Adapting to the Physical Changes of Aging with COPD
Affiliation(s)
1 Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 2 G. F. MacDonald Centre for Lung Health, Covenant Health, Edmonton, Canada. 3 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
1 Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 2 G. F. MacDonald Centre for Lung Health, Covenant Health, Edmonton, Canada. 3 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
ABSTRACT
The prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is growing, and people are living with this disease well into older age. Little is known about how people with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease adapt to aging, particularly the physical changes of aging. According to the Identity Process Theory, people are inclined to attribute age-related changes in physical functioning to a transitory state of health, but not their physical health or appearance. Attributing one’s physical functioning to aging itself makes people believe that they are physically “old” and enhances negative affect. We tested the Identity Process Theory using secondary physical functioning and physical health data collected from 87 pulmonary rehabilitation program participants with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (age range = 47 - 82 years of age). Transient health states were participants’ 6-Minute Walk Distance and perceived breathlessness during a time-limited exercise test using the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale. Participants’ age-related changes in physical functioning were attributed to walk distances and their physical health to the physical changes of aging (X2 = 18.55, df = 10, p = 0.05; GFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.10). These attribution patterns were replicated in the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion model (X2 = 13.34, df = 10, p = 0.21; GFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.06). The attributing of age-related changes in physical functioning to either transient health state circumvented their propensity for negative affect. Our findings are discussed in relation to maintaining physical functioning and general physical health promotion among Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program participants with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
The prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is growing, and people are living with this disease well into older age. Little is known about how people with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease adapt to aging, particularly the physical changes of aging. According to the Identity Process Theory, people are inclined to attribute age-related changes in physical functioning to a transitory state of health, but not their physical health or appearance. Attributing one’s physical functioning to aging itself makes people believe that they are physically “old” and enhances negative affect. We tested the Identity Process Theory using secondary physical functioning and physical health data collected from 87 pulmonary rehabilitation program participants with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (age range = 47 - 82 years of age). Transient health states were participants’ 6-Minute Walk Distance and perceived breathlessness during a time-limited exercise test using the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale. Participants’ age-related changes in physical functioning were attributed to walk distances and their physical health to the physical changes of aging (X2 = 18.55, df = 10, p = 0.05; GFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.10). These attribution patterns were replicated in the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion model (X2 = 13.34, df = 10, p = 0.21; GFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.06). The attributing of age-related changes in physical functioning to either transient health state circumvented their propensity for negative affect. Our findings are discussed in relation to maintaining physical functioning and general physical health promotion among Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program participants with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Cite this paper
Low, G. , Wilson, D. , Stickland, M. , Ross, C. and Wong, E. (2015) Adapting to the Physical Changes of Aging with COPD. Advances in Aging Research, 4, 120-132. doi: 10.4236/aar.2015.44014.
Low, G. , Wilson, D. , Stickland, M. , Ross, C. and Wong, E. (2015) Adapting to the Physical Changes of Aging with COPD. Advances in Aging Research, 4, 120-132. doi: 10.4236/aar.2015.44014.
References
[1] Brandt, C. (2013) Study of Older Adults’ Use of Self-Regulation for COPD Self-Management Informs an Evidence-Based Patient Teaching Plan. Rehabilitation Nursing, 38, 11-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rnj.56 [2] Stridsman, C., Lindenberg, A. and Skar, L. (2013) Fatigue in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Qualitative Study of People’s Experiences. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 28, 130-138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/scs.12033 [3] Chen, Y., Stewart, P., Dales, R., Johansen, H., Bryan, S. and Taylor, G. (2005) Changing Age-Patterns of Hospitalization Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Men and Women in Canada. Age and Ageing, 34, 373-377.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afi092 [4] O’Donnell, D.E., Hernandez, P., Kaplan, A., Aaron, S., Bourbeau, J., Marciniuk, D., et al. (2008) Canadian Thoracic Society Recommendations for Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease—2008 Update—Highlights for Primary Care. Canadian Respiratory Journal, 15, 1A-8A.
http://www.respiratoryguidelines.ca/COPD-2008-update [5] Whitbourne, S.K., Sneed, J.R. and Skultety, K.M. (2002) Identity Processes in Adulthood: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges. Identity: An international Journal of Theory and Research, 2, 29-45.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XID0201_03 [6] Whitbourne, S.K. and Collins, K.J. (1998) Identity Processes and Perceptions of Physical Functioning in Adults: Theoretical and Clinical Implications. Psychotherapy, 35, 519-530.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0087666 [7] Low, G., Ross, C., Stickland, M., Wilson, D. and Wong, E. (2013) Perspectives of Aging among Persons Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 35, 884-904.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945913478844 [8] Ek, K. and Ternestedt, B.M. (2008) Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at End of Life: A Phenomenological Study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62, 470-478.
