Improve Effluent Water Quality at Abu-Rawash WWTP Using Aluminum Chloride and Carbon Dioxide
Author(s)
Mohamed K. Mostafa*
Affiliation(s)
Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
ABSTRACT
This research involved attempting to improve water quality at the Abu-Rawash WWTP by using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as a coagulant combined with injection of carbon dioxide (CO2). The Abu-Rawash WWTP is the main source of water quality degradation at the Rosetta branch, Egypt. Sewage samples were collected from the effluent of the grit removal chamber. Jar tests were performed to estimate the optimum pH value and the coagulant dosage required to obtain acceptable treatment. Eleven samples were prepared with equal dosages of aluminum chloride (10.0 mg/L) and different pH values. The optimal pH values for the elimination of the biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity ranged from 6.10 to 6.20 for the aluminum chloride. Results indicated that the appropriate AlCl3 dosage was 2.0 mg/L, especially at pH between 6.1 and 6.2. The results also showed that the AlCl3 was cost effective, especially after reducing pH value. It is also more cost effective than the other proposed solutions such as changing the effluent path of the Abu-Rawash WWTP to the desert.
This research involved attempting to improve water quality at the Abu-Rawash WWTP by using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as a coagulant combined with injection of carbon dioxide (CO2). The Abu-Rawash WWTP is the main source of water quality degradation at the Rosetta branch, Egypt. Sewage samples were collected from the effluent of the grit removal chamber. Jar tests were performed to estimate the optimum pH value and the coagulant dosage required to obtain acceptable treatment. Eleven samples were prepared with equal dosages of aluminum chloride (10.0 mg/L) and different pH values. The optimal pH values for the elimination of the biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity ranged from 6.10 to 6.20 for the aluminum chloride. Results indicated that the appropriate AlCl3 dosage was 2.0 mg/L, especially at pH between 6.1 and 6.2. The results also showed that the AlCl3 was cost effective, especially after reducing pH value. It is also more cost effective than the other proposed solutions such as changing the effluent path of the Abu-Rawash WWTP to the desert.
Cite this paper
Mostafa, M. (2015) Improve Effluent Water Quality at Abu-Rawash WWTP Using Aluminum Chloride and Carbon Dioxide. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 1049-1057. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.713086.
Mostafa, M. (2015) Improve Effluent Water Quality at Abu-Rawash WWTP Using Aluminum Chloride and Carbon Dioxide. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 1049-1057. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.713086.
References
[1] El-Bouraie, M.M., Eman, A.M., Gehad, G.M., Essam, H.A. and Mohamed, M.Y. (2011) Water Quality of Rosetta Branch in Nile Delta, Egypt. Suoseura, 62, 31-37. [2] Elewa, A.A., Shehata, M.B., Mohamed, L.F., Badr, M.H. and Abdel-Aziz, G.S. (2009) Water Quality Characteristics of the River Nile at Delta Barrage with Special Reference to Rosetta Branch. Global Journal of Environment Research, 3, 1-6. [3] Gaber, H.S., Midhat, A.E., Seham, A.I. and Mohammad, M.N.A. (2013) Effect of Water Pollution in El-Rahawy Drainage Canal on Hematology and Organs of Freshwater Fish Clarias gariepinus. World Applied Sciences Journal, 21, 329-341. [4] Mostafa, M. (2014) Modeling of Pollutant Transport in the Nile Delta Egypt. PhD. Dissertation, Department of Civil, construction, and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham. [5] El-Fakharany, Z.M. (2013) Environmental Impact Assessment of Artificial Recharge of Treated Wastewater on Groundwater Aquifer System Case study Abu-Rawash, Egypt. The Journal of American Science, 9, 309-315. [6] Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development (2010) Availability and Operation of Abu-Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant: Amended Information Memorandum.
http://www.investment.gov.eg/en/Documents/AbuRawashIMFINALclean.pdf [7] Misheloff, R. (2010) Integrated Water Resource Management II: Feasibility of Wastewater Reuse, International Resources Group. Report No.14, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington DC. [8] Abdel-Satar, A.M. and Elewa, A.A. (2001) Water Quality and Environmental Assessments of the River Nile at Rosetta Branch. 2nd International Conference and Exhibition for Life and Environment, Alexandria, 3-5 April 2001, 136-164. [9] Abdo, M.H. (2002) Environmental Studies on Rosetta Branch and Some Chemical Applications at the Area Extend from El-Kanater El-Khyria to Kafr-El-Zyat City. Ph.D Thesis, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. [10] Badr, M.H., Abdelsamie, E., Mohammed, B.S., Laila, F.M., and Ghada, S.A. (2006) Studies on the Effect of El-Rahaway Drain on the River Nile Water Pollution by Trace Metals and Major Cations at El-Kanater-El Khyria Area Under the Effect of Seasonal Variation. The Assiut University Bulletin for Environmental Researches, 9, 205-218. [11] Moustafa, M.M., Mohamed, H.H.A., Amal, M.A., Talat, M. and Siliem, M.M. (2010) Water Quality Assessment of Rosetta and Damietta Branches, River Nile, Egypt. African Journal of Biology, 6, 127-142. [12] Ezzat, S.M., Hesham, M.M., Mervat, A.A., Essam, H.A. and Mostafa, A.E. (2012) Water Quality Assessment of River Nile at Rosetta Branch: Impact of Drains Discharge. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 12, 413-423. [13] Ashmawy, M.A., Moussa, M.S., Ghoneim, A.K., and Tammam, A. (2012) Enhancing the Efficiency of Primary Sedimentation in Wastewater Treatment Plants with the Application of Moringa oliefera Seeds and Quicklime. Journal of American Science, 8, 494-502. [14] Mostafa, A.H. (2012) Effect of Cement Kiln Dust Addition on Activated Sludge Process without Primary Settling for Reuse Applications. HBRC Journal, 8, 14-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2012.08.003 [15] Andrew, D.E., Lenore S.C., Eugene W.R. and Arnold E.G. (2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC. [16] Jolankai, G. (1997) Basic River Water Quality Models. International Hydrological Programme, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris. [17] Kumar, P., Tjoon, T.T., Shri, C. and Kailas, L.W. (2011) Treatment of Paper and Pulp Mill Effluent by Coagulation. International Scholarly and Scientific Research and Innovation, 5, 967-972.
