Implementation of Dynamic Line Rating in a Sub-Transmission System for Wind Power Integration
Affiliation(s)
School of Electrical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Fortum Distribution AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
School of Electrical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Fortum Distribution AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
ABSTRACT
Based on conventional static line rating method, the actual current carrying capability of overhead conductors cannot be judged. Due to continuous increment in electricity demand and the difficulties associated with new line constructions, the overhead lines are therefore required to be rated based on a method that should establish their real-time capability in terms of electricity transmission. The method used to determine the real-time ampacity of overhead conductors not only can enhance their transmission capacity but can also help in allowing excessive renewable generation in the electricity network. In this research work, the issues related to analyzing an impact of wind power on periodical loading of overhead line as well as finding its static and dynamic ampacities with line current are investigated in detail. Moreover, the investigation related to finding a suitable location for the construction of a 60 MW wind farm is taken on board. Thereafter, the wind park is integrated with a regional grid, owned by Fortum Distribution AB. In addition to that, the electricity generated from the wind park is also calculated in this project. Later on, the work is devoted to finding the static and dynamic line ratings for “VL3” overhead conductor by using IEEE-738-2006 standard. Furthermore, the project also deals with finding the line current and making its comparison with maximum capacity of overhead conductor (VL3) for loading it in such a way that no any violation of safe ground clearance requirements is observed at all. Besides, the line current, knowing the conductor temperature when it transmits the required electricity in the presence of wind power generation is also an important factor to be taken into consideration. Therefore, based on real-time ambient conditions with actual line loading and with the help of IEEE-738-2006 standard, the conductor temperature is also calculated in this project. At the end, an economic analysis is performed to evaluate the financial advantages related to applying the dynamic line ratings approach in place of traditional static line ratings technique across an overhead conductor (VL3) and to know how much beneficial it is to temporarily postpone the rebuilding and/or construction of a new transmission line. Furthermore, an economic analysis related to wind power system is taken into consideration as well to get familiar with the costs related to building and connecting a 60 MW wind farm with the regional grid.
Based on conventional static line rating method, the actual current carrying capability of overhead conductors cannot be judged. Due to continuous increment in electricity demand and the difficulties associated with new line constructions, the overhead lines are therefore required to be rated based on a method that should establish their real-time capability in terms of electricity transmission. The method used to determine the real-time ampacity of overhead conductors not only can enhance their transmission capacity but can also help in allowing excessive renewable generation in the electricity network. In this research work, the issues related to analyzing an impact of wind power on periodical loading of overhead line as well as finding its static and dynamic ampacities with line current are investigated in detail. Moreover, the investigation related to finding a suitable location for the construction of a 60 MW wind farm is taken on board. Thereafter, the wind park is integrated with a regional grid, owned by Fortum Distribution AB. In addition to that, the electricity generated from the wind park is also calculated in this project. Later on, the work is devoted to finding the static and dynamic line ratings for “VL3” overhead conductor by using IEEE-738-2006 standard. Furthermore, the project also deals with finding the line current and making its comparison with maximum capacity of overhead conductor (VL3) for loading it in such a way that no any violation of safe ground clearance requirements is observed at all. Besides, the line current, knowing the conductor temperature when it transmits the required electricity in the presence of wind power generation is also an important factor to be taken into consideration. Therefore, based on real-time ambient conditions with actual line loading and with the help of IEEE-738-2006 standard, the conductor temperature is also calculated in this project. At the end, an economic analysis is performed to evaluate the financial advantages related to applying the dynamic line ratings approach in place of traditional static line ratings technique across an overhead conductor (VL3) and to know how much beneficial it is to temporarily postpone the rebuilding and/or construction of a new transmission line. Furthermore, an economic analysis related to wind power system is taken into consideration as well to get familiar with the costs related to building and connecting a 60 MW wind farm with the regional grid.
KEYWORDS
Overhead Conductor, Static and Dynamic Ampacities, Real-Time Weather Conditions, Static and Dynamic Line Rating Techniques, Wind Power Integration, Regional Grid, Line Current. Conductor Temperature, Wind Power Economics, Dynamic Line Rating Economics
Overhead Conductor, Static and Dynamic Ampacities, Real-Time Weather Conditions, Static and Dynamic Line Rating Techniques, Wind Power Integration, Regional Grid, Line Current. Conductor Temperature, Wind Power Economics, Dynamic Line Rating Economics
Cite this paper
Talpur, S. , Wallnerstrom, C. , Hilber, P. and Flood, C. (2015) Implementation of Dynamic Line Rating in a Sub-Transmission System for Wind Power Integration. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 6, 233-249. doi: 10.4236/sgre.2015.68020.
