Effects of Self-Presentation on One’s Self-Regulatory Resources When One Is Faced with the Multiple Audience Problem
Affiliation(s)
1 Faculty of Psychology, Rissho University, Tokyo, Japan. 2 School of Motivation & Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Future University, Tokyo, Japan.
1 Faculty of Psychology, Rissho University, Tokyo, Japan. 2 School of Motivation & Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Future University, Tokyo, Japan.
ABSTRACT
This study examined the effects of self-presentation on participants’ self-regulatory resources when the participants were faced with the multiple audience problem. In the experiment, participants (N = 38) were assigned to either the consistent condition or inconsistent condition, and were asked to make a speech in three sessions. The inconsistent condition was manipulated such that the participants would be confronted with the multiple audience problem in speech session 3. After the three speech sessions, the participants were told to work on 200 multiplication problems (3 digits × 3 digits) until they had finished solving all the problems or until they gave up or felt that they were unable to continue working on the problems. An experimenter timed the participants with a stopwatch as they worked on the problems. The results showed that the participants in the inconsistent condition gave up faster than the participants in the consistent condition. Moreover, the participants in the inconsistent condition solved less multiplication problems than the participants in the consistent condition. On the basis of these results, we concluded that when one was faced with the multiple audience problem, self-presentation was extremely difficult and entailed effortful forms of self-presentation that depleted one’s self-regulatory resources. Further research is necessary to examine the effects of compensatory self-enhancement, which has been found to be an effective coping strategy on self-regulatory resources when one is faced with the multiple audience problem.
This study examined the effects of self-presentation on participants’ self-regulatory resources when the participants were faced with the multiple audience problem. In the experiment, participants (N = 38) were assigned to either the consistent condition or inconsistent condition, and were asked to make a speech in three sessions. The inconsistent condition was manipulated such that the participants would be confronted with the multiple audience problem in speech session 3. After the three speech sessions, the participants were told to work on 200 multiplication problems (3 digits × 3 digits) until they had finished solving all the problems or until they gave up or felt that they were unable to continue working on the problems. An experimenter timed the participants with a stopwatch as they worked on the problems. The results showed that the participants in the inconsistent condition gave up faster than the participants in the consistent condition. Moreover, the participants in the inconsistent condition solved less multiplication problems than the participants in the consistent condition. On the basis of these results, we concluded that when one was faced with the multiple audience problem, self-presentation was extremely difficult and entailed effortful forms of self-presentation that depleted one’s self-regulatory resources. Further research is necessary to examine the effects of compensatory self-enhancement, which has been found to be an effective coping strategy on self-regulatory resources when one is faced with the multiple audience problem.
Cite this paper
Kasagi, Y. and Daibo, I. (2015) Effects of Self-Presentation on One’s Self-Regulatory Resources When One Is Faced with the Multiple Audience Problem. Psychology, 6, 1443-1449. doi: 10.4236/psych.2015.612141.
Kasagi, Y. and Daibo, I. (2015) Effects of Self-Presentation on One’s Self-Regulatory Resources When One Is Faced with the Multiple Audience Problem. Psychology, 6, 1443-1449. doi: 10.4236/psych.2015.612141.
References
[1] Bargh, J. A. (1994). The Four Horsemen of Automaticity: Awareness, Intention, Efficiency, and Control in Social Cognition. In R. S. Wyer Jr., & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of Social Cognition (pp. 1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [2] Baumeister, R. F. (1982). A Self-Presentational View of Social Phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 3-26.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.91.1.3 [3] Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1996). Self-Regulation Failure: An Overview. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 1-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0701_1 [4] Baumeister, R. F., & Jones, E. E. (1978). When Self-Presentation Is Constrained by the Target’s Knowledge: Consistency and Compensation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 608-618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.6.608 [5] Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad Is Stronger Than Good. Review of General Psychology, 5, 323-370.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323 [6] Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing Control: How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. [7] Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control Theory: A Useful Conceptual Framework for Personality—Social, Clinical, and Health Psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 111-135.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.1.111 [8] Derlega, V., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. (1993). Self-Disclosure. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. [9] Fleming, J. H. (1994). Multiple Audience Problems, Tactical Communication, and Social Interaction: A Relational-Regulation Perspective. In M. P. Zanna (Ed), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 26, pp. 215-292). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. [10] Fleming, J. H., Derley, J. M., Hilton, J. L., & Kojetin, B. A. (1990). Multiple Audience Problem: A Strategic Communication Perspective on Social Perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 593-609.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.593 [11] Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. [12] Heatherton, T. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (1996). Self-Regulation Failure: Past, Present, and Future. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 90-98.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0701_20 [13] Higgings, E. T. (1996). The “Self Digest”: Self-Knowledge Serving Self-Regulatory Functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1062-1083.