Fermented Black Turmeric Designed by Lactobacillus Rearranged Leukocyte Subsets and Anti-Oxidative Activity
Affiliation(s)
1 Ishikawa Natural Medicinal Products Research Center, Ishikawa, Japan. 2 Department of Fundament Research for CAM, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan. 3 Traditional Uighur Medicine Department, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China. 4 Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China. 5 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Japan.
1 Ishikawa Natural Medicinal Products Research Center, Ishikawa, Japan. 2 Department of Fundament Research for CAM, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan. 3 Traditional Uighur Medicine Department, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China. 4 Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China. 5 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Japan.
ABSTRACT
A plant fermentation was carried out by Yeast and Lactobaccilli against fermented black turmeric, Kaempferia parviflora (FBT). These materials were proved by as safe in animal safety experiment. We tried to investigate changes of immune-competent cells that commonly utilized FBT, including after administration of immno-suppressed animals, the effects by FBT on the regulated effect on the cells were evaluated. Our results showed that FBT augmented the level of lymphocytes in number, while FBT regulated the level of granulocytes in both number and function. In our clinical study with 20 healthy volunteers, granulocyte and lymphocyte ratio suggesting their constitution as neutral in peripheral blood were increased significantly 30 days after the administration of FBT in rodents, and compromised host was prepared with cancer chemotherapeutic agent (Mytomycin-C). Our observations showed against intracellular parasite, and that FBT augmented intercellular pathogen through humoral immunity. We discussed the significance and mechanism of FBT on the level of leukocyte subsets in number and function that were considered to be potential indicators for the activation of the compromised host. We also proposed an idea that FBT exhibited tonic effects via activating complement components. The evidences were shown by immune-electrophoretic method. Moreover, we tried to access further to the anti-oxidative activities of this FBT. This modification brought to the significant lift up for antibody producing cells and anti-oxidative activity for phagocytic cells.
A plant fermentation was carried out by Yeast and Lactobaccilli against fermented black turmeric, Kaempferia parviflora (FBT). These materials were proved by as safe in animal safety experiment. We tried to investigate changes of immune-competent cells that commonly utilized FBT, including after administration of immno-suppressed animals, the effects by FBT on the regulated effect on the cells were evaluated. Our results showed that FBT augmented the level of lymphocytes in number, while FBT regulated the level of granulocytes in both number and function. In our clinical study with 20 healthy volunteers, granulocyte and lymphocyte ratio suggesting their constitution as neutral in peripheral blood were increased significantly 30 days after the administration of FBT in rodents, and compromised host was prepared with cancer chemotherapeutic agent (Mytomycin-C). Our observations showed against intracellular parasite, and that FBT augmented intercellular pathogen through humoral immunity. We discussed the significance and mechanism of FBT on the level of leukocyte subsets in number and function that were considered to be potential indicators for the activation of the compromised host. We also proposed an idea that FBT exhibited tonic effects via activating complement components. The evidences were shown by immune-electrophoretic method. Moreover, we tried to access further to the anti-oxidative activities of this FBT. This modification brought to the significant lift up for antibody producing cells and anti-oxidative activity for phagocytic cells.
KEYWORDS
Family Turmeric Lactobacillus, Fermentation, Lactobacilli, Cancer, Chemotherapeutic Agent, Compromised Host, Complement, Alternative Complement Activation
Family Turmeric Lactobacillus, Fermentation, Lactobacilli, Cancer, Chemotherapeutic Agent, Compromised Host, Complement, Alternative Complement Activation
Cite this paper
Watanabe, Y. , Yamaguchi, N. , Horiuch, I. , Murayama, T. (2015) Fermented Black Turmeric Designed by Lactobacillus Rearranged Leukocyte Subsets and Anti-Oxidative Activity. Open Journal of Immunology, 5, 199-214. doi: 10.4236/oji.2015.53016.