http://dx.doi.org/10.111/j.1365-2648.2008.04611.x [9] Kanervisto, M., Kaistila, T. and Paavilainen, E. (2007) Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Family’s Everyday Life in Finland: Perceptions of People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and their Spouses. Nursing and Health Sciences, 9, 40-47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2007.00303.x [10] Fraser, D.D., Kee, C.C. and Minick, P. (2006) Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Insider’s Perspectives. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55, 550-558.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03946.x [11] Gullick, J. and Stainton, C. (2008) Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Developing Conscious Body Management in a Shrinking Life-World. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 6, 605-614.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04823.x [12] Wilson, D., Ross, C., Goodridge, D., Davis, P., Landreville, A. and Roebuck, D. (2009) The Care Needs of Community-Dwelling Seniors Suffering from Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Canadian Journal on Aging, 27, 347-357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cja.27.4.347 [13] Chen, K.H., Chen, M.L., Lee, S., Cho, H.Y. and Weng, L.C. (2008) Self-Management Behaviors for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 64, 595-604.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2002.04821.x [14] Cicutto, L.C., Brooks, D. and Henderson, K. (2004) Self-Care Issues from the Perspectives of Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Patient Education and Counseling, 55, 168-176.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016.j.pec.2003.08.012 [15] de Sousa Pinto, J.M., de Sousa Vieiera, L.J.E. and Nations, M.K. (2008) Breath of Life: Experience with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Urban Poverty in Fortaleza Ceara, Brazil. Journal of Public Health, 24, 2809-2818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2008001200009 [16] Harris, D., Hayter, M. and Allender, S. (2008) Improving the Uptake of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with COPD: Qualitative Study of Experiences and Attitudes. British Journal of General Practice, 58, 703-710.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp08X342363 [17] Seamark, D.A., Blake, S.D., Seamark, C.J. and Halpin, D.M.G. (2004) Living with Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Perceptions of Patients and their Carers—An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Palliative Medicine, 18, 619-625.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0269216304pm928oa [18] Barnett, M. (2005) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Phenomenological Study of Patients’ Experiences. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14, 805-812.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01125.x [19] Elofsson, L.C. and Ohlen, J. (2004) Meanings of Being Old and Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Palliative Medicine, 18, 611-618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0269216304pm922oa [20] Walker, C.A. (2002) Transformative Aging: How Mature Adults Respond to Growing Older. The Journal of Theory Construction & Testing, 6, 109-116. [21] Freund, A.M. and Smith, J. (1999) Content and Function of the Self-Definition of Old and Very Old Age. Journals of Gerontology, Series B Psychological Sciences, 54B, 55-67.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/54B.1.P55
http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/54B/1/P55.full.pdf [22] Smith, J. and Freund, A.M. (2002) The Dynamics of Possible Selves in Old Age. Journals of Gerontology, Series B Psychological Sciences, 57B, 492-500.
http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/57B/6/P492.full.pdf [23] Timmer, E., Steverink, N. and Dittmann-Kohli, F. (2002) Cognitive Representations of Future Gains, Maintenance, and Losses in the Second Half of Life. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 55, 321-339.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009141500205500401 [24] Wurm, S., Tomasik, M.J. and Tesch-Romer, C. (2008) Serious Health Events and Their Impact on Changes in Subjective Health and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Age and a Positive View on Ageing. European Journal on Ageing, 5, 117-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10433-008-0077-5 [25] Andersson, M., Hallberg, I.R. and Edberg, A.K. (2008) Old People Receiving Municipal Care, Their Experiences of What Constitutes a Good Life in the Last Phase of Life: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 818-828.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnursstu.2007.04.003 [26] Simpson, E. and Jones, M. (2013) An Exploration of Self-Efficacy and Self-Management in COPD Patients. British Journal of Nursing, 22, 1105-1109.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2013.22.19.1105 [27] von Leupoldt, A., Fritzsche, A., Trueba, A.F., Meuret, A. and Ritz, T. (2012) Behavioral Medicine Approaches in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44, 52-65.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9348-7 [28] O’Neill, E.S. (2002) Illness Representations and Coping of Women with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Heart & Lung, 31, 295-302.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mhl.2002.123712 [29] Levy, B.R. and Meyers, L.M. (2005). Relationship between Respiratory Mortality and Self-Perceptions of Aging. Psychology and Health, 20, 535-564.
