Preparation of Hybrid Materials Containing M(II)Pc (M = Fe, Co, Ni)/Nylon films with Optical and Electrical Properties
Author(s)
María Elena Sánchez Vergara1,
Mariana Huerta-Francos1,
Mariluz Menéndez-Huerta1,
Mercedes Espinosa-Creel1,
Oscar Amelines-Sarria2,
Jaime Santoyo-Salazar3
Affiliation(s)
1 College of Engineering, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan, México. 2 Physics Institute, Department of Condensed Material, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México. 3 Physics Department, Research and Advanced Studies Center of the National Polythechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco, México.
1 College of Engineering, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan, México. 2 Physics Institute, Department of Condensed Material, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México. 3 Physics Department, Research and Advanced Studies Center of the National Polythechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco, México.
ABSTRACT
Hybrid materials consisting of M(II)Pc (M = Fe, Co, Ni) particles dispersed in nylon 11 films have been prepared by using a thermal relaxation technique. The obtained films are characterized by AFM, SEM and TEM, and their structural composition is determined by IR spectroscopy and EDS. The M(II)Pc particles are homogeneously distributed in the nylon 11 matrix after heat treatment. Optical absorption studies of the hybrid films are performed in the 200 - 1150 nm wavelength range. The band-model theory is applied to determine the optical parameters for MPc/nylon 11 hybrid films. The optical band gap of the thin films is determined from the (αhν)1/2 vs. hν plots for indirectly allowing transitions and comparing with the as-deposited M(II)Pc thin films. The values of the optical band gap calculated from the absorption spectra, range between 1.07 and 2.7 eV. The electrical conductivity is measured in order to evaluate the conductivity behavior of these hybrid films.
Hybrid materials consisting of M(II)Pc (M = Fe, Co, Ni) particles dispersed in nylon 11 films have been prepared by using a thermal relaxation technique. The obtained films are characterized by AFM, SEM and TEM, and their structural composition is determined by IR spectroscopy and EDS. The M(II)Pc particles are homogeneously distributed in the nylon 11 matrix after heat treatment. Optical absorption studies of the hybrid films are performed in the 200 - 1150 nm wavelength range. The band-model theory is applied to determine the optical parameters for MPc/nylon 11 hybrid films. The optical band gap of the thin films is determined from the (αhν)1/2 vs. hν plots for indirectly allowing transitions and comparing with the as-deposited M(II)Pc thin films. The values of the optical band gap calculated from the absorption spectra, range between 1.07 and 2.7 eV. The electrical conductivity is measured in order to evaluate the conductivity behavior of these hybrid films.
KEYWORDS
Metallophthalocyanines, Thermal Relaxation, Polymer Film, Optical Band Gap, Electrical Properties
Metallophthalocyanines, Thermal Relaxation, Polymer Film, Optical Band Gap, Electrical Properties
Cite this paper
Vergara, M. , Huerta-Francos, M. , Menéndez-Huerta, M. , Espinosa-Creel, M. , Amelines-Sarria, O. and Santoyo-Salazar, J. (2015) Preparation of Hybrid Materials Containing M(II)Pc (M = Fe, Co, Ni)/Nylon films with Optical and Electrical Properties. Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, 5, 271-280. doi: 10.4236/ampc.2015.57026.