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.71.6.1062 [14] Kasagi, Y., & Daibo, I. (2013). The Relation between the Confidence of Resolving the Multiple Audience Problem and Self-Complexity. Proceedings of the 54th Japanese Society of Social Psychology Conference, Okinawa, 2-3 November 2013, 428. [15] Kasagi, Y., & Daibo, I. (Under Review). The Effects of the Compensatory Self-Presentation in the Multiple Audience Situations on the Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Adaptation. [16] Leary, M. R. (1995). Self-Presentation: Impression Management and Interpersonal Behavior. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. [17] Leary, M. R., & Allen, A. B. (2011). Self-Presentational Persona: Simultaneous Management of Multiple Impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 1033-1049.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023884 [18] Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression Management: A Literature Review and Two-Component Model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 34-47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.107.1.34 [19] Leary, M., Nezlek, J. B., Downs, D., Radford-Davenport, J., Martin, J., & McMullen, A. (1994). Self-Presentation in Everyday Interactions: Effects of Target Familiarity and Gender Composition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 664-673.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.664 [20] Moroi, K. (1987). Loneliness and Self-Consciousness in University Students. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 151-161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.26.151 [21] Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-Control as Limited Resource: Regulatory Depletion Patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 774-789.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.774 [22] Nichols, A. L., & Cottrell, C. A. (2008). The Multiple Audience Problem: Considering Situational and Personality Factors. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference, Albuquerque, 7-10 February 2008, 228. [23] Rosenfeld, P., Giacalone, R. A., & Riordan, C. A. (2002). Impression Management: Building and Enhancing Reputations at Work. London: Thomson Learning. [24] Schlenker, B. R. (1975). Self-Presentation: Managing the Impression of Consistency When Reality Interferes with Self-Enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 1030-1037.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.32.6.1030 [25] Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression Management: The Self-Concept, Social Identity, and Interpersonal Relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. [26] Schlenker, B. R. (2003). Self-Presentation. In M. R. Leary, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of Self and Identity (pp. 492-518). New York: Guilford. [27] Swann, W. B., Bosson, J. K., & Pelham, B. W. (2002). Different Partners, Different Selves: Strategic Verification of Circumscribed Identities. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1215-1228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672022812007 [28] Tesser, A., & Moore, J. (1986). On the Convergence of Public and Private Aspects of Self. In R. Baumeister (Ed.), Public Self and Private Self (pp. 99-116). New York: Springer-Verlag.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9564-5_5 [29] Tice, D. M., Butler, J. L., Muraven, M. B., & Stillwell, A. M. (1995). When Modesty Prevails: Differential Favorability of Self-Presentation to Friends and Strangers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1120-1138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.69.6.1120 [30] Vallacher, R. R., & Wegner, D. M. (1987). What Do People Think They’re Doing? Action Identification and Human Behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 3-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.94.1.3 [31] Van Boven, L. V., Kruger, J., Savitsky, K., & Gilovich, T. (2000). When Social Worlds Collide: Overconfidence in the Multiple Audience Problem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 619-628.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167200267009 [32] Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2004). Ego-Depletion, Self-Control, and Choice. In J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology (pp. 398-410). New York: Guilford Press. [33] Vohs, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2000). Self-Regulatory Failure: A Resource-Depletion Approach. Psychological Science, 11, 249-254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00250 [34] Vohs, K. D., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2003). Self-Regulation and the Extended Now: Controlling the Self Alters the Subjective Experience of Time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 217-230.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.217 [35] Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Ciarocco, N. (2005) Self-Regulation and Self-Presentation: Regulatory Resource Depletion Impairs Impression Management and Effortful Self-Presentation Depletes Regulatory Resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 632-657.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.632 [36] Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
[1] Bargh, J. A. (1994). The Four Horsemen of Automaticity: Awareness, Intention, Efficiency, and Control in Social Cognition. In R. S. Wyer Jr., & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of Social Cognition (pp. 1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [2] Baumeister, R. F. (1982). A Self-Presentational View of Social Phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 3-26.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.91.1.3 [3] Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1996). Self-Regulation Failure: An Overview. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 1-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0701_1 [4] Baumeister, R. F., & Jones, E. E. (1978). When Self-Presentation Is Constrained by the Target’s Knowledge: Consistency and Compensation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 608-618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.6.608 [5] Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad Is Stronger Than Good. Review of General Psychology, 5, 323-370.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323 [6] Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing Control: How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. [7] Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control Theory: A Useful Conceptual Framework for Personality—Social, Clinical, and Health Psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 111-135.