http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/14768320500066381 [30] Ito, K. and Barnes, P.J. (2009) COPD as a Disease of Accelerated Lung Aging. Chest, 135, 173-180.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-1419 [31] MacNee, W. (2009) Accelerated Lung Aging: A Novel Pathogenic Mechanism of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Biochemical Society Transactions, 37, 819-823.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST0370819 [32] Papaioannou, A.I., Rossios, C., Kostikas, K. and Ito, K. (2013) Can We Delay the Accelerated Lung Aging in COPD? Anti-Aging Molecules and Interventions. Current Drug Targets, 14, 149-157.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450111314020003 [33] Sneed, J.R. and Whitbourne, S.K. (2005) Models of the Aging Self. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 375-388.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00411.x [34] Sneed, J.R. and Whitbourne, S.K. (2003) Identity Processing and Self-Consciousness in Middle and Older Adulthood. Journals of Gerontology, Series B Psychological Sciences, 58B, 313-319.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.6.P313 [35] Barniuk, A. and Sheffield, D. (2011) The Efficacy of Psychologically Based Interventions to Improve Anxiety, Depression and Quality of Life in COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Patient Education and Counselling, 83, 29-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.04.010 [36] Fritzsche, A., Clamor, A. and von Leupoldt, A. (2011) Effects of Medical and Psychological Treatment of Depression in Patients with COPD—A Review. Respiratory Medicine, 105, 1422-1433.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2011.05.014 [37] Zhang, M.W.B., Ho, R.C.M., Chung, M.W.L., Fu, E. and Mak, A. (2011) Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33, 217-233.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.03.009 [38] Ware, J. and Kozinski, M. (2007) SF-36® Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales: A Manual for User’s of Version 1. 2nd Edition, Quality Metric Incorporated, Lincoln. [39] American Thoracic Society (2002) ATS Statement: Guidelines for the Six-Minute Walk Test. American Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 166, 111-117.
https://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/pfet/sixminute.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102 [40] Borg, G.A.V. (1982) Psychophysical Bases of Perceived Exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14, 377-381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012 [41] Borg, G.A.V., Hassmen, P. and Lagerstrom, M. (1987) Perceived Exertion Related to Heart Rate and Blood Lactate during Arm and Leg Exercises. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 65, 679-685.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424810 [42] Moorer, P., Surrmeijer, P.B.M., Foets, M. and Molenaar, I.W. (2001) Psychometric Properties of the RAND-36 among Three Chronic Diseases (Multiple Sclerosis, Rheumatic Diseases and COPD) in the Netherlands. Quality of Life Research, 10, 637-645.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013131617125 [43] Laidlaw, K., Power, M.J. and Schmidt, S. (2007) The Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ): Development and Psychometric Properties. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 367-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1683 [44] Kalfoss, M., Low, G. and Molzahn, A.E. (2010) Reliability and Validity of the Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire for Canadian and Norwegian Older Adults. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 24, 75-85.
http://dx.dio.org/10.111/j.1471-6712.2010.00786.x [45] Bryant, C., Bei, B., Gilson, K., Komiti, A., Jackson, H. and Judd, F. (2012) The Relationship between Attitudes to Aging and Physical and Mental Health in Older Adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 24, 1674-1683.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000774 [46] Lucas-Carrasco, M., Laidlaw, K., Gonez-Benito, J. and Power, M.J. (2013) The Suitability of the Attitudes Ageing (AAQ) for Spanish Older Adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 25, 490-499.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212001809 [47] Hill, K., Wickerson, L.M., Woon, L.J., Abady, A.H., Overend, T.J., Goldstein, R.S., et al. (2011) The 6-Minute Walk Test: Responses in Healthy Canadians Age 45-85 Years. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 36, 643-649.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/H11-075 [48] American College of Sports Medicine (2015) Perceived Exertion.
https://www.acsm.org/docs/current-comments/perceivedexertion.pdf [49] Byrne, B.M. (2010) Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Lawrence-Erlbaum, Mahwah. [50] Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence-Erlbaum, Hillside. [51] Spruit, M.A., Singh, S.J., Garvey, C., ZuWallack, R., Nici, L., Rochester, C., et al. (2013) An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: Key Concepts and Advances in Pulmonary Rehabilitation. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 188, e13-e64.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201309-1634ST [52] Bourbeau, J., Nault, D. and Dang-Tan, T. (2004) Self-Management and Behavior Modification in COPD. Patient Education and Counseling, 52, 271-277.