Vergara, M. , Huerta-Francos, M. , Menéndez-Huerta, M. , Espinosa-Creel, M. , Amelines-Sarria, O. and Santoyo-Salazar, J. (2015) Preparation of Hybrid Materials Containing M(II)Pc (M = Fe, Co, Ni)/Nylon films with Optical and Electrical Properties. Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, 5, 271-280. doi: 10.4236/ampc.2015.57026.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0036024411030216 [6] Logothetidis, S. (2008) Flexible Organic Electronic Devices: Materials, Process and Applications. Materials Science and Engineering B, 152, 96-104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2008.06.009 [7] Abdel-Malik, T.G., Abdel-Latif, R.M., El-Samahy, A.E. and Khalil, S.M. (1995) Phthalocyanine and Polystyrene Film Nanocomposites. Thin Solid Films, 256, 139-142.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(94)06319-2 [8] Berhanu, S., Tariq, F., Jones, T. and McComb, D.W. (2010) Three-Dimensionally Interconnected Organic Nanocomposite Thin Films: Implications for Donor-Acceptor Photovoltaic Applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20, 8005-8009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm01030h [9] Seoudi, R., El-Bahy, G.S. and El Sayed, Z.A. (2005) FTIR, TGA and DC Electrical Conductivity Studies of Phthalocyanine and Its Complexes. Journal of Molecular Structure, 753, 119-126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.06.003 [10] Hart, M.M. (2009) Cationic Exchange Reactions Involving Dilithium Phthalocyanine. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Science, Wright State University, Dayton. [11] El-Nahass, M.M., Abd-El-Rahman, K.F., Al-Ghamdi, A.A. and Asiri, A.M. (2004) Optical Properties of Thermally Evaporated Tin-Phthalocyanine Dichloride Thin Films, SnPcCl2. Physica B, 334, 398-406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2003.10.019 [12] Robinet, S., Clarisse, C., Gauneau, M. and Salvi, M. (1989) Spectroscopic and Structural Studies of Scandium Diphthalocyanine Films. Thin Solid Films, 182, 307-317.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(89)90267-8 [13] El-Nahass, M.M., Farag, A.M., Abd-El-Rahman, M.M. and Darwish, A.A.A. (2005) Dispersion Studies and Electronic Transitions in Nickel Phthalocyanine Thin Films. Optics & Laser Technology, 37, 513-523.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2004.08.016 [14] Zhang, Q., Huang, D.Y. and Liu, Y.G. (2003) Preparation of Langmuir-Blodget Films of Phthalocyanines and Investigation by Atomic Force Microscope. Synthetic Metals, 137, 989-990.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(02)01064-0 [15] Laidani, N., Bartali, R., Gottardi, G., Anderle, M. and Cheyssac, P. (2008) Optical Absorption Parameters of Amorphous Carbon Films from Forouhi-Bloomer and Tauc-Lorentz Models: A Comparative Study. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 20, Article ID: 015216.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/20/01/015216 [16] El-Nahass, M.M., Sallam, M.M. and Ali, H.A. (2005) Optical Properties of Thermally Evaporated Metal-Free Phthalocyanine (H2Pc) Thin Films. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 19, 4057-4071.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0217979205032632 [17] El-Nahass, M.M., Abd-El-Rahman, K.F. and Darwish, A.A.A. (2005) Fourier-Transform Infrared and UV-Vis Spectroscopes of Nickel Phthalocyanine Thin Films. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 92, 185-189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.01.008 [18] Rajesh, K.R. and Menon, C.S. (2005) D.C. Electrical and Optical Properties of Vacuum-Deposited Organic Semiconductor FePcCl Thin Films. Canadian Journal of Physics, 83, 1151-1159.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p05-065 [19] Seoudi, R., El-Bahy, G.S. and El-Sayed, Z.A. (2006) Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopic Studies of Phthalocyanine and Its Complexes Thin Films. Optical Materials, 29, 304-312.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2005.10.002 [20] Leontie, L., Roman, M., Brinza, F., Podaru, C. and Rusu, G.I. (2003) Electrical and Optical Properties of Some New Synthesized Ylides in Thin Films. Synthetic Metals, 138, 157-163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(02)01277-8 [21] Rodríguez-Gómez, A., Sánchez-Hernández, C.M., Fleitman-Levin, I., Arenas-Alatorre, J., Alonso-Huitrón, J.C. and Sánchez Vergara, M.E. (2014) Optical Absorption and Visible Photoluminescence from Thin Films of Silicon Phthalocyanine Derivatives. Materials, 7, 6585-6603.