Pyroclasts of the First Phases of the Explosive-Effusive PCCVC Volcanic Eruption: Physicochemical Analysis
Author(s)
Lia Botto1*,
Vicente Barone1,
María E. Canafoglia1,
Elizabeth Rovere2,
Roberto Violante3,
María J. González1,4,
Delia Gazzoli5,
Isidoro Schalamuk4
Affiliation(s)
1 CEQUINOR (CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina. 2 Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino SEGEMAR, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 3 Servicio de Hidrografía Naval, División Geología y Geofísica Marina, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 4 INREMI (CICPBA-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina. 5 Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy.
1 CEQUINOR (CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina. 2 Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino SEGEMAR, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 3 Servicio de Hidrografía Naval, División Geología y Geofísica Marina, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 4 INREMI (CICPBA-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina. 5 Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy.
ABSTRACT
The morphology, texture, grain size and other physicochemical characteristics of pyroclastic material from the first phases of the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle volcanic complex (PCCVC) eruption, (Southern Andes, Chile), can be associated to the model recently reported for the magma storage and its ascent conditions. The eruption started June 4th 2011, and the studied volcanic material corresponds to that collected in Argentine territory at different distances from the source, between 4 and 12 June 2011. The explosive-effusive volcanic process of the first days occurred with the simultaneous emplacement of lava flows and the venting of pyroclastic material, ejecting two well differentiated types of particles. The more abundant was constituted by rhyolitic and light color pumice fragments, characterized by a typical vesicular texture, easy fragmentation and absence of occluded crystalline phases. Particles found in minor proportion were dark color, different in shape and texture and rich in Fe and Ti. They seemed to be more effective for the interaction with emitted gases in the upper part of the column, for this reason, they appeared partially covered by condensation products. The ascent conditions of the magma affected its rheological behavior through variations in the degassing, viscosity and fragmentation. On the other hand, distance to the source, depositional time, volcanic evolution and environmental conditions are factors that affect the chemical composition of collected ash. So, the SiO2/FeO ratio not only increases with the distance but also with the deposition time and volcanic activity. The work was done with the aid of several techniques such as a laser-sediment analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analysis (bulk and surface), SEM microscopy and Raman “microprobe” spectroscopy. On the other hand, the physicochemical behavior of the pyroclastic material allows us to suggest eventual applications.
The morphology, texture, grain size and other physicochemical characteristics of pyroclastic material from the first phases of the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle volcanic complex (PCCVC) eruption, (Southern Andes, Chile), can be associated to the model recently reported for the magma storage and its ascent conditions. The eruption started June 4th 2011, and the studied volcanic material corresponds to that collected in Argentine territory at different distances from the source, between 4 and 12 June 2011. The explosive-effusive volcanic process of the first days occurred with the simultaneous emplacement of lava flows and the venting of pyroclastic material, ejecting two well differentiated types of particles. The more abundant was constituted by rhyolitic and light color pumice fragments, characterized by a typical vesicular texture, easy fragmentation and absence of occluded crystalline phases. Particles found in minor proportion were dark color, different in shape and texture and rich in Fe and Ti. They seemed to be more effective for the interaction with emitted gases in the upper part of the column, for this reason, they appeared partially covered by condensation products. The ascent conditions of the magma affected its rheological behavior through variations in the degassing, viscosity and fragmentation. On the other hand, distance to the source, depositional time, volcanic evolution and environmental conditions are factors that affect the chemical composition of collected ash. So, the SiO2/FeO ratio not only increases with the distance but also with the deposition time and volcanic activity. The work was done with the aid of several techniques such as a laser-sediment analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analysis (bulk and surface), SEM microscopy and Raman “microprobe” spectroscopy. On the other hand, the physicochemical behavior of the pyroclastic material allows us to suggest eventual applications.
