Development of Cu-Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets (xGnP) Metal Matrix Composite by Powder Metallurgy Route
Affiliation(s)
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India.
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India.
ABSTRACT
In the present investigation the possibility of using exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) as reinforcement in order to enhance the mechanical properties of Cu-based metal matrix composites is explored. Cu-based metal matrix composites reinforced with different amounts of xGnP were fabricated by powder metallurgy route. The microstructure, sliding wear behaviour and mechanical properties of the Cu-xGnP composites were investigated. xGnP has been synthesized from the graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) through rapid evaporation of the intercalant at an elevated temperature. The thermally exfoliated graphite was later sonicated for a period of 5 h in acetone in order to achieve further exfoliation. The xGnP synthesized was characterized using SEM, HRTEM, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The Cu and xGnP powder mixtures were consolidated under a load of 565 MPa followed by sintering at 850°C for 2 h in inert atmosphere. Cu-1, 2, 3 and 5 wt% xGnP composites were developed. Results of the wear test show that there is a significant improvement in the wear resistance of the composites up to addition of 2 wt% of xGnP. Hardness, tensile strength and strain at failure of the various Cu-xGnP composites also show improvement upto the addition of 2 wt% xGnP beyond which there is a decrease in these properties. The density of the composites decreases with the addition of higher wt% of xGnP although addition of higher wt% of xGnP leads to higher sinterability and densification of the composites, resulting in higher relative density values. The nature of fracture in the pure Cu as well as the various Cu-xGnP composites was found to be ductile. Nanoplatelets of graphite were found firmly embedded in the Cu matrix in case of Cu-xGnP composites containing low wt% of xGnP.
In the present investigation the possibility of using exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) as reinforcement in order to enhance the mechanical properties of Cu-based metal matrix composites is explored. Cu-based metal matrix composites reinforced with different amounts of xGnP were fabricated by powder metallurgy route. The microstructure, sliding wear behaviour and mechanical properties of the Cu-xGnP composites were investigated. xGnP has been synthesized from the graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) through rapid evaporation of the intercalant at an elevated temperature. The thermally exfoliated graphite was later sonicated for a period of 5 h in acetone in order to achieve further exfoliation. The xGnP synthesized was characterized using SEM, HRTEM, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The Cu and xGnP powder mixtures were consolidated under a load of 565 MPa followed by sintering at 850°C for 2 h in inert atmosphere. Cu-1, 2, 3 and 5 wt% xGnP composites were developed. Results of the wear test show that there is a significant improvement in the wear resistance of the composites up to addition of 2 wt% of xGnP. Hardness, tensile strength and strain at failure of the various Cu-xGnP composites also show improvement upto the addition of 2 wt% xGnP beyond which there is a decrease in these properties. The density of the composites decreases with the addition of higher wt% of xGnP although addition of higher wt% of xGnP leads to higher sinterability and densification of the composites, resulting in higher relative density values. The nature of fracture in the pure Cu as well as the various Cu-xGnP composites was found to be ductile. Nanoplatelets of graphite were found firmly embedded in the Cu matrix in case of Cu-xGnP composites containing low wt% of xGnP.
KEYWORDS
Powder Metallurgy, Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets (xGnP), Cu-Based Metal Matrix Composite, Sliding Wear
Powder Metallurgy, Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets (xGnP), Cu-Based Metal Matrix Composite, Sliding Wear
Cite this paper
Alam, S.N., Kumar, L. and Sharma, N. (2015) Development of Cu-Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets (xGnP) Metal Matrix Composite by Powder Metallurgy Route. Graphene, 4, 91-111. doi: 10.4236/graphene.2015.44010.
Alam, S.N., Kumar, L. and Sharma, N. (2015) Development of Cu-Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets (xGnP) Metal Matrix Composite by Powder Metallurgy Route. Graphene, 4, 91-111. doi: 10.4236/graphene.2015.44010.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998311422750
[1] Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Morozov, S.V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S.V., Grigorieva, I.V. and Firsov, A.A. (2004) Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films. Science, 306, 666-669.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896 [2] Geim, A.K. and Novoselov, K.S. (2007) The Rise of Graphene. Nature Materials, 6, 183-191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849 [3] Wang, J., Li, Z., Fan, G., Pang, H., Chen, Z. and Zhang, D. (2012) Reinforcement with Graphene Nanosheets in Aluminum Matrix Composites. Scripta Materialia, 66, 594-597.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.01.012 [4] Pavithra, C.L.P., Sarada, B.V., Rajulapati, K.V., Rao, T.N. and Sundararajan, G. (2014) A New Electrochemical Approach for the Synthesis of Copper-Graphene Nanocomposite Foils with High Hardness. Scientific Reports, 4, 4049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep04049 [5] Park, S. and Ruoff, R. (2009) Chemical Methods for the Production of Graphenes. Nature Nanotechnology, 4, 217-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.58 [6] Liu, C., Zhang, H., Tang, Y. and Luo, S. (2014) Controllable Growth of Graphene/Cu Composite and Its Nanoarchitecture-Dependent Electrocatalytic Activity to Hydrazine Oxidation. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2, 4580-4587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta14137c [7] Liu, W., Do, I., Fukushima, H. and Drzal, L.T. (2010) Influence of Processing on Morphology, Electrical Conductivity and Flexural Properties of Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets-Polyamide Nanocomposites. Carbon Letters, 11, 279-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.5714/CL.2010.11.4.279 [8] Chu, K. and Chang, C.J. (2014) Enhanced Strength in Bulk Graphene-Copper Composites. Physica Status Solidi (a), 211, 184-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201330051 [9] Wang, J., Li, Z., Fan, G., Pan, H., Chen, Z. and Zhang, D. (2012) Reinforcement with Graphene Nanosheets in Aluminum Matrix Composites. Scripta Materialia, 66, 594-597.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.01.012 [10] Nasibulin, A.G., Koltsova, T., Nasibulina, L.I., Anoshkin, I.V., Semencha, A., Tolochko, O.V. and Kauppinen, E.I. (2013) A Novel Approach for Composite Preparation by Direct Synthesis of Nanocarbons on Matrix or Filler Particles. Acta Materialia, 61, 1862-1871.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.12.007 [11] Koltsova, T.S., Nasibulina, L.I., Anoshkin, I.V., Mishin, V.V., Kauppinen, E.I., Tolochko, O.V. and Nasibulin, A.G. (2012) New Hybrid Copper Composite Materials Based on Carbon Nanostructures. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering B, 2, 240-246. [12] Chung, D.D.L. (1987) Review: Exfoliation of Graphite. Journal of Materials Science, 22, 4190-4198. [13] Drzal, L.T. and Fukushima, H. (2001) Graphite Nanoplatelets as Reinforcements for Polymers. Polymer Preprints, 42, 42-43. [14] Kalaitzidou, K., Fukushima, H. and Drzal, L.T. (2007) Multifunctional Polypropylene Composites Produced by Incorporation of Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets. Carbon, 45, 1446-1452.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.03.029 [15] Chen, G., Weng, W., Wu, D., Wu, C., Lu, J., Wang, P. and Chen, X. (2004) Preparation and Characterization of Graphite Nanosheets from Ultrasonic Powdering Technique. Carbon, 42, 753-759.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2003.12.074 [16] Afanasov, I.M., Shornikova, O.N., Kirilenko, D.A., Vlasov, I.I., Zhang, L., Verbeeck, J.V., Avdeev, V. and Tendeloo, G.V. (2010) Graphite Structural Transformations during Intercalation by HNO3 and Exfoliation. Carbon, 48, 1858- 1865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.055 [17] Yasmin, A., Luo, J.J. and Daniel, M.I. (2006) Processing of Expanded Graphite Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites. Composites Science and Technology, 66, 1179-1186.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.10.014 [18] Chen, G., Wu, D., Weng, W. and Wu, C. (2003) Exfoliation of Graphite Flake and Its Nanocomposites. Carbon, 41, 619-621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00409-8 [19] Viculis, L.M., Mack, J.J. and Kaner, R.B. (2003) A Chemical Route to Carbon Nanoscrolls. Science, 299, 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1078842 [20] Carotenuto, G., Nicola, S.D., Palomba, M., Pullini, D., Horsewell, A., Hansen, T.W. and Nicolais, L. (2012) Mechanical Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene Filled by Graphite Nanoplatelets. Nanotechnology, 23, Article ID: 485705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/48/485705 [21] Cai, D. and Song, M. (2007) Preparation of Fully Exfoliated Graphite Oxide Nanoplatelets in Organic Solvents. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 17, 3678-3680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b705906j [22] Sahoo, S., Hatui, G., Bhattacharya, P., Dhibar, S. and Das, C.K. (2013) One Pot Synthesis of Graphene by Exfoliation of Graphite in ODCB. Graphene, 2, 42-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/graphene.2013.21006 [23] Wang, J., Li, Z., Fan, G., Pang, H., Chen, Z. and Zhang, D. (2012) Reinforcement with Graphene Nanosheets in Aluminum Matrix Composites. Scripta Materialia, 66, 594-597.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.01.012 [24] Chu, K., Jia, C. and Li, W. (2012) Effective Thermal Conductivity of Graphene-Based Composites. Applied Physics Letters, 101, Article ID: 121916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4754120 [25] Ciesielski, A. and Samori, P. (2014) Graphene via Sonication Assisted Liquid-Phase Exfoliation. Chemical Society Reviews, 43, 381-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60217F [26] Zhao, W., Fang, M., Wu, F., Wu, H., Wang, L. and Chen, G. (2010) Preparation of Graphene by Exfoliation of Graphite Using Wet Ball Milling. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20, 5817-5819.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm01354d [27] Chandrasekaran, S., Seidel, C. and Schulte, K. (2013) Preparation and Characterization of Graphite Nano-Platelet (GNP)/Epoxy Nano-Composite: Mechanical, Electrical and Thermal Properties. European Polymer Journal, 49, 3878- 3888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.10.008 [28] Sahoo, M., Antony, R.P., Mathews, T., Dash, S. and Tyagi, A.K. (2013) Raman Studies of Chemically and Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide. The American Institute of Physics AIP Conference Proceedings, 1512, 1262-1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791511 [29] Guo, H.L., Wang, X.F., Qian, Q.Y., Wang, F.B. and Xia, X.H. (2009) A Green Approach to the Synthesis of Graphene Nanosheets. ACS Nano, 3, 2653-2659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900227d [30] Zhang, S.T., Gu, A.Y., Gao, H.F. and Che, X.Q. (2011) Characterization of Exfoliated Graphite Prepared with the Method of Secondary Intervening. International Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 2, 123-130. [31] Tang, Y., Yang, X., Wang, R. and Li, M. (2014) Enhancement of the Mechanical Properties of Graphene-Copper Composites with Graphene-Nickel Hybrids. Materials Science & Engineering A, 599, 247-254.
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