[1] El-Bouraie, M.M., Eman, A.M., Gehad, G.M., Essam, H.A. and Mohamed, M.Y. (2011) Water Quality of Rosetta Branch in Nile Delta, Egypt. Suoseura, 62, 31-37. [2] Elewa, A.A., Shehata, M.B., Mohamed, L.F., Badr, M.H. and Abdel-Aziz, G.S. (2009) Water Quality Characteristics of the River Nile at Delta Barrage with Special Reference to Rosetta Branch. Global Journal of Environment Research, 3, 1-6. [3] Gaber, H.S., Midhat, A.E., Seham, A.I. and Mohammad, M.N.A. (2013) Effect of Water Pollution in El-Rahawy Drainage Canal on Hematology and Organs of Freshwater Fish Clarias gariepinus. World Applied Sciences Journal, 21, 329-341. [4] Mostafa, M. (2014) Modeling of Pollutant Transport in the Nile Delta Egypt. PhD. Dissertation, Department of Civil, construction, and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham. [5] El-Fakharany, Z.M. (2013) Environmental Impact Assessment of Artificial Recharge of Treated Wastewater on Groundwater Aquifer System Case study Abu-Rawash, Egypt. The Journal of American Science, 9, 309-315. [6] Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development (2010) Availability and Operation of Abu-Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant: Amended Information Memorandum.
http://www.investment.gov.eg/en/Documents/AbuRawashIMFINALclean.pdf [7] Misheloff, R. (2010) Integrated Water Resource Management II: Feasibility of Wastewater Reuse, International Resources Group. Report No.14, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington DC. [8] Abdel-Satar, A.M. and Elewa, A.A. (2001) Water Quality and Environmental Assessments of the River Nile at Rosetta Branch. 2nd International Conference and Exhibition for Life and Environment, Alexandria, 3-5 April 2001, 136-164. [9] Abdo, M.H. (2002) Environmental Studies on Rosetta Branch and Some Chemical Applications at the Area Extend from El-Kanater El-Khyria to Kafr-El-Zyat City. Ph.D Thesis, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. [10] Badr, M.H., Abdelsamie, E., Mohammed, B.S., Laila, F.M., and Ghada, S.A. (2006) Studies on the Effect of El-Rahaway Drain on the River Nile Water Pollution by Trace Metals and Major Cations at El-Kanater-El Khyria Area Under the Effect of Seasonal Variation. The Assiut University Bulletin for Environmental Researches, 9, 205-218. [11] Moustafa, M.M., Mohamed, H.H.A., Amal, M.A., Talat, M. and Siliem, M.M. (2010) Water Quality Assessment of Rosetta and Damietta Branches, River Nile, Egypt. African Journal of Biology, 6, 127-142. [12] Ezzat, S.M., Hesham, M.M., Mervat, A.A., Essam, H.A. and Mostafa, A.E. (2012) Water Quality Assessment of River Nile at Rosetta Branch: Impact of Drains Discharge. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 12, 413-423. [13] Ashmawy, M.A., Moussa, M.S., Ghoneim, A.K., and Tammam, A. (2012) Enhancing the Efficiency of Primary Sedimentation in Wastewater Treatment Plants with the Application of Moringa oliefera Seeds and Quicklime. Journal of American Science, 8, 494-502. [14] Mostafa, A.H. (2012) Effect of Cement Kiln Dust Addition on Activated Sludge Process without Primary Settling for Reuse Applications. HBRC Journal, 8, 14-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2012.08.003 [15] Andrew, D.E., Lenore S.C., Eugene W.R. and Arnold E.G. (2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC. [16] Jolankai, G. (1997) Basic River Water Quality Models. International Hydrological Programme, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris. [17] Kumar, P., Tjoon, T.T., Shri, C. and Kailas, L.W. (2011) Treatment of Paper and Pulp Mill Effluent by Coagulation. International Scholarly and Scientific Research and Innovation, 5, 967-972.