Watanabe, Y. , Yamaguchi, N. , Horiuch, I. , Murayama, T. (2015) Fermented Black Turmeric Designed by Lactobacillus Rearranged Leukocyte Subsets and Anti-Oxidative Activity. Open Journal of Immunology, 5, 199-214. doi: 10.4236/oji.2015.53016.
References
[1] Kitada, Y., Wan, W., Matsui, K., Matsui, K., Shimizu, S. and Yamaguchi, N. (2000) Regulation of Peripheral White Blood Cells in Numbers and Functions through Hot-Spring Bathing during a Short Term—Studies in Control Experiments. Journal of Japanese Society Balneology Climatology Physiological Medicine, 63, 151-164. [2] Yamaguchi, N., Takahashi, T., Sugita, T., Ichikawa, K., Sakaihara, S., Tsugiyasu Kanda, T., Arai, M. and, Kawakita, K. (2007) Acupuncture Regulates Leukocyte Subpopulations in Human Peripheral Blood. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,４,447-453 [3] Suzuki, S., Toyabe, S., Moroda, T., Tada, T., Tsukahara, A. and Iiai, T. (1997) Circadian Rhythm of Leukocytes and Lymphocytes Subsets and Its Possible Correlation with the Function of the Autonomic Nervous System. Clinical Experimental Immunology, 110, 500-508. [4] Yamaguchi, N., Kawada, N., Ja, X.-S., Okamoto, K., Okuzumi, K., Chen, R. and Takahashi, T. (2013) Overall Estimation of Anti-Oxidant Activity by Mammal Mammal Macrophage, OJRA, 4, 13-21. [5] Hamada, M. and Yamaguchi, N. (1988) Effect of Kanpo Medicine, Zyuzentaihoto, on the Immune Reactivity of Tumor-Bearing Mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 24, 311-320.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90160-2 [6] Tu, C.C., Li, C.S., Liu, C.M. and Liu, C.C. (2011) Comparative Use of Biomedicine and Chinese Medicine in Taiwan: Using the NHI Research Database. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17, 339-346. [7] Lin, M.H., Chou, M.Y., Liang, C.K., Peng, L.N. and Chen, L.K. (2010) Population Aging and Its Impacts: Strategies of the Health-Care System in Taipei. Ageing Research Reviews, 9, S23-S27. [8] Liao, H.L., Ma, T.C., Chiu, Y.L., Chen, J.T. and Chang, Y.S. (2008) Factors Influencing the Purchasing Behavior of TCM Outpatients in Taiwan. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14, 741-748. [9] Lin, Y.H. and Chiu, J.H. (2011) Use of Chinese Medicine by Women with Breast Cancer: A Nationwide Cross- Sectional Study in Taiwan. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 19, 137-143. [10] Navo, M.A., Phan, J. and Vaughan, C. (2004) An Assessment of the Utilization of Complementary and Alternative Medication in Women with Gynecologic or Breast Malignancies. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 671-677. [11] Liu, J.P., Yang, H., Xia, Y. and Cardini, F. (2009) Herbal Preparations for Uterine Fibroids. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, Article ID: CD005292.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd005292.pub2 [12] Murayama, T., Yamaguchi, N., Iwamoto, K. and Eizuru, Y. (2006) Inhibition of Ganciclovir-Resistant Human Cytomegalovirus Replication by Kampo (Japanese Herbal Medicine). Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy, 17, 11-16. [13] Abo, T., Kawate, T., Itoh, K. and Kumagai, K. (1981) Studies on the Bioperiodicity of the Immune Response. 1. Circadian Rhythms of Human T, B and K Cell Traffic in the Peripheral Blood. Journal of Immunology, 126, 1360-1363. [14] Abo, T. and Kumagai, T. (1978) Studies of Surface Immunoglobulins on Human B Lymphocytes. Physiological Variations of Sig+ Cells in Peripheral Blood. Clinical Experimental Immunology, 33, 441-452. [15] Landmann, R.M.A., Muller, F.B., Perini, C., Wesp, M., Erne, P. and Buhler, F.R. (1984) Changes of Immunoregulatory Cells Induced by Psychological and Physical Stress: Relationship to Plasma Catecholamines. Clinical Experimental Immunology, 58, 127-135. [16] Iio, A., Ohguchi, K., Naruyama, H., Tazawa, S., Araki, Y., Ichihara, K., Nozawa, Y. and Ito, M. (2012) Ethanolic Extract of Brazilian Red Propolis ABC A1 Expression and Promote Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1 Macrophage. Phytomedicine, 19, 383-388.