Quantitative Analysis of Pain during Mammography Using Electrical Stimulation
ABSTRACT
In order to quantitatively measure the degree of pain during mammography, we used a visual analog scale (VAS) and a device for quantitative analysis of perception and pain and performed regression analysis of the relationship between pain degree and VAS score. Twenty-four subjects underwent a typical mammogram and we found no correlation between pain degree using the device compared with VAS scoring. It is presumed that the system enables quantitative measurement and comparison more accurately than subjective markers such as VAS in quantitation of a pain produced in an examination with clearly defined physical size (such as mammography).
In order to quantitatively measure the degree of pain during mammography, we used a visual analog scale (VAS) and a device for quantitative analysis of perception and pain and performed regression analysis of the relationship between pain degree and VAS score. Twenty-four subjects underwent a typical mammogram and we found no correlation between pain degree using the device compared with VAS scoring. It is presumed that the system enables quantitative measurement and comparison more accurately than subjective markers such as VAS in quantitation of a pain produced in an examination with clearly defined physical size (such as mammography).
Cite this paper
Uchiyama, M. , Lee, Y. , Shimizu, U. and Saitoh, R. (2015) Quantitative Analysis of Pain during Mammography Using Electrical Stimulation. Open Journal of Nursing, 5, 784-789. doi: 10.4236/ojn.2015.59082.
Uchiyama, M. , Lee, Y. , Shimizu, U. and Saitoh, R. (2015) Quantitative Analysis of Pain during Mammography Using Electrical Stimulation. Open Journal of Nursing, 5, 784-789. doi: 10.4236/ojn.2015.59082.
References
[1] Henrich, R.E., Baett, L., Botsco, M.A., Deibei, D., Feig, S. and Gray, J. (1999) Mammography Quality Control Manual: Patient Positioning and Compression. American College of Radiology, 30-75. [2] Drukker, B.H. (1997) Breast Disease: A Primer on Diagnosis and Management. International Journal of Fertility and Women’s Medicine, 42, 278-287. [3] Kerlikowske, K., Grady, D., Rubin, S.M., Sandrock, C. and Ernster, V.L. (1995) Efficacy of Screening Mammography. A Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 149-154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03520260071035 [4] Aro, A.R., Absetz-Ylöstalo, P., Eerola, T., Pamilo, M. and Lönnqvist, J. (1996) Pain and Discomfort during Mammography. European Journal of Cancer, 32A, 1674-1679.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(96)00140-2 [5] Kornguth, P.J., Keefe, F.J. and Conaway, M.R. (1996) Pain during Mammography: Characteristics and Relationship to Demographic and Medical Variables. Pain, 66, 187-194.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(96)03057-6 [6] Asghari, A. and Nicholas, M.K. (2004) Pain during Mammography: The Role of Coping Strategies. Pain, 108, 170-179.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2003.12.022 [7] Hafslund, B. (2000) Mammography and the Experience of Pain and Anxiety. Radiography, 6, 269-272.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/radi.2000.0281 [8] Sapir, R., Patlas, M., Strano, S.D., Hadas-Halpern, I. and Cherny, N.I. (2003) Does Mammography Hurt? Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 25, 53-63.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00598-5 [9] Merskey, H and Bogduk, N. (1994) Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms. IASP Press, 1-28. [10] Uchiyama, M., Lee, Y., Kazama, K., Minagawa, Y., Tsai, D.Y., Sadakata, M. and Sayama, M. (2011) A Preliminary Study on Measurement of Muscle Activity during Mammography Positioning. Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology, 67, 679-682.
http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.67.679 [11] Uchiyama, M., Lee, Y., Sadakata, M., Sayama, M. and Tsai, D.Y. (2012) Measurement of Muscle Activities for Evaluating Physical Burden and Pain during Mammography Positioning. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 228, 53-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1620/tjem.228.53 [12] Uchiyama, M., Lee, Y., Kazama, K., Minagawa, Y., Tsai, D.Y., Sadakata, M. and Sayama, M. (2012) Quantitative Assessment of Muscle Activity in Mammography Positioning. 20th IMEKO World Congress, Busan, 9-14 September 2012, 9-14. [13] Sharp, P.C., Michielutte, R., Freimanis, R., Cunningham, L., Spangler, J. and Burnette, V. (2003) Reported Pain Following Mammography Screening. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 833-836.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.7.833 [14] Keel, K.D. (1948) The Pain Chart. Lancet, 2, 6-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(48)91787-5 [15] Turk, D.C. and Melzack, R. (2001) Handbook of Pain Assessment. 2nd Edition, The Guilford Press, New York. [16] Merzack, R. (1975) The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major Properties and Scoring Methods. Pain, 1, 277-299.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5 [17] Dinash, G., Daniel, K., Len, G. and John, G. (2001) Examining the Validity of Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Scales: Developing and Using Illustrated Patient Simulations to Collect The Data. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10, 697-706.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2702.2001.00525.x [18] Shimazu H., Seino, S.-I., Kato, S., Kobayashi, H. and Akimoto, M. (2005) Development of a Quantitative Measurement Method for the Magnitude of Pain Using Painless Electrical Stimulation and Its Evaluation Using Experimental Pain. Transactions of Japanese Society for Medical and Biological Engineering, 43, 117-123. [19] Hasegawa, J., Sugiyama, D., kumasaka, M., Hishinuma, M., Matsuo, K., Ide, S., Tanaka, S. and Kitoh, T. (2008) Evaluation of Pain Treatment by Pain Vision™. Journal of Japan Society of Pain Clinicians, 15, 144-149. [20] Uchiyama, M., Lee, Y., Sadakata, M., Tsai, D.Y. and Sayama, M. (2013) Effects of Mammography Positioning on the Autonomic Nervous Function. Health, 5, 1335-1341.