KEYWORDS
Pyroclastic Materials, Chemical Composition, Mineralogy, Sem Microscopy, Raman Spectroscopy
Pyroclastic Materials, Chemical Composition, Mineralogy, Sem Microscopy, Raman Spectroscopy
Cite this paper
Botto, L. , Barone, V. , Canafoglia, M. , Rovere, E. , Violante, R. , González, M. , Gazzoli, D. and Schalamuk, I. (2015) Pyroclasts of the First Phases of the Explosive-Effusive PCCVC Volcanic Eruption: Physicochemical Analysis. Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, 5, 302-315. doi: 10.4236/ampc.2015.58030.
Botto, L. , Barone, V. , Canafoglia, M. , Rovere, E. , Violante, R. , González, M. , Gazzoli, D. and Schalamuk, I. (2015) Pyroclasts of the First Phases of the Explosive-Effusive PCCVC Volcanic Eruption: Physicochemical Analysis. Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, 5, 302-315. doi: 10.4236/ampc.2015.58030.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B26276.1 [2] Violante, R. and Rovere, E. (2005) Los sedimentos de la Plataforma Submarina y su relación con el volcanismo andino neógeno. XVI Congreso Geológico Argentino, La Plata, Septiembre de 2005, 239-246. [3] (2011) SERNAGEOMIN Reportes especiales de actividad volcánica complejo volcánico puyehue-Cordón Caulle.
http://www.sernageomin.cl/volcan.php?iId=38 [4] Raga, G.B., Baumgardner, D., Ulke, A., Torres Brizuela, M. and Kucienska, B. (2013) The Environmental Impact of the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle 2011 Volcanic Eruption on Buenos Aires. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13, 2319-2330.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2319-2013 [5] Schaper K., Thomas, W., Peters, A., Ries, L., Obleitner, F., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Birmili, W., Diemer, J., Fricke, W., Junkermann, W., Pitz, M., Emeis, S., Forkel, R., Suppan, P., Flentje, H., Gilge, S., Wichmann, H., Meinhardt, F., Zimmermann, R., Weinhold, K., Soentgen, J., Munkel, C., Freuer, C. and Cyrys, J. (2011) Influences of the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull Volcanic Plume on Air Quality in the Northern Alpine Region. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 8555-8575.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8555-2011 [6] Grainger, R.G., Peters, D.M., Thomas, G.E., Smith, A., Siddans, R., Carboni, E. and Dudhia, A. (2013) Measuring Volcanic Plume and Ash Properties from Space. Geological Society London Special Publications, 380, 293-320.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP380.7 [7] Mulena, C., Allende, D. and Puliafito, E. (2013) Modelado de la última erupcion volcanica del Complejo Volcánico Puyehue-Cordon Caulle. Pyroclastic Flow Journal of Geology, 3, 14-22. [8] Horwell, C.J. and Baxter, P. (2006) The Respiratory Health Hazards of Volcanic Ash: A Review for Volcanic Risk Mitigation. Bulletin of Volcanology, 69, 1-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-006-0052-y [9] Horwell, C.J., Le Blond, J.S., Michnowicz, S.A.K. and Cressey, G. (2010) Cristobalite in a Rhyolitic Lava Dome: Evolution of Ash Hazard. Bulletin of Volcanology, 72, 249-253.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-009-0327-1 [10] Scasso, R. and Carey, S. (2005) Morphology and Formation of Glassy Volcanic Ash from the August 12-15 1991 Eruption of Hudson Volcano, Chile. Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis, 12, 3-21. [11] Giordano, D., Russell, J.K. and Dingwell, D.B. (2008) Viscosity of Magmatic Liquid: A Model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 271, 123-134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.038 [12] Castro, J., Schipper, C., Mueller, S., Militzer, A., Amigo, A., Silva Parejas, C. and Jacob, D. (2013) Storage and Eruption of Near-Liquidus Rhyolite Magma at Cordón Caulle, Chile. Bulletin of Volcanology, 75, 1-17. [13] Schipper, C.I., Castro, J.M., Tuffen, H., James, M.R. and How, P. (2013) Shallow Vent Architecture during Hybrid Explosive-Effusive Activity at Cordon Caulle (Chile 2011-2012): Evidence from Direct Observations and Pyroclastic Textures. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 262, 25-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.06.005 [14] Bermudez, A. and Delpino, D. (2011) La actividad del complejo volcanic Puyehue-Corcón Caulle y su impacto sobre el territorio de la República Argentina. Segundo Informe. CONICET. (Personal Communication)