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.10.007 [17] Kitada, Y., Okamoto, K., Takei, T., Jia, X.F., Chen, R., Yamaguchi, N., Tsubokawa, M., Wu, W.H., Murayama, T. and Kawakita, K. (2013) Hot Spring Hydro Therapy Regulate Peripheral Leukocyte Together with Emotional Hormone and Receptor Positive Lymphocytes According to Each Constitution/Condition. Open Journal of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Diseases, 3, 140-153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojra.2013.33022 [18] Jerne, N.K. and Nordin, A.A. (1963) Plaque Formation in Agar by Single Antibody Producing Cells. Science, 140, 405-408.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.140.3565.405 [19] Jerne, N.K., Nordin, A.A. and Henry, C. (1963) The Agar Technique for Recognizing Antibody Producing Cells. In: Amons, B. and Kaprowski, H., Eds., Cell-Bound Antibodies, The Wistar Institute Press, Philadelphia, 109-125. [20] Hamada, M. and Yamaguchi, N. (1988) Effect of Kanpo Medicine, Zyuzentaihoto, on the Immune Reactivity of Tumor-Bearing Mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 24, 311-320.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90160-2 [21] Shimizu, S., Kitada, H., Yokota, H., Yamakawa, J., Murayama, T., Sugiyama, K., Izumi, H. and Yamaguchi, N. (2002) Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway by Agaricus blazei Murill. Phytomedicine, 9, 536-545. [22] Tu, C.C., Li, C.S., Liu, C.M. and Liu, C.C. (2011) Comparative Use of Biomedicine and Chinese Medicine in Taiwan: Using the NHI Research Database. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17, 339-346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0200 [23] Jong, M.S., Hwang, S.J., Chen, C., Chen, T.J., Chen, F.J. and Chen, F.P. (2010) Prescriptions of Chinese Herbal Medicine for Constipation under the National Health Insurance in Taiwan. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 73, 375-383.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1726-4901(10)70081-2 [24] Lin, Y.H. and Chiu, J.H. (2011) Use of Chinese Medicine by Women with Breast Cancer: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Taiwan. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 19, 137-143.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2011.04.001 [25] Yamaguchi, N., Ueyama, T., Amat, N., Yimit, D., Hoxur, P., Sakamoto, D., Katoh, Y., Watanabe, I. and Su, S.Y. (2015) Bi-Directional Regulation by Chinese Herbal Formulae to Host and Parasite for Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Humans and Rodents. Open Journal of Immunology, 5, 18-32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oji.2015.51003 [26] Jyumonji, N. and Fujii, Y. (1993) A New Assay for Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in Vitro Detection FB, The Macrophage Migration by Boyden Chamber. Journal of Kanazawa Medical University, 18, 198-203. [27] Wan, W., Li, A.I., Izumi, H., Kawada, N., Arai, M., Takada, A., Taru, A., Hashimoto, H. and Yamaguchi, N. (2002) Effect of Acupuncture on Leukocyte and Lymphocyte Sub-Population in Human Peripheral Blood Qualitative Discussion. The Journal of Japanese Association of Physical Medicine, Balneology and Climatology, 65, 