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.1.111 [8] Derlega, V., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. (1993). Self-Disclosure. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. [9] Fleming, J. H. (1994). Multiple Audience Problems, Tactical Communication, and Social Interaction: A Relational-Regulation Perspective. In M. P. Zanna (Ed), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 26, pp. 215-292). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. [10] Fleming, J. H., Derley, J. M., Hilton, J. L., & Kojetin, B. A. (1990). Multiple Audience Problem: A Strategic Communication Perspective on Social Perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 593-609.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.593 [11] Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. [12] Heatherton, T. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (1996). Self-Regulation Failure: Past, Present, and Future. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 90-98.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0701_20 [13] Higgings, E. T. (1996). The “Self Digest”: Self-Knowledge Serving Self-Regulatory Functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1062-1083.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.71.6.1062 [14] Kasagi, Y., & Daibo, I. (2013). The Relation between the Confidence of Resolving the Multiple Audience Problem and Self-Complexity. Proceedings of the 54th Japanese Society of Social Psychology Conference, Okinawa, 2-3 November 2013, 428. [15] Kasagi, Y., & Daibo, I. (Under Review). The Effects of the Compensatory Self-Presentation in the Multiple Audience Situations on the Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Adaptation. [16] Leary, M. R. (1995). Self-Presentation: Impression Management and Interpersonal Behavior. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. [17] Leary, M. R., & Allen, A. B. (2011). Self-Presentational Persona: Simultaneous Management of Multiple Impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 1033-1049.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023884 [18] Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression Management: A Literature Review and Two-Component Model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 34-47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.107.1.34 [19] Leary, M., Nezlek, J. B., Downs, D., Radford-Davenport, J., Martin, J., & McMullen, A. (1994). Self-Presentation in Everyday Interactions: Effects of Target Familiarity and Gender Composition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 664-673.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.664 [20] Moroi, K. (1987). Loneliness and Self-Consciousness in University Students. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 151-161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.26.151 [21] Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-Control as Limited Resource: Regulatory Depletion Patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 774-789.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.774 [22] Nichols, A. L., & Cottrell, C. A. (2008). The Multiple Audience Problem: Considering Situational and Personality Factors. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference, Albuquerque, 7-10 February 2008, 228. [23] Rosenfeld, P., Giacalone, R. A., & Riordan, C. A. (2002). Impression Management: Building and Enhancing Reputations at Work. London: Thomson Learning. [24] Schlenker, B. R. (1975). Self-Presentation: Managing the Impression of Consistency When Reality Interferes with Self-Enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 1030-1037.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.32.6.1030 [25] Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression Management: The Self-Concept, Social Identity, and Interpersonal Relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. [26] Schlenker, B. R. (2003). Self-Presentation. In M. R. Leary, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of Self and Identity (pp. 492-518). New York: Guilford. [27] Swann, W. B., Bosson, J. K., & Pelham, B. W. (2002). Different Partners, Different Selves: Strategic Verification of Circumscribed Identities. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1215-1228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672022812007 [28] Tesser, A., & Moore, J. (1986). On the Convergence of Public and Private Aspects of Self. In R. Baumeister (Ed.), Public Self and Private Self (pp. 99-116). New York: Springer-Verlag.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9564-5_5 [29] Tice, D. M., Butler, J. L., Muraven, M. B., & Stillwell, A. M. (1995). When Modesty Prevails: Differential Favorability of Self-Presentation to Friends and Strangers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1120-1138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.69.6.1120 [30] Vallacher, R. R., & Wegner, D. M. (1987). What Do People Think They’re Doing? Action Identification and Human Behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 3-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.94.1.3 [31] Van Boven, L. V., Kruger, J., Savitsky, K., & Gilovich, T. (2000). When Social Worlds Collide: Overconfidence in the Multiple Audience Problem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 619-628.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167200267009 [32] Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2004). Ego-Depletion, Self-Control, and Choice. In J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology (pp. 398-410). New York: Guilford Press. [33] Vohs, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2000). Self-Regulatory Failure: A Resource-Depletion Approach. Psychological Science, 11, 249-254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00250 [34] Vohs, K. D., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2003). Self-Regulation and the Extended Now: Controlling the Self Alters the Subjective Experience of Time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 217-230.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.217 [35] Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Ciarocco, N. (2005) Self-Regulation and Self-Presentation: Regulatory Resource Depletion Impairs Impression Management and Effortful Self-Presentation Depletes Regulatory Resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 632-657.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.632 [36] Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063