http://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_noticias/noticias.php?id_noticia=7295¬a_completa=yes&tipo=6 [15] Tuffen, H., James, M.R., Castro, J.M. and Schipper, C.I. (2013) Exceptional Mobility of on Advancing Rhyolitic Obsidian Flow at Cordón Caulle Volcano in Chile. Nature Communications, 4, 2709.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3709 [16] Rose, W.I. and Durand, A.J. (2009) Fine Ash Content of Explosive Eruptions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 186, 32-39.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.010 [17] Witham, C.S., Openheimer, C. and Horwell, C. (2005) Volcanic Ash Leachates: A Review and Recommendations for Sampling Methods. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 141, 229-326.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.010 [18] Botto, I.L., Canafoglia, M.E., Gazzoli, D. and Gonzalez, M.J. (2013) Spectroscopic and Microscopic Characterization of Volcanic Ash from Puyehue-(Chile) Eruption. Preliminary Approach for the Application in the Arsenic Removal. Journal of Spectroscopy, 2013, Article ID: 254517. [19] Delmelle, P., Gerin, P. and Oskarsson, N. (1980) Surface and Bulk Studies of Leached and Unleached Volcanic Ashes. EOS, Transaction American Geophysical Union, 81, F1311. [20] Delmelle, P., Lambert, M., Dufresne, Y., Gerin, P. and Oskarsson, N. (2007) Gas Aerosol-Ash Interaction in Volcanic Plumes: New Insights from Surface Analysis of Fine Ash Particles. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 259, 159-170.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.052 [21] Gislason, S.R., Hassenkamb, T., Nedelb, S., Bovetb, N., Eiriksdottira, E.S., Alfredssona, H.A., Hemb, C.P. and Baloghb, Z.I. (2011) Characterization of Eyjafjallajokull Volcanic Ash Particles and a Protocol for Rapid Risk Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 7307-7312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015053108 [22] Rose Jr., W.I. (1977) Scavenging of Volcanic Aerosol by Ash: Atmospheric and Volcanologic Implications. Geology, 5, 621-624.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<621:SOVABA>2.0.CO;2 [23] Oscarsson, N. (1980) The Interaction between Volcanic Gases and Tephra: Fluorine Adhering to Tephra of the 1970 Hekla Eruption. Journal of Volcanism and Geothermal Research, 8, 251-266.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(80)90107-9 [24] Ghiorso, M.S. and Evans, B.W. (2008) Thermodynamics of Rhombohedral Oxide Solid Solutions and a Revision of the Fe-Ti Two-Oxide Geothermometer and Oxygen-Barometer. American Journal of Science, 308, 957-1039.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/09.2008.01 [25] Edmonds, M., Brett, A., Herd, R., Humphrey, M. and Woods, A. (2014) Magnetite-Bubble Aggregates at Mixing Interfaces in Andesite Magma Bodies. In: Zellmer, G.F., Edmonds, M. and Straub, S.M., Eds., The Role of Volatiles in the Genesis, Evolution and Eruption of Arc Magmas, Geological Society, London, 410. [26] Haskin, L., Wang, A., Rockow, K., Jolliff, B., Korotev, R. and Viskupic, K. (1997) Raman Spectroscopy for Mineral Identification and Quantification for in Situ Planetary Surface Analysis: A Point Count Method. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 19293-19306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JE01694 [27] Sidorov, T. (2007) Raman Spectra and Molecular Structure of Silicates. Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 52, 1586-1594.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0036023607100191 [28] Das, S. and Hendry, M.J. (2011) Application of Raman Spectroscopy to Identify Iron Minerals Commonly Found in Mine Wastes. Chemical Geology, 290, 101-108.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.09.001 [29] Hanesch, M. (2009) Raman Spectroscopy of Iron Oxides and (Oxy)hydroxides at Low Laser Power and Possible Applications in Environmental Magnetic Studies. Geophysical Journal International, 177, 941-948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04122.x
[1] Singer, B.S., Jicha, B.R., Harper, M.A., Naranjo, J.A., Lara, L.E. and Moreno Roa, H. (2008) Eruptive History, Geochronology and Magmatic Evolution of the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle Volcanic Complex, Chile. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 120, 599-618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B26276.1 [2] Violante, R. and Rovere, E. (2005) Los sedimentos de la Plataforma Submarina y su relación con el volcanismo andino neógeno. XVI Congreso Geológico Argentino, La Plata, Septiembre de 2005, 239-246. [3] (2011) SERNAGEOMIN Reportes especiales de actividad volcánica complejo volcánico puyehue-Cordón Caulle.