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2013.58181 [21] Lee, Y. and Uchiyama, M. (2014) Evaluation of Physical and Psychological Burden of Subjects in Mammography. IWDM 2014, LNCS, 8539, 508-513.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07887-8_71 [22] Uchiyama, M. (2014) The Experience of Mammography Based on the Memoirs of Examinees. Health, 6, 1310-1314.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2014.611160 [23] Lee, Y. and Uchiyama, M. (2015) The Effect of Humorous Stimuli on Alleviating Pain during Mammography: A Preliminary Study. Health, 7, 659-664.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2015.76078
[1] Henrich, R.E., Baett, L., Botsco, M.A., Deibei, D., Feig, S. and Gray, J. (1999) Mammography Quality Control Manual: Patient Positioning and Compression. American College of Radiology, 30-75. [2] Drukker, B.H. (1997) Breast Disease: A Primer on Diagnosis and Management. International Journal of Fertility and Women’s Medicine, 42, 278-287. [3] Kerlikowske, K., Grady, D., Rubin, S.M., Sandrock, C. and Ernster, V.L. (1995) Efficacy of Screening Mammography. A Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 149-154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03520260071035 [4] Aro, A.R., Absetz-Ylöstalo, P., Eerola, T., Pamilo, M. and Lönnqvist, J. (1996) Pain and Discomfort during Mammography. European Journal of Cancer, 32A, 1674-1679.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(96)00140-2 [5] Kornguth, P.J., Keefe, F.J. and Conaway, M.R. (1996) Pain during Mammography: Characteristics and Relationship to Demographic and Medical Variables. Pain, 66, 187-194.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(96)03057-6 [6] Asghari, A. and Nicholas, M.K. (2004) Pain during Mammography: The Role of Coping Strategies. Pain, 108, 170-179.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2003.12.022 [7] Hafslund, B. (2000) Mammography and the Experience of Pain and Anxiety. Radiography, 6, 269-272.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/radi.2000.0281 [8] Sapir, R., Patlas, M., Strano, S.D., Hadas-Halpern, I. and Cherny, N.I. (2003) Does Mammography Hurt? Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 25, 53-63.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00598-5 [9] Merskey, H and Bogduk, N. (1994) Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms. IASP Press, 1-28. [10] Uchiyama, M., Lee, Y., Kazama, K., Minagawa, Y., Tsai, D.Y., Sadakata, M. and Sayama, M. (2011) A Preliminary Study on Measurement of Muscle Activity during Mammography Positioning. Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology, 67, 679-682.
http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.67.679 [11] Uchiyama, M., Lee, Y., Sadakata, M., Sayama, M. and Tsai, D.Y. (2012) Measurement of Muscle Activities for Evaluating Physical Burden and Pain during Mammography Positioning. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 228, 53-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1620/tjem.228.53 [12] Uchiyama, M., Lee, Y., Kazama, K., Minagawa, Y., Tsai, D.Y., Sadakata, M. and Sayama, M. (2012) Quantitative Assessment of Muscle Activity in Mammography Positioning. 20th IMEKO World Congress, Busan, 9-14 September 2012, 9-14. [13] Sharp, P.C., Michielutte, R., Freimanis, R., Cunningham, L., Spangler, J. and Burnette, V. (2003) Reported Pain Following Mammography Screening. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 833-836.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.7.833 [14] Keel, K.D. (1948) The Pain Chart. Lancet, 2, 6-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(48)91787-5 [15] Turk, D.C. and Melzack, R. (2001) Handbook of Pain Assessment. 2nd Edition, The Guilford Press, New York. [16] Merzack, R. (1975) The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major Properties and Scoring Methods. Pain, 1, 277-299.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5 [17] Dinash, G., Daniel, K., Len, G. and John, G. (2001) Examining the Validity of Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Scales: Developing and Using Illustrated Patient Simulations to Collect The Data. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10, 697-706.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2702.2001.00525.x [18] Shimazu H., Seino, S.-I., Kato, S., Kobayashi, H. and Akimoto, M. (2005) Development of a Quantitative Measurement Method for the Magnitude of Pain Using Painless Electrical Stimulation and Its Evaluation Using Experimental Pain. Transactions of Japanese Society for Medical and Biological Engineering, 43, 117-123. [19] Hasegawa, J., Sugiyama, D., kumasaka, M., Hishinuma, M., Matsuo, K., Ide, S., Tanaka, S. and Kitoh, T. (2008) Evaluation of Pain Treatment by Pain Vision™. Journal of Japan Society of Pain Clinicians, 15, 144-149. [20] Uchiyama, M., Lee, Y., Sadakata, M., Tsai, D.Y. and Sayama, M. (2013) Effects of Mammography Positioning on the Autonomic Nervous Function. Health, 5, 1335-1341.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2013.58181 [21] Lee, Y. and Uchiyama, M. (2014) Evaluation of Physical and Psychological Burden of Subjects in Mammography. IWDM 2014, LNCS, 8539, 508-513.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07887-8_71 [22] Uchiyama, M. (2014) The Experience of Mammography Based on the Memoirs of Examinees. Health, 6, 1310-1314.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2014.611160 [23] Lee, Y. and Uchiyama, M. (2015) The Effect of Humorous Stimuli on Alleviating Pain during Mammography: A Preliminary Study. Health, 7, 659-664.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2015.76078