http://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-3991(03)00102-2 [53] Cramm, J.M. and Nieboer, A.P. (2012) Self-Management Abilities, Physical Health, and Depressive Symptoms among Patients with Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Diabetes. Patient Education and Counseling, 87, 411-415.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2011.12.006 [54] Simpson, A.C. and Rocker, G.M. (2008) Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Advanced Models of Care. Quality Journal of Medicine, 101, 697-704.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcn087 [55] Sarkisian, C.A., Hays, R.D., Berry, S. and Mangione, C.M. (2002) Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA-38) Survey. Gerontologist, 42, 534-542.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.4.534 [56] Kline-Leidy, N. (2007) Subjective Measurement of Activity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 4, 243-249.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15412550701480414 [57] Miravitlles, M., Anzueto, A., Legnani, D., Forstmeier, L. and Fargel, M. (2007) Patient’s Perspectives of Exacerbations of COPD—The PERCEIVE Study. Respiratory Medicine, 101, 453-460. [58] Wilson, D., Ross, C., Goodridge, D., Davis, P., Landreville, A. and Roebuck, D. (2009) The Care Needs of Community-Dwelling Seniors Suffering from Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Canadian Journal on Aging, 27, 347-357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cja.27.4.347 [59] Williams, V., Bruton, A., Ellis-Hall, C. and McPherson, K. (2007) What Really Matters to Patients Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? An Exploratory Study. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 4, 77-85.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972307078482 [60] Hogg, L., Grant, A., Garrod, R. and Fiddler, H. (2012) People with COPD Perceive Ongoing, Structured, and Socially Supportive Exercise Opportunities to be Important for Maintaining an Active Lifestyle Following Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Physiotherapy, 58, 189-195.
http://dx.doi.org/10.106/S1836-9553(12)70110-8 [61] Coventry, P.A., Bower, P., Keyworth, C., Kenning, C., Knopp, J., Garrett, C., et al. (2013) The Effect of Complex Interventions on Depression and Anxiety in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8, 1-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060532 [62] Panagioti, M., Scott, C., Blakemore, A. and Coventry, P.A. (2014) Overview of the Prevalence, Impact, and Management of Depression and Anxiety in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. International Journal of COPD, 9, 1289- 1306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/COPD. S72073 [63] Egan, C., Deering, B.M., Blake, C., Fullen, M.B.M., McCormack, N.M., Spruit, M.A., et al. (2012) Short Term and Long Term Effects of Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Physical Activity in COPD. Respiratory Medicine, 106, 1671-1679.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2012.08.016 [64] Beauchamp, M.K., Janaudis-Ferreira, T., Goldstein, R. and Brooks, D. (2011) Optimal Duration of Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease—A Systematic Review. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 8, 129-140.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972311404256 [65] Cruz, J., Brooks, D. and Marques, A. (2014) Impact of Feedback on Physical Activity Levels of Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease during Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A Feasibility Study. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 11, 191-198.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972314552280 [66] Goldstein, R.S., Hill, K., Brooks, D. and Dolmage, T.E. (2012) Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A Review of the Recent Literature. Chest, 142, 738-749.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-0188 [67] Wilson, A.M., Browne, P., Olive, S., Clark, A., Galey, P., Dix, E., et al. (2015) The Effects of Maintenance Schedules following Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Control Trial. BMJ Open, 5, e005921.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005921 [68] Meis, J.J.M., Bosma, C.B., Spruit, M.A., Franssen, F.M.E., Janssen, D.J.A., Teixeira, P.J., et al. (2014) A Qualitative Assessment of COPD Patients’ Experiences of Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Guidance by Healthcare Professionals. Respiratory Medicine, 108, 500-510.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2013.11.001 [69] Desveaux, L., Rolfe, D., Beauchamp, M., Goldstein, R. and Brooks, D. (2014) Participant Experiences of a Community-Based Maintenance Program Post-Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 11, 23-30.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972313516880 [70] Marquez, A., Jacombe, C., Cruz, J., Gabriel, R., Brooks, D. and Figueiredo, D. (2015) Family-Based Psychosocial Support and Education as Part of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in COPD. Chest, 147, 662-672.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-1488 [71] Caress, A., Luker, K. and Chalmers, K. (2010) Promoting the Health of People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Patients’ and Carers’ Views. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 564-573.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02982.x [72] Dobrowolska, B., Mazurek, H., Slursarska, B., Zarzycka, D., Charzynska, M. and Cuber, T. (2014). Health-Promoting Activities Performed by Nurses for Patients with COPD. Pneumonologiai Alergologia Polska, 82, 125-132.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/PiAP.2014.0018 [73] Spruit, M.A., Pitta, F., Garvey, C., ZuWallack, R.L., Roberst, C.M., Collins, E.G., et al. (2014) Differences in Content and Organizational Aspects of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programmes. European Respiratory Journal, 43, 1326-1337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00145613 [74] Nault, D. and Sedeno, M. (2006) Reference Guide for Patient Education: Educating COPD Patients Using the Self-Management Program “Living Well with COPD”. Montreal Chest Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal.