207-211. [28] Wang, X.X., Katoh, S. and Liu, B.X. (1998) Effect of Physical Exercise on Leukocyte and Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Human Peripheral Blood. Cytometry Research, 8, 53-61. [29] Kitada, Y., Wan, W., Matsui, K., Shimizu, S. and Yamaguchi, N. (2000) Regulation of Peripheral White Blood Cells in Numbers and Functions through Hot-Spring Bathing during a Short Term Studies in Control Experiments. Journal of Japanese Society Balneology Climatology Physiological Medicine, 63, 151-164. [30] Yamaguchi, N., Takahashi, T., Sugita, T., Ichikawa, K., Sakaihara, S., Kanda, T., Arai, M. and Kawakita, K. (2007) Acupuncture Regulates Leukocyte Subpopulations in Human Peripheral Blood. eCAM, 4, 447-453. [31] Yamaguchi, N., Shimizu, S. and Izumi, H. (2004) Hydrotherapy Can Modulate Peripheral Leukocytes: An Approach to Alternative Medicine, Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Biomedicine. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 239-251. [32] Murayama, T., Yamaguchi, N., Matsuno, H. and Eizuru, Y. (2004) In Vitro Anti-Cytomegalovirus Activity of Kampo (Japanese Herbal) Medicine. eCAM, 1, 285-289. [33] Abe, S., Yamaguchi, N., Tansho, S. and Yamaguchi, H. (2005) Preventive Effects of Juzen-Taiho-to on Infectious Disease. Juzen-Taiho-to (Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang) Scientific Evaluation and Clinical Applications: Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times, Edited by Haruki Yamada, Ikuo Saiki. [34] Yamaguchi, N., Ueyama, T., Amat, N., Yimit, D., Hoxur, P., Sakamoto, D., Katoh, Y., Watanabe, I. and Su, S.-Y. (2015) Bi-Directional Regulation by Chinese Herbal Formulae to Host and Parasite for Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Humans and Rodents. Open Journal of Immunology, 4, 18-32. [35] Yamaguchi, N., Araai, M. and Murayama, T. (2015) Aspect of QOL Assessment and Proposed New Scale for Evaluation. Open Journal of Immunology, 4. (In Press)
[1] Kitada, Y., Wan, W., Matsui, K., Matsui, K., Shimizu, S. and Yamaguchi, N. (2000) Regulation of Peripheral White Blood Cells in Numbers and Functions through Hot-Spring Bathing during a Short Term—Studies in Control Experiments. Journal of Japanese Society Balneology Climatology Physiological Medicine, 63, 151-164. [2] Yamaguchi, N., Takahashi, T., Sugita, T., Ichikawa, K., Sakaihara, S., Tsugiyasu Kanda, T., Arai, M. and, Kawakita, K. (2007) Acupuncture Regulates Leukocyte Subpopulations in Human Peripheral Blood. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,４,447-453 [3] Suzuki, S., Toyabe, S., Moroda, T., Tada, T., Tsukahara, A. and Iiai, T. (1997) Circadian Rhythm of Leukocytes and Lymphocytes Subsets and Its Possible Correlation with the Function of the Autonomic Nervous System. Clinical Experimental Immunology, 110, 500-508. [4] Yamaguchi, N., Kawada, N., Ja, X.-S., Okamoto, K., Okuzumi, K., Chen, R. and Takahashi, T. (2013) Overall Estimation of Anti-Oxidant Activity by Mammal Mammal Macrophage, OJRA, 4, 13-21. [5] Hamada, M. and Yamaguchi, N. (1988) Effect of Kanpo Medicine, Zyuzentaihoto, on the Immune Reactivity of Tumor-Bearing Mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 24, 311-320.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90160-2 [6] Tu, C.C., Li, C.S., Liu, C.M. and Liu, C.C. (2011) Comparative Use of Biomedicine and Chinese Medicine in Taiwan: Using the NHI Research Database. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17, 339-346. [7] Lin, M.H., Chou, M.Y., Liang, C.K., Peng, L.N. and Chen, L.K. (2010) Population Aging and Its Impacts: Strategies of the Health-Care System in Taipei. Ageing Research Reviews, 9, S23-S27. [8] Liao, H.L., Ma, T.C., Chiu, Y.L., Chen, J.T. and Chang, Y.S. (2008) Factors Influencing the Purchasing Behavior of TCM Outpatients in Taiwan. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14, 741-748. [9] Lin, Y.H. and Chiu, J.H. (2011) Use of Chinese Medicine by Women with Breast Cancer: A Nationwide Cross- Sectional Study in Taiwan. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 19, 137-143. [10] Navo, M.A., Phan, J. and Vaughan, C. (2004) An Assessment of the Utilization of Complementary and Alternative Medication in Women with Gynecologic or Breast Malignancies. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 671-677. [11] Liu, J.P., Yang, H., Xia, Y. and Cardini, F. (2009) Herbal Preparations for Uterine Fibroids. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, Article ID: CD005292.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd005292.pub2 [12] Murayama, T., Yamaguchi, N., Iwamoto, K. and Eizuru, Y. (2006) Inhibition of Ganciclovir-Resistant Human Cytomegalovirus Replication by Kampo (Japanese Herbal Medicine). Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy, 17, 11-16. [13] Abo, T., Kawate, T., Itoh, K. and Kumagai, K. (1981) Studies on the Bioperiodicity of the Immune Response. 1. Circadian Rhythms of Human T, B and K Cell Traffic in the Peripheral Blood. Journal of Immunology, 126, 1360-1363. [14] Abo, T. and Kumagai, T. (1978) Studies of Surface Immunoglobulins on Human B Lymphocytes. Physiological Variations of Sig+ Cells in Peripheral Blood. Clinical Experimental Immunology, 33, 441-452. [15] Landmann, R.M.A., Muller, F.B., Perini, C., Wesp, M., Erne, P. and Buhler, F.R. (1984) Changes of Immunoregulatory Cells Induced by Psychological and Physical Stress: Relationship to Plasma Catecholamines. Clinical Experimental Immunology, 58, 127-135. [16] Iio, A., Ohguchi, K., Naruyama, H., Tazawa, S., Araki, Y., Ichihara, K., Nozawa, Y. and Ito, M. (2012) Ethanolic Extract of Brazilian Red Propolis ABC A1 Expression and Promote Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1 Macrophage. Phytomedicine, 19, 383-388.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.10.007 [17] Kitada, Y., Okamoto, K., Takei, T., Jia, X.F., Chen, R., Yamaguchi, N., Tsubokawa, M., Wu, W.H., Murayama, T. and Kawakita, K. (2013) Hot Spring Hydro Therapy Regulate Peripheral Leukocyte Together with Emotional Hormone and Receptor Positive Lymphocytes According to Each Constitution/Condition. Open Journal of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Diseases, 3, 140-153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojra.2013.33022 [18] Jerne, N.K. and Nordin, A.A. (1963) Plaque Formation in Agar by Single Antibody Producing Cells. Science, 140, 405-408.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.140.3565.405 [19] Jerne, N.K., Nordin, A.A. and Henry, C. (1963) The Agar Technique for Recognizing Antibody Producing Cells. In: Amons, B. and Kaprowski, H., Eds., Cell-Bound Antibodies, The Wistar Institute Press, Philadelphia, 109-125. [20] Hamada, M. and Yamaguchi, N. (1988) Effect of Kanpo Medicine, Zyuzentaihoto, on the Immune Reactivity of Tumor-Bearing Mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 24, 311-320.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90160-2 [21] Shimizu, S., Kitada, H., Yokota, H., Yamakawa, J., Murayama, T., Sugiyama, K., Izumi, H. and Yamaguchi, N. (2002) Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway by Agaricus blazei Murill. Phytomedicine, 9, 536-545. [22] Tu, C.C., Li, C.S., Liu, C.M. and Liu, C.C. (2011) Comparative Use of Biomedicine and Chinese Medicine in Taiwan: Using the NHI Research Database. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17, 339-346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0200 [23] Jong, M.S., Hwang, S.J., Chen, C., Chen, T.J., Chen, F.J. and Chen, F.P. (2010) Prescriptions of Chinese Herbal Medicine for Constipation under the National Health Insurance in Taiwan. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 73, 375-383.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1726-4901(10)70081-2 [24] Lin, Y.H. and Chiu, J.H. (2011) Use of Chinese Medicine by Women with Breast Cancer: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Taiwan. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 19, 137-143.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2011.04.001 [25] Yamaguchi, N., Ueyama, T., Amat, N., Yimit, D., Hoxur, P., Sakamoto, D., Katoh, Y., Watanabe, I. and Su, S.Y. (2015) Bi-Directional Regulation by Chinese Herbal Formulae to Host and Parasite for Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Humans and Rodents. Open Journal of Immunology, 5, 18-32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oji.2015.51003 [26] Jyumonji, N. and Fujii, Y. (1993) A New Assay for Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in Vitro Detection FB, The Macrophage Migration by Boyden Chamber. Journal of Kanazawa Medical University, 18, 198-203. [27] Wan, W., Li, A.I., Izumi, H., Kawada, N., Arai, M., Takada, A., Taru, A., Hashimoto, H. and Yamaguchi, N. (2002) Effect of Acupuncture on Leukocyte and Lymphocyte Sub-Population in Human Peripheral Blood Qualitative Discussion. The Journal of Japanese Association of Physical Medicine, Balneology and Climatology, 65, 207-211. [28] Wang, X.X., Katoh, S. and Liu, B.X. (1998) Effect of Physical Exercise on Leukocyte and Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Human Peripheral Blood. Cytometry Research, 8, 53-61. [29] Kitada, Y., Wan, W., Matsui, K., Shimizu, S. and Yamaguchi, N. (2000) Regulation of Peripheral White Blood Cells in Numbers and Functions through Hot-Spring Bathing during a Short Term Studies in Control Experiments. Journal of Japanese Society Balneology Climatology Physiological Medicine, 63, 151-164. [30] Yamaguchi, N., Takahashi, T., Sugita, T., Ichikawa, K., Sakaihara, S., Kanda, T., Arai, M. and Kawakita, K. (2007) Acupuncture Regulates Leukocyte Subpopulations in Human Peripheral Blood. eCAM, 4, 447-453. [31] Yamaguchi, N., Shimizu, S. and Izumi, H. (2004) Hydrotherapy Can Modulate Peripheral Leukocytes: An Approach to Alternative Medicine, Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Biomedicine. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 239-251. [32] Murayama, T., Yamaguchi, N., Matsuno, H. and Eizuru, Y. (2004) In Vitro Anti-Cytomegalovirus Activity of Kampo (Japanese Herbal) Medicine. eCAM, 1, 285-289. [33] Abe, S., Yamaguchi, N., Tansho, S. and Yamaguchi, H. (2005) Preventive Effects of Juzen-Taiho-to on Infectious Disease. Juzen-Taiho-to (Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang) Scientific Evaluation and Clinical Applications: Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times, Edited by Haruki Yamada, Ikuo Saiki. [34] Yamaguchi, N., Ueyama, T., Amat, N., Yimit, D., Hoxur, P., Sakamoto, D., Katoh, Y., Watanabe, I. and Su, S.-Y. (2015) Bi-Directional Regulation by Chinese Herbal Formulae to Host and Parasite for Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Humans and Rodents. Open Journal of Immunology, 4, 18-32. [35] Yamaguchi, N., Araai, M. and Murayama, T. (2015) Aspect of QOL Assessment and Proposed New Scale for Evaluation. Open Journal of Immunology, 4. (In Press)