http://www.sernageomin.cl/volcan.php?iId=38 [4] Raga, G.B., Baumgardner, D., Ulke, A., Torres Brizuela, M. and Kucienska, B. (2013) The Environmental Impact of the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle 2011 Volcanic Eruption on Buenos Aires. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13, 2319-2330.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2319-2013 [5] Schaper K., Thomas, W., Peters, A., Ries, L., Obleitner, F., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Birmili, W., Diemer, J., Fricke, W., Junkermann, W., Pitz, M., Emeis, S., Forkel, R., Suppan, P., Flentje, H., Gilge, S., Wichmann, H., Meinhardt, F., Zimmermann, R., Weinhold, K., Soentgen, J., Munkel, C., Freuer, C. and Cyrys, J. (2011) Influences of the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull Volcanic Plume on Air Quality in the Northern Alpine Region. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 8555-8575.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8555-2011 [6] Grainger, R.G., Peters, D.M., Thomas, G.E., Smith, A., Siddans, R., Carboni, E. and Dudhia, A. (2013) Measuring Volcanic Plume and Ash Properties from Space. Geological Society London Special Publications, 380, 293-320.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP380.7 [7] Mulena, C., Allende, D. and Puliafito, E. (2013) Modelado de la última erupcion volcanica del Complejo Volcánico Puyehue-Cordon Caulle. Pyroclastic Flow Journal of Geology, 3, 14-22. [8] Horwell, C.J. and Baxter, P. (2006) The Respiratory Health Hazards of Volcanic Ash: A Review for Volcanic Risk Mitigation. Bulletin of Volcanology, 69, 1-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-006-0052-y [9] Horwell, C.J., Le Blond, J.S., Michnowicz, S.A.K. and Cressey, G. (2010) Cristobalite in a Rhyolitic Lava Dome: Evolution of Ash Hazard. Bulletin of Volcanology, 72, 249-253.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-009-0327-1 [10] Scasso, R. and Carey, S. (2005) Morphology and Formation of Glassy Volcanic Ash from the August 12-15 1991 Eruption of Hudson Volcano, Chile. Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis, 12, 3-21. [11] Giordano, D., Russell, J.K. and Dingwell, D.B. (2008) Viscosity of Magmatic Liquid: A Model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 271, 123-134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.038 [12] Castro, J., Schipper, C., Mueller, S., Militzer, A., Amigo, A., Silva Parejas, C. and Jacob, D. (2013) Storage and Eruption of Near-Liquidus Rhyolite Magma at Cordón Caulle, Chile. Bulletin of Volcanology, 75, 1-17. [13] Schipper, C.I., Castro, J.M., Tuffen, H., James, M.R. and How, P. (2013) Shallow Vent Architecture during Hybrid Explosive-Effusive Activity at Cordon Caulle (Chile 2011-2012): Evidence from Direct Observations and Pyroclastic Textures. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 262, 25-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.06.005 [14] Bermudez, A. and Delpino, D. (2011) La actividad del complejo volcanic Puyehue-Corcón Caulle y su impacto sobre el territorio de la República Argentina. Segundo Informe. CONICET. (Personal Communication)