http://www.livingwellwithcopd.com [75] Singh, S.J., ZuWallack, R.L., Garvey, C. and Spruit, M.A. (2013) Learn From the Past and Create the Future: The 2013 ATS/ERS Statement on Pulmonary Rehabilitation. European Respiratory Journal, 42, 1169-1174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00207912 [76] Habraken, J.M., Pols, J., Bindels, P.J.E. and Willems, D.L. (2008) The Silence of Patients with End-Stage COPD: A Qualitative Study. British Journal of General Practice, 58, 844-849.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp08X376186 [77] Whitbourne, S.K. (1996) The Aging Individual: Physical and Psychological Perspectives. Springer, New York.
[1] Brandt, C. (2013) Study of Older Adults’ Use of Self-Regulation for COPD Self-Management Informs an Evidence-Based Patient Teaching Plan. Rehabilitation Nursing, 38, 11-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rnj.56 [2] Stridsman, C., Lindenberg, A. and Skar, L. (2013) Fatigue in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Qualitative Study of People’s Experiences. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 28, 130-138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/scs.12033 [3] Chen, Y., Stewart, P., Dales, R., Johansen, H., Bryan, S. and Taylor, G. (2005) Changing Age-Patterns of Hospitalization Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Men and Women in Canada. Age and Ageing, 34, 373-377.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afi092 [4] O’Donnell, D.E., Hernandez, P., Kaplan, A., Aaron, S., Bourbeau, J., Marciniuk, D., et al. (2008) Canadian Thoracic Society Recommendations for Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease—2008 Update—Highlights for Primary Care. Canadian Respiratory Journal, 15, 1A-8A.
http://www.respiratoryguidelines.ca/COPD-2008-update [5] Whitbourne, S.K., Sneed, J.R. and Skultety, K.M. (2002) Identity Processes in Adulthood: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges. Identity: An international Journal of Theory and Research, 2, 29-45.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XID0201_03 [6] Whitbourne, S.K. and Collins, K.J. (1998) Identity Processes and Perceptions of Physical Functioning in Adults: Theoretical and Clinical Implications. Psychotherapy, 35, 519-530.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0087666 [7] Low, G., Ross, C., Stickland, M., Wilson, D. and Wong, E. (2013) Perspectives of Aging among Persons Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 35, 884-904.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945913478844 [8] Ek, K. and Ternestedt, B.M. (2008) Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at End of Life: A Phenomenological Study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62, 470-478.