Talpur, S. , Wallnerstrom, C. , Hilber, P. and Flood, C. (2015) Implementation of Dynamic Line Rating in a Sub-Transmission System for Wind Power Integration. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 6, 233-249. doi: 10.4236/sgre.2015.68020.
References
[1] Ipakchi, A. and Albuyeh, F. (2009) Grid of the Future. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 7, 52-62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2008.931384 [2] Lopes, J.A., Hatziargyriou, N., Mutale, J. et al. (2007) Integrating Distributed Generation into Electric Power Systems: A Review of Drivers, Challenges and Opportunities. Electric Power Systems Research, 77, 1189-1203.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2006.08.016 [3] Wallnerström, C.J. (2011) On Incentives affecting Risk and Asset Management of Power Distribution. PhD Thesis, KTH, Stockholm. [4] Shaker, H., Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M. and Aminifar, F. (2012) Fuzzy Dynamic Thermal Rating of Transmission Lines. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 27, 1885-1892. [5] Simms, M. and Meegahapola, L. (2013) Comparative Analysis of Dynamic Line Rating Models and Feasibility to Minimise Energy Losses in Wind Rich Power Networks. Energy Conversion and Management, 75, 11-20.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.06.003 [6] Michiorri, A., Currie, R. and Taylor, P. (2011) Dynamic Line Ratings Deployment on the Orkney Smart Grid. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Frankfurt, 6-9 June 2011. [7] Wallnerström, C.J., Huang, Y. and Söder, L. (2014) Impact from Dynamic Line Rating on Wind Power Integration. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6, 343-350. [8] Wallnerström, C.J., Hilber, P., Söderström, P., Saers, R. and Hansson, O. (2014) Potential of Dynamic Rating in Sweden. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS), Durham, 7-10 July 2014, 1-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmaps.2014.6960605 [9] Holbert, K.E. and Heydt, G.T. (2001) Prospects for Dynamic Transmission Circuit Ratings. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Sydney, 6-9 May 2001, 205-208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2001.921283 [10] Douglass, D.A. (1988) Weather-Dependent versus Static Thermal Line Ratings (Power Overhead Lines). IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 3, 742-753. [11] Sandy, K.A. (2010) Dynamic Line Ratings for Optimal and Reliable Power Flow, Enhanced Power Flow for the Smart Grid. Proceedings of the FERC Technical Conference, Washington DC, 24 June 2010. [12] Kim, S.D. and Morcos, M.M. (2013) An Application of Dynamic Thermal Line Rating Control System to Up-Rate the Ampacity of Overhead Transmission Lines. IEEE Transactions on power delivery, 28, 1231-1232. [13] Merrell, J., Mike P.D. and Jared R.J. (2008) Dynamic Line Ratings for the Cowlitz-LaGrande Transmission Lines. Washington State University, Washington DC. [14] IEEE (1993) IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature of Bare Overhead Conductors. IEEE, New York, c1-59. [15] Talpur, S. (2013) Dynamic Line Rating Implementation as an Approach to Handle Wind Power Integration: A Feasibility Analysis in a Sub-Transmission System Owned by Fortum Distribution AB. [16] SMH (2012) Swedish Metrological and Hydrological Institute.
http://www.smhi.se [17] Blaabjerg, F., et al. (2006) Power Electronics in Wind Turbine Systems. The Proceedings of the IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Shanghai, 14-16 August 2006, 1-11. [18] Wizelius, T (2007) Developing Wind Power Projects: Theory and Practice. Routledge, London. [19] Enercon Product Overview. E-101 Wind Turbine.
http://www.enercon.de/p/downloads/ENERCON_PU_en.pdf [20] Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (2006) Feasibility Study for Wind Park Development in Ethiopia and Capacity Building. Mesobo-Harena Wind Park Site. [21] Williams, N. and Jeffrey, S. (2007) NEC Q & A: Questions & Answers on the National Electrical Code. Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington. [22] Kim, D.-M., et al. (2006) Prediction of Dynamic Line Rating Based on Assessment Risk by Time Series Weather Model. Proceedings of the PMAPS 2006 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power System, Stockholm, 11-15 June 2006, 1-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmaps.2006.360329 [23] Georgilakis, P.S (2008) Technical Challenges Associated with the Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12, 852-863.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.10.007 [24] Douglass, D.A., et al. (2000) Dynamic Thermal Ratings Realize Circuit Load Limits. Computer Applications in Power, IEEE, 13, 38-44.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/67.814665 [25] Seppa, T.O. (2007) Reliability and Real Time Transmission Line Ratings. Nexans, Ridgefield. [26] (2013) Nord Pool Spot, Elspot Prices (EUR/MWh).
