ongoing Themes in Psychology and Culture (Online Ed.). Melbourne, FL: International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology.
http://www.iaccp.org [22] House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. [23] Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. R. (1994). Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10152-000 [24] Koentjaraningrat. (2002). Manusia dan kebudayaan di Indonesia (Humans and Culture in Indonesia). Jakarta: Djambatan. [25] Li, T., Saklofske, D. H., Bowden, S. C., Yan, G., & Fung, T. S. (2012). The Measurement Invariance of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) across Three Chinese University Student Groups from Canada and China. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 30, 439-452.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734282912449449 [26] Matsumoto, D. (1984). People: Psychology from a Cultural Perspective. Belmont, CL: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. [27] Parker, J. D. A., Saklofske, D. H., Shaughnessy, P. A., Huang, S. H. S., Wood, L. M., & Eastabrook, J. M. (2005). Generalizability of the Emotional Intelligence Construct: A Cross-Cultural Study of North American Aboriginal Youth. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 215-227.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.008 [28] Schulze, R., & Roberts, R. D. (2005). Emotional Intelligence: An International Handbook. Gottingen: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. [29] Setiadi, B. N., Supratiknya, A., Lonner, W. J., & Poortinga, Y. H. (2004). Ongoing Themes in Psychology and Culture. Melbourne, FL: The International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. [30] Stough, C., Saklofske, D. H., & Parker, J. D. A. (2009). Assessing Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Research, and Application. New York: Springer. [31] Van Dierendonck, D., Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Maria T. M., & Dijkstra, M. T. M. (2009). Goal Integration and Well-Being: Self-Regulation through Inner Resources in the Netherlands and Spain. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 746-760.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022109338622 [32] Wood, L. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Keefer, K. V. (2009). Assessing Emotional Intelligence: Using the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) and Related Instruments. In C. Stough, D. H. Saklofske, & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), Assessing Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Research, and Applications (pp. 67-84). New York: Springer Science + Business Media, LLC. [33] World Health Organization, WHO. (2013). World Health Statictics 2013.
http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/