http://dx.doi.org/10.111/j.1365-2648.2008.04611.x [9] Kanervisto, M., Kaistila, T. and Paavilainen, E. (2007) Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Family’s Everyday Life in Finland: Perceptions of People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and their Spouses. Nursing and Health Sciences, 9, 40-47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2007.00303.x [10] Fraser, D.D., Kee, C.C. and Minick, P. (2006) Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Insider’s Perspectives. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55, 550-558.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03946.x [11] Gullick, J. and Stainton, C. (2008) Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Developing Conscious Body Management in a Shrinking Life-World. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 6, 605-614.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04823.x [12] Wilson, D., Ross, C., Goodridge, D., Davis, P., Landreville, A. and Roebuck, D. (2009) The Care Needs of Community-Dwelling Seniors Suffering from Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Canadian Journal on Aging, 27, 347-357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cja.27.4.347 [13] Chen, K.H., Chen, M.L., Lee, S., Cho, H.Y. and Weng, L.C. (2008) Self-Management Behaviors for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 64, 595-604.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2002.04821.x [14] Cicutto, L.C., Brooks, D. and Henderson, K. (2004) Self-Care Issues from the Perspectives of Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Patient Education and Counseling, 55, 168-176.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016.j.pec.2003.08.012 [15] de Sousa Pinto, J.M., de Sousa Vieiera, L.J.E. and Nations, M.K. (2008) Breath of Life: Experience with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Urban Poverty in Fortaleza Ceara, Brazil. Journal of Public Health, 24, 2809-2818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2008001200009 [16] Harris, D., Hayter, M. and Allender, S. (2008) Improving the Uptake of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with COPD: Qualitative Study of Experiences and Attitudes. British Journal of General Practice, 58, 703-710.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp08X342363 [17] Seamark, D.A., Blake, S.D., Seamark, C.J. and Halpin, D.M.G. (2004) Living with Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Perceptions of Patients and their Carers—An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Palliative Medicine, 18, 619-625.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0269216304pm928oa [18] Barnett, M. (2005) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Phenomenological Study of Patients’ Experiences. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14, 805-812.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01125.x [19] Elofsson, L.C. and Ohlen, J. (2004) Meanings of Being Old and Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Palliative Medicine, 18, 611-618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0269216304pm922oa [20] Walker, C.A. (2002) Transformative Aging: How Mature Adults Respond to Growing Older. The Journal of Theory Construction & Testing, 6, 109-116. [21] Freund, A.M. and Smith, J. (1999) Content and Function of the Self-Definition of Old and Very Old Age. Journals of Gerontology, Series B Psychological Sciences, 54B, 55-67.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/54B.1.P55
http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/54B/1/P55.full.pdf [22] Smith, J. and Freund, A.M. (2002) The Dynamics of Possible Selves in Old Age. Journals of Gerontology, Series B Psychological Sciences, 57B, 492-500.
http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/57B/6/P492.full.pdf [23] Timmer, E., Steverink, N. and Dittmann-Kohli, F. (2002) Cognitive Representations of Future Gains, Maintenance, and Losses in the Second Half of Life. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 55, 321-339.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009141500205500401 [24] Wurm, S., Tomasik, M.J. and Tesch-Romer, C. (2008) Serious Health Events and Their Impact on Changes in Subjective Health and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Age and a Positive View on Ageing. European Journal on Ageing, 5, 117-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10433-008-0077-5 [25] Andersson, M., Hallberg, I.R. and Edberg, A.K. (2008) Old People Receiving Municipal Care, Their Experiences of What Constitutes a Good Life in the Last Phase of Life: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 818-828.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnursstu.2007.04.003 [26] Simpson, E. and Jones, M. (2013) An Exploration of Self-Efficacy and Self-Management in COPD Patients. British Journal of Nursing, 22, 1105-1109.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2013.22.19.1105 [27] von Leupoldt, A., Fritzsche, A., Trueba, A.F., Meuret, A. and Ritz, T. (2012) Behavioral Medicine Approaches in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44, 52-65.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9348-7 [28] O’Neill, E.S. (2002) Illness Representations and Coping of Women with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Heart & Lung, 31, 295-302.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mhl.2002.123712 [29] Levy, B.R. and Meyers, L.M. (2005). Relationship between Respiratory Mortality and Self-Perceptions of Aging. Psychology and Health, 20, 535-564.
http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/14768320500066381 [30] Ito, K. and Barnes, P.J. (2009) COPD as a Disease of Accelerated Lung Aging. Chest, 135, 173-180.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-1419 [31] MacNee, W. (2009) Accelerated Lung Aging: A Novel Pathogenic Mechanism of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Biochemical Society Transactions, 37, 819-823.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST0370819 [32] Papaioannou, A.I., Rossios, C., Kostikas, K. and Ito, K. (2013) Can We Delay the Accelerated Lung Aging in COPD? Anti-Aging Molecules and Interventions. Current Drug Targets, 14, 149-157.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450111314020003 [33] Sneed, J.R. and Whitbourne, S.K. (2005) Models of the Aging Self. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 375-388.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00411.x [34] Sneed, J.R. and Whitbourne, S.K. (2003) Identity Processing and Self-Consciousness in Middle and Older Adulthood. Journals of Gerontology, Series B Psychological Sciences, 58B, 313-319.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.6.P313 [35] Barniuk, A. and Sheffield, D. (2011) The Efficacy of Psychologically Based Interventions to Improve Anxiety, Depression and Quality of Life in COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Patient Education and Counselling, 83, 29-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.04.010 [36] Fritzsche, A., Clamor, A. and von Leupoldt, A. (2011) Effects of Medical and Psychological Treatment of Depression in Patients with COPD—A Review. Respiratory Medicine, 105, 1422-1433.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2011.05.014 [37] Zhang, M.W.B., Ho, R.C.M., Chung, M.W.L., Fu, E. and Mak, A. (2011) Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33, 217-233.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.03.009 [38] Ware, J. and Kozinski, M. (2007) SF-36® Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales: A Manual for User’s of Version 1. 2nd Edition, Quality Metric Incorporated, Lincoln. [39] American Thoracic Society (2002) ATS Statement: Guidelines for the Six-Minute Walk Test. American Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 166, 111-117.