http://www.nordpoolspot.com/Market-data1/Elspot/Area-Prices/ALL1/Hourly/
[1] Ipakchi, A. and Albuyeh, F. (2009) Grid of the Future. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 7, 52-62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2008.931384 [2] Lopes, J.A., Hatziargyriou, N., Mutale, J. et al. (2007) Integrating Distributed Generation into Electric Power Systems: A Review of Drivers, Challenges and Opportunities. Electric Power Systems Research, 77, 1189-1203.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2006.08.016 [3] Wallnerström, C.J. (2011) On Incentives affecting Risk and Asset Management of Power Distribution. PhD Thesis, KTH, Stockholm. [4] Shaker, H., Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M. and Aminifar, F. (2012) Fuzzy Dynamic Thermal Rating of Transmission Lines. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 27, 1885-1892. [5] Simms, M. and Meegahapola, L. (2013) Comparative Analysis of Dynamic Line Rating Models and Feasibility to Minimise Energy Losses in Wind Rich Power Networks. Energy Conversion and Management, 75, 11-20.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.06.003 [6] Michiorri, A., Currie, R. and Taylor, P. (2011) Dynamic Line Ratings Deployment on the Orkney Smart Grid. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Frankfurt, 6-9 June 2011. [7] Wallnerström, C.J., Huang, Y. and Söder, L. (2014) Impact from Dynamic Line Rating on Wind Power Integration. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6, 343-350. [8] Wallnerström, C.J., Hilber, P., Söderström, P., Saers, R. and Hansson, O. (2014) Potential of Dynamic Rating in Sweden. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS), Durham, 7-10 July 2014, 1-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmaps.2014.6960605 [9] Holbert, K.E. and Heydt, G.T. (2001) Prospects for Dynamic Transmission Circuit Ratings. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Sydney, 6-9 May 2001, 205-208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2001.921283 [10] Douglass, D.A. (1988) Weather-Dependent versus Static Thermal Line Ratings (Power Overhead Lines). IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 3, 742-753. [11] Sandy, K.A. (2010) Dynamic Line Ratings for Optimal and Reliable Power Flow, Enhanced Power Flow for the Smart Grid. Proceedings of the FERC Technical Conference, Washington DC, 24 June 2010. [12] Kim, S.D. and Morcos, M.M. (2013) An Application of Dynamic Thermal Line Rating Control System to Up-Rate the Ampacity of Overhead Transmission Lines. IEEE Transactions on power delivery, 28, 1231-1232. [13] Merrell, J., Mike P.D. and Jared R.J. (2008) Dynamic Line Ratings for the Cowlitz-LaGrande Transmission Lines. Washington State University, Washington DC. [14] IEEE (1993) IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature of Bare Overhead Conductors. IEEE, New York, c1-59. [15] Talpur, S. (2013) Dynamic Line Rating Implementation as an Approach to Handle Wind Power Integration: A Feasibility Analysis in a Sub-Transmission System Owned by Fortum Distribution AB. [16] SMH (2012) Swedish Metrological and Hydrological Institute.
http://www.smhi.se [17] Blaabjerg, F., et al. (2006) Power Electronics in Wind Turbine Systems. The Proceedings of the IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Shanghai, 14-16 August 2006, 1-11. [18] Wizelius, T (2007) Developing Wind Power Projects: Theory and Practice. Routledge, London. [19] Enercon Product Overview. E-101 Wind Turbine.
http://www.enercon.de/p/downloads/ENERCON_PU_en.pdf [20] Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (2006) Feasibility Study for Wind Park Development in Ethiopia and Capacity Building. Mesobo-Harena Wind Park Site. [21] Williams, N. and Jeffrey, S. (2007) NEC Q & A: Questions & Answers on the National Electrical Code. Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington. [22] Kim, D.-M., et al. (2006) Prediction of Dynamic Line Rating Based on Assessment Risk by Time Series Weather Model. Proceedings of the PMAPS 2006 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power System, Stockholm, 11-15 June 2006, 1-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmaps.2006.360329 [23] Georgilakis, P.S (2008) Technical Challenges Associated with the Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12, 852-863.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.10.007 [24] Douglass, D.A., et al. (2000) Dynamic Thermal Ratings Realize Circuit Load Limits. Computer Applications in Power, IEEE, 13, 38-44.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/67.814665 [25] Seppa, T.O. (2007) Reliability and Real Time Transmission Line Ratings. Nexans, Ridgefield. [26] (2013) Nord Pool Spot, Elspot Prices (EUR/MWh).
http://www.nordpoolspot.com/Market-data1/Elspot/Area-Prices/ALL1/Hourly/