http://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_noticias/noticias.php?id_noticia=7295¬a_completa=yes&tipo=6 [15] Tuffen, H., James, M.R., Castro, J.M. and Schipper, C.I. (2013) Exceptional Mobility of on Advancing Rhyolitic Obsidian Flow at Cordón Caulle Volcano in Chile. Nature Communications, 4, 2709.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3709 [16] Rose, W.I. and Durand, A.J. (2009) Fine Ash Content of Explosive Eruptions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 186, 32-39.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.010 [17] Witham, C.S., Openheimer, C. and Horwell, C. (2005) Volcanic Ash Leachates: A Review and Recommendations for Sampling Methods. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 141, 229-326.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.010 [18] Botto, I.L., Canafoglia, M.E., Gazzoli, D. and Gonzalez, M.J. (2013) Spectroscopic and Microscopic Characterization of Volcanic Ash from Puyehue-(Chile) Eruption. Preliminary Approach for the Application in the Arsenic Removal. Journal of Spectroscopy, 2013, Article ID: 254517. [19] Delmelle, P., Gerin, P. and Oskarsson, N. (1980) Surface and Bulk Studies of Leached and Unleached Volcanic Ashes. EOS, Transaction American Geophysical Union, 81, F1311. [20] Delmelle, P., Lambert, M., Dufresne, Y., Gerin, P. and Oskarsson, N. (2007) Gas Aerosol-Ash Interaction in Volcanic Plumes: New Insights from Surface Analysis of Fine Ash Particles. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 259, 159-170.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.052 [21] Gislason, S.R., Hassenkamb, T., Nedelb, S., Bovetb, N., Eiriksdottira, E.S., Alfredssona, H.A., Hemb, C.P. and Baloghb, Z.I. (2011) Characterization of Eyjafjallajokull Volcanic Ash Particles and a Protocol for Rapid Risk Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 7307-7312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015053108 [22] Rose Jr., W.I. (1977) Scavenging of Volcanic Aerosol by Ash: Atmospheric and Volcanologic Implications. Geology, 5, 621-624.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<621:SOVABA>2.0.CO;2 [23] Oscarsson, N. (1980) The Interaction between Volcanic Gases and Tephra: Fluorine Adhering to Tephra of the 1970 Hekla Eruption. Journal of Volcanism and Geothermal Research, 8, 251-266.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(80)90107-9 [24] Ghiorso, M.S. and Evans, B.W. (2008) Thermodynamics of Rhombohedral Oxide Solid Solutions and a Revision of the Fe-Ti Two-Oxide Geothermometer and Oxygen-Barometer. American Journal of Science, 308, 957-1039.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/09.2008.01 [25] Edmonds, M., Brett, A., Herd, R., Humphrey, M. and Woods, A. (2014) Magnetite-Bubble Aggregates at Mixing Interfaces in Andesite Magma Bodies. In: Zellmer, G.F., Edmonds, M. and Straub, S.M., Eds., The Role of Volatiles in the Genesis, Evolution and Eruption of Arc Magmas, Geological Society, London, 410. [26] Haskin, L., Wang, A., Rockow, K., Jolliff, B., Korotev, R. and Viskupic, K. (1997) Raman Spectroscopy for Mineral Identification and Quantification for in Situ Planetary Surface Analysis: A Point Count Method. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 19293-19306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JE01694 [27] Sidorov, T. (2007) Raman Spectra and Molecular Structure of Silicates. Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 52, 1586-1594.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0036023607100191 [28] Das, S. and Hendry, M.J. (2011) Application of Raman Spectroscopy to Identify Iron Minerals Commonly Found in Mine Wastes. Chemical Geology, 290, 101-108.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.09.001 [29] Hanesch, M. (2009) Raman Spectroscopy of Iron Oxides and (Oxy)hydroxides at Low Laser Power and Possible Applications in Environmental Magnetic Studies. Geophysical Journal International, 177, 941-948.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04122.x