https://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/pfet/sixminute.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102 [40] Borg, G.A.V. (1982) Psychophysical Bases of Perceived Exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14, 377-381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012 [41] Borg, G.A.V., Hassmen, P. and Lagerstrom, M. (1987) Perceived Exertion Related to Heart Rate and Blood Lactate during Arm and Leg Exercises. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 65, 679-685.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424810 [42] Moorer, P., Surrmeijer, P.B.M., Foets, M. and Molenaar, I.W. (2001) Psychometric Properties of the RAND-36 among Three Chronic Diseases (Multiple Sclerosis, Rheumatic Diseases and COPD) in the Netherlands. Quality of Life Research, 10, 637-645.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013131617125 [43] Laidlaw, K., Power, M.J. and Schmidt, S. (2007) The Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire (AAQ): Development and Psychometric Properties. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 367-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1683 [44] Kalfoss, M., Low, G. and Molzahn, A.E. (2010) Reliability and Validity of the Attitudes to Aging Questionnaire for Canadian and Norwegian Older Adults. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 24, 75-85.
http://dx.dio.org/10.111/j.1471-6712.2010.00786.x [45] Bryant, C., Bei, B., Gilson, K., Komiti, A., Jackson, H. and Judd, F. (2012) The Relationship between Attitudes to Aging and Physical and Mental Health in Older Adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 24, 1674-1683.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000774 [46] Lucas-Carrasco, M., Laidlaw, K., Gonez-Benito, J. and Power, M.J. (2013) The Suitability of the Attitudes Ageing (AAQ) for Spanish Older Adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 25, 490-499.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212001809 [47] Hill, K., Wickerson, L.M., Woon, L.J., Abady, A.H., Overend, T.J., Goldstein, R.S., et al. (2011) The 6-Minute Walk Test: Responses in Healthy Canadians Age 45-85 Years. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 36, 643-649.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/H11-075 [48] American College of Sports Medicine (2015) Perceived Exertion.
https://www.acsm.org/docs/current-comments/perceivedexertion.pdf [49] Byrne, B.M. (2010) Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Lawrence-Erlbaum, Mahwah. [50] Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence-Erlbaum, Hillside. [51] Spruit, M.A., Singh, S.J., Garvey, C., ZuWallack, R., Nici, L., Rochester, C., et al. (2013) An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: Key Concepts and Advances in Pulmonary Rehabilitation. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 188, e13-e64.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201309-1634ST [52] Bourbeau, J., Nault, D. and Dang-Tan, T. (2004) Self-Management and Behavior Modification in COPD. Patient Education and Counseling, 52, 271-277.
http://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-3991(03)00102-2 [53] Cramm, J.M. and Nieboer, A.P. (2012) Self-Management Abilities, Physical Health, and Depressive Symptoms among Patients with Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Diabetes. Patient Education and Counseling, 87, 411-415.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2011.12.006 [54] Simpson, A.C. and Rocker, G.M. (2008) Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Advanced Models of Care. Quality Journal of Medicine, 101, 697-704.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcn087 [55] Sarkisian, C.A., Hays, R.D., Berry, S. and Mangione, C.M. (2002) Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA-38) Survey. Gerontologist, 42, 534-542.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.4.534 [56] Kline-Leidy, N. (2007) Subjective Measurement of Activity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 4, 243-249.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15412550701480414 [57] Miravitlles, M., Anzueto, A., Legnani, D., Forstmeier, L. and Fargel, M. (2007) Patient’s Perspectives of Exacerbations of COPD—The PERCEIVE Study. Respiratory Medicine, 101, 453-460. [58] Wilson, D., Ross, C., Goodridge, D., Davis, P., Landreville, A. and Roebuck, D. (2009) The Care Needs of Community-Dwelling Seniors Suffering from Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Canadian Journal on Aging, 27, 347-357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cja.27.4.347 [59] Williams, V., Bruton, A., Ellis-Hall, C. and McPherson, K. (2007) What Really Matters to Patients Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? An Exploratory Study. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 4, 77-85.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972307078482 [60] Hogg, L., Grant, A., Garrod, R. and Fiddler, H. (2012) People with COPD Perceive Ongoing, Structured, and Socially Supportive Exercise Opportunities to be Important for Maintaining an Active Lifestyle Following Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Physiotherapy, 58, 189-195.
