The Agreement Rate about Unintended Pregnancy and Its Relationship with Postpartum Depression in Parents of Preterm and Term Infants
Affiliation(s)
1 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2 Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 3 Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 4 Department of Biostatistics, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
1 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2 Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 3 Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 4 Department of Biostatistics, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Postpartum depression (PPD) affects women’s health and self-confidence, and infant’s social, emotional, cognitive and even physical development. Studies show that parents of preterm infants frequently experience symptoms of depression and anxiety. Women with unintended pregnancy are subjected to more risk of depression than women with planned pregnancy. Unintended pregnancy may lead to increased maternal exposure to psychosocial stressors, reduced social support by the spouse, increased levels of depressive symptoms and decreased life satisfaction. Findings: No significant difference was observed between term and preterm infants’ mothers (p = 0.85) in terms of postpartum depression. However, two groups of fathers in terms of depression showed a significant difference (p = 0.045). McNemar’s test showed that parents of term infants (K = 0.322, p = 0.077), and parents of preterm infants (k = 0.17, p = 0.144) agreed with each other on unintended pregnancy. Conclusion: Fathers of preterm infants are at higher risk for mental disorders than fathers of term infants and they need more attention in future studies.
Introduction: Postpartum depression (PPD) affects women’s health and self-confidence, and infant’s social, emotional, cognitive and even physical development. Studies show that parents of preterm infants frequently experience symptoms of depression and anxiety. Women with unintended pregnancy are subjected to more risk of depression than women with planned pregnancy. Unintended pregnancy may lead to increased maternal exposure to psychosocial stressors, reduced social support by the spouse, increased levels of depressive symptoms and decreased life satisfaction. Findings: No significant difference was observed between term and preterm infants’ mothers (p = 0.85) in terms of postpartum depression. However, two groups of fathers in terms of depression showed a significant difference (p = 0.045). McNemar’s test showed that parents of term infants (K = 0.322, p = 0.077), and parents of preterm infants (k = 0.17, p = 0.144) agreed with each other on unintended pregnancy. Conclusion: Fathers of preterm infants are at higher risk for mental disorders than fathers of term infants and they need more attention in future studies.
Cite this paper
Ghorbani, M. , Dolatian, M. , Shams, J. and Alavi-Majd, H. (2015) The Agreement Rate about Unintended Pregnancy and Its Relationship with Postpartum Depression in Parents of Preterm and Term Infants. Open Journal of Nursing, 5, 797-804. doi: 10.4236/ojn.2015.59084.
Ghorbani, M. , Dolatian, M. , Shams, J. and Alavi-Majd, H. (2015) The Agreement Rate about Unintended Pregnancy and Its Relationship with Postpartum Depression in Parents of Preterm and Term Infants. Open Journal of Nursing, 5, 797-804. doi: 10.4236/ojn.2015.59084.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2012-0821 [4] Dolatian, M., Mirabzadeh, A., Forouzan, A.S., Sajjadi, H., Majd, H.A. and Moafi, F. (2013) Preterm Delivery and Psycho-Social Determinants of Health Based on World Health Organization Model in Iran: A Narrative Review. Global Journal of Health Science, 5, 52-64. [5] Melnyk, B.M., Crean, H.F., Feinstein, N.F. and Fairbanks, E. (2007) Maternal Anxiety and Depression after a Premature Infant’s Discharge from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Explanatory Effects of the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment Program. Nursing Research, 57, 383-394.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181906f59 [6] Gray, P.H., Edwards, D.M., O’Callaghan, M.J. and Cuskelly, M. (2012) Parenting Stress in Mothers of Preterm Infants during Early Infancy. Early Human Development, 88, 45-49.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.020 [13] Kamranpour, S.B. and Shakiba, M. (2012) Cesarean Section and Post Partum Depression. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gyneocology and Infertility, 15, 56-62. [14] Gambina, I., Soldera, G., Benevento, B., Trivellato, P., Visentin, S., Cavallin, F., et al. (2011) Postpartum Psychosocial Distress and Late Preterm Delivery. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 29, 472-479.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2011.653962 [15] Yurdakul, Z., Akman, I., Kuscu, M.K., Karabekiroglu, A., Yaylali, G., Demir, F., et al. (2009) Maternal Psychological Problems Associated with Neonatal Intensive Care Admission. International Journal of Pediatrics, 5, 35-39.
[1] Dibaba, Y., Fantahun, M. and Hindin, M.J. (2013) The Association of Unwanted Pregnancy and Social Support with Depressive Symptoms in Pregnancy: Evidence from Rural Southwestern Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13, 2-8. [2] Al Dallal, F.H. and Grant, I.N. (2012) Postnatal Depression among Bahraini Women: Prevalence of Symptoms and Psychosocial Risk Factors. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 18, 439-445. [3] Bener, A. (2013) Psychological Distress among Postpartum Mothers of Preterm Infants and Associated Factors: A Neglected Public Health Problems. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 35, 231-236.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2012-0821 [4] Dolatian, M., Mirabzadeh, A., Forouzan, A.S., Sajjadi, H., Majd, H.A. and Moafi, F. (2013) Preterm Delivery and Psycho-Social Determinants of Health Based on World Health Organization Model in Iran: A Narrative Review. Global Journal of Health Science, 5, 52-64. [5] Melnyk, B.M., Crean, H.F., Feinstein, N.F. and Fairbanks, E. (2007) Maternal Anxiety and Depression after a Premature Infant’s Discharge from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Explanatory Effects of the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment Program. Nursing Research, 57, 383-394.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181906f59 [6] Gray, P.H., Edwards, D.M., O’Callaghan, M.J. and Cuskelly, M. (2012) Parenting Stress in Mothers of Preterm Infants during Early Infancy. Early Human Development, 88, 45-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.06.014 [7] Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A. and Garbin, M.G. (1988) Psychometric Properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-Five Years of Evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 [8] Kheirabadi, G.R., Maracy Mohammad, R., Akbaripour, S. and Masaeli, N. (2012) Psychometric Properties and Diagnostic Accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in a Sample of Iranian Women. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences (IJMS), 37, 32-38. [9] Dobson, K.S. and Mohammad Khani, P. (2007) Psychometric Characteristics Beck Depression Inventory-2 in a Large Sample of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation in Mental Disorders, 8, 80-86. [10] Azkhosh, M. (2008) Use of Psychiatric Tests and Clinical Diagnosis. 3rd Edition, Ravan, Tehran, 224-226. [11] Gemmill, A., Leigh, B., Ericksen, J. and Milgrom, J. (2006) A Survey of the Clinical Acceptability of Screening for Postnatal Depression in Depressed and Non-Depressed Women. BMC Public Health, 6, 1-8. [12] Tesfaye, M., Hanlon, C., Wondimageqn, D. and Alem, A. (2010) Detecting Postnatal Common Mental Disorders in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Kessler Scales. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122, 102-108.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.020 [13] Kamranpour, S.B. and Shakiba, M. (2012) Cesarean Section and Post Partum Depression. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gyneocology and Infertility, 15, 56-62. [14] Gambina, I., Soldera, G., Benevento, B., Trivellato, P., Visentin, S., Cavallin, F., et al. (2011) Postpartum Psychosocial Distress and Late Preterm Delivery. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 29, 472-479.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2011.653962 [15] Yurdakul, Z., Akman, I., Kuscu, M.K., Karabekiroglu, A., Yaylali, G., Demir, F., et al. (2009) Maternal Psychological Problems Associated with Neonatal Intensive Care Admission. International Journal of Pediatrics, 5, 35-39.