http://dx.doi.org/10.106/S1836-9553(12)70110-8 [61] Coventry, P.A., Bower, P., Keyworth, C., Kenning, C., Knopp, J., Garrett, C., et al. (2013) The Effect of Complex Interventions on Depression and Anxiety in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8, 1-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060532 [62] Panagioti, M., Scott, C., Blakemore, A. and Coventry, P.A. (2014) Overview of the Prevalence, Impact, and Management of Depression and Anxiety in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. International Journal of COPD, 9, 1289- 1306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/COPD. S72073 [63] Egan, C., Deering, B.M., Blake, C., Fullen, M.B.M., McCormack, N.M., Spruit, M.A., et al. (2012) Short Term and Long Term Effects of Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Physical Activity in COPD. Respiratory Medicine, 106, 1671-1679.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2012.08.016 [64] Beauchamp, M.K., Janaudis-Ferreira, T., Goldstein, R. and Brooks, D. (2011) Optimal Duration of Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease—A Systematic Review. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 8, 129-140.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972311404256 [65] Cruz, J., Brooks, D. and Marques, A. (2014) Impact of Feedback on Physical Activity Levels of Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease during Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A Feasibility Study. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 11, 191-198.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972314552280 [66] Goldstein, R.S., Hill, K., Brooks, D. and Dolmage, T.E. (2012) Pulmonary Rehabilitation: A Review of the Recent Literature. Chest, 142, 738-749.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-0188 [67] Wilson, A.M., Browne, P., Olive, S., Clark, A., Galey, P., Dix, E., et al. (2015) The Effects of Maintenance Schedules following Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Control Trial. BMJ Open, 5, e005921.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005921 [68] Meis, J.J.M., Bosma, C.B., Spruit, M.A., Franssen, F.M.E., Janssen, D.J.A., Teixeira, P.J., et al. (2014) A Qualitative Assessment of COPD Patients’ Experiences of Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Guidance by Healthcare Professionals. Respiratory Medicine, 108, 500-510.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2013.11.001 [69] Desveaux, L., Rolfe, D., Beauchamp, M., Goldstein, R. and Brooks, D. (2014) Participant Experiences of a Community-Based Maintenance Program Post-Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 11, 23-30.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972313516880 [70] Marquez, A., Jacombe, C., Cruz, J., Gabriel, R., Brooks, D. and Figueiredo, D. (2015) Family-Based Psychosocial Support and Education as Part of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in COPD. Chest, 147, 662-672.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-1488 [71] Caress, A., Luker, K. and Chalmers, K. (2010) Promoting the Health of People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Patients’ and Carers’ Views. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 564-573.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02982.x [72] Dobrowolska, B., Mazurek, H., Slursarska, B., Zarzycka, D., Charzynska, M. and Cuber, T. (2014). Health-Promoting Activities Performed by Nurses for Patients with COPD. Pneumonologiai Alergologia Polska, 82, 125-132.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/PiAP.2014.0018 [73] Spruit, M.A., Pitta, F., Garvey, C., ZuWallack, R.L., Roberst, C.M., Collins, E.G., et al. (2014) Differences in Content and Organizational Aspects of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programmes. European Respiratory Journal, 43, 1326-1337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00145613 [74] Nault, D. and Sedeno, M. (2006) Reference Guide for Patient Education: Educating COPD Patients Using the Self-Management Program “Living Well with COPD”. Montreal Chest Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal.
http://www.livingwellwithcopd.com [75] Singh, S.J., ZuWallack, R.L., Garvey, C. and Spruit, M.A. (2013) Learn From the Past and Create the Future: The 2013 ATS/ERS Statement on Pulmonary Rehabilitation. European Respiratory Journal, 42, 1169-1174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00207912 [76] Habraken, J.M., Pols, J., Bindels, P.J.E. and Willems, D.L. (2008) The Silence of Patients with End-Stage COPD: A Qualitative Study. British Journal of General Practice, 58, 844-849.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp08X376186 [77] Whitbourne, S.K. (1996) The Aging Individual: Physical and Psychological Perspectives. Springer, New York.