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma7096585 [22] O’Leary, S.K. and Lim, P.K. (1997) On Determining the Optical Gap Associated with an Amorphous Semiconductor: A Generalization of the Tauc Model. Solid State Communications, 104, 17-21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-1098(97)00268-8 [23] Mok, T.M. and O’Leary, S.K. (2007) The Dependence of the Tauc and Cody Optical Gaps Associated with Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon on the Film Thickness: αl Experimental Limitations and the Impact of Curvature in the Tauc and Cody Plots. Journal of Applied Physics, 102, Article ID: 113525.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2817822 [24] Adachi, S. (1999) Optical Properties of Crystalline and Amorphous Semiconductors. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5241-3 [25] Kiani, M.S. and Mitchell, G.R. (1992) Structure Property Relationships in Electrically Conducting Copolymers Formed from Pyrrole and N-methyl Pyrrole. Synthetic Metals, 46, 293-306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(92)90355-M [26] Kumnar Mahapatro, A. and Ghosh, S. (2007) Charge Carrier Transport in Metal Phthalocyanine Based Disordered Thin Films. Journal of Applied Physics, 101, Article ID: 034318.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2434946 [27] Lu, X. and Hipps, K.W. (1997) Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Metal Phthalocyanines: d6 and d8 Cases. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 101, 5391-5396.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9707448 [28] Thakur, A., Singh, G., Saini, G.S.S., Goyal, N. and Tripathi, S.K. (2007) Optical Properties of Amorphous Ge20Se80 and Ag6(Ge0.20Se0.80)94 Thin Films. Optical Materials, 30, 565-570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2006.12.013 [29] Metz, J. and Hanack, M. (1983) Synthesis, Characterization, and Conductivity of (μ-Cyano)(phthalocyaninato)co-balt(III). Journal of the American Chemical Society, 105, 828-830.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00342a030
[1] Akamatsu, K., Takei, S., Mizuhata, M., Kajinami, A., Deki, S., Takeoka, S., Fujii, M., Hayasthi, S. and Yamamoto, K. (2000) Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Thin Films Containing Silver and Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles. Thin Solid Films, 359, 55-60.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00684-7 [2] Akamatsu, K. and Deki, S. (1997) Characterization and Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles Dispersed in Nylon 11 Thin Films. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 7, 1773-1777.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a703055j [3] Noguchi, T., Gotoh, K. and Yamaguchi, Y. (1991) Novel Method to Disperse Ultrafine Metal Particles into Polymer. Journal of Material Science Letters, 10, 477-479.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00838357 [4] Nitschke, C., O’Flaherty, S.M., Kroell, M., Strevens, A., Maier, S., Rüther, M.G. and Blau, W.J. (2003) Organic Photonic Materials and Devices. Proceedings of SPIE, 4991, 124-132.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.475443 [5] Lbova, A.K., Vasiliev, M.P. and Gutmann, E.S. (2011) Phthalocyanine and Polystyrene Film Nanocomposites. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 85, 457-461.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0036024411030216 [6] Logothetidis, S. (2008) Flexible Organic Electronic Devices: Materials, Process and Applications. Materials Science and Engineering B, 152, 96-104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2008.06.009 [7] Abdel-Malik, T.G., Abdel-Latif, R.M., El-Samahy, A.E. and Khalil, S.M. (1995) Phthalocyanine and Polystyrene Film Nanocomposites. Thin Solid Films, 256, 139-142.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(94)06319-2 [8] Berhanu, S., Tariq, F., Jones, T. and McComb, D.W. (2010) Three-Dimensionally Interconnected Organic Nanocomposite Thin Films: Implications for Donor-Acceptor Photovoltaic Applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20, 8005-8009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm01030h [9] Seoudi, R., El-Bahy, G.S. and El Sayed, Z.A. (2005) FTIR, TGA and DC Electrical Conductivity Studies of Phthalocyanine and Its Complexes. Journal of Molecular Structure, 753, 119-126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.06.003 [10] Hart, M.M. (2009) Cationic Exchange Reactions Involving Dilithium Phthalocyanine. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Science, Wright State University, Dayton. [11] El-Nahass, M.M., Abd-El-Rahman, K.F., Al-Ghamdi, A.A. and Asiri, A.M. (2004) Optical Properties of Thermally Evaporated Tin-Phthalocyanine Dichloride Thin Films, SnPcCl2. Physica B, 334, 398-406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2003.10.019 [12] Robinet, S., Clarisse, C., Gauneau, M. and Salvi, M. (1989) Spectroscopic and Structural Studies of Scandium Diphthalocyanine Films. Thin Solid Films, 182, 307-317.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(89)90267-8 [13] El-Nahass, M.M., Farag, A.M., Abd-El-Rahman, M.M. and Darwish, A.A.A. (2005) Dispersion Studies and Electronic Transitions in Nickel Phthalocyanine Thin Films. Optics & Laser Technology, 37, 513-523.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2004.08.016 [14] Zhang, Q., Huang, D.Y. and Liu, Y.G. (2003) Preparation of Langmuir-Blodget Films of Phthalocyanines and Investigation by Atomic Force Microscope. Synthetic Metals, 137, 989-990.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(02)01064-0 [15] Laidani, N., Bartali, R., Gottardi, G., Anderle, M. and Cheyssac, P. (2008) Optical Absorption Parameters of Amorphous Carbon Films from Forouhi-Bloomer and Tauc-Lorentz Models: A Comparative Study. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 20, Article ID: 015216.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/20/01/015216 [16] El-Nahass, M.M., Sallam, M.M. and Ali, H.A. (2005) Optical Properties of Thermally Evaporated Metal-Free Phthalocyanine (H2Pc) Thin Films. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 19, 4057-4071.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0217979205032632 [17] El-Nahass, M.M., Abd-El-Rahman, K.F. and Darwish, A.A.A. (2005) Fourier-Transform Infrared and UV-Vis Spectroscopes of Nickel Phthalocyanine Thin Films. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 92, 185-189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.01.008 [18] Rajesh, K.R. and Menon, C.S. (2005) D.C. Electrical and Optical Properties of Vacuum-Deposited Organic Semiconductor FePcCl Thin Films. Canadian Journal of Physics, 83, 1151-1159.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p05-065 [19] Seoudi, R., El-Bahy, G.S. and El-Sayed, Z.A. (2006) Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopic Studies of Phthalocyanine and Its Complexes Thin Films. Optical Materials, 29, 304-312.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2005.10.002 [20] Leontie, L., Roman, M., Brinza, F., Podaru, C. and Rusu, G.I. (2003) Electrical and Optical Properties of Some New Synthesized Ylides in Thin Films. Synthetic Metals, 138, 157-163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(02)01277-8 [21] Rodríguez-Gómez, A., Sánchez-Hernández, C.M., Fleitman-Levin, I., Arenas-Alatorre, J., Alonso-Huitrón, J.C. and Sánchez Vergara, M.E. (2014) Optical Absorption and Visible Photoluminescence from Thin Films of Silicon Phthalocyanine Derivatives. Materials, 7, 6585-6603.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma7096585 [22] O’Leary, S.K. and Lim, P.K. (1997) On Determining the Optical Gap Associated with an Amorphous Semiconductor: A Generalization of the Tauc Model. Solid State Communications, 104, 17-21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-1098(97)00268-8 [23] Mok, T.M. and O’Leary, S.K. (2007) The Dependence of the Tauc and Cody Optical Gaps Associated with Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon on the Film Thickness: αl Experimental Limitations and the Impact of Curvature in the Tauc and Cody Plots. Journal of Applied Physics, 102, Article ID: 113525.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2817822 [24] Adachi, S. (1999) Optical Properties of Crystalline and Amorphous Semiconductors. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5241-3 [25] Kiani, M.S. and Mitchell, G.R. (1992) Structure Property Relationships in Electrically Conducting Copolymers Formed from Pyrrole and N-methyl Pyrrole. Synthetic Metals, 46, 293-306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(92)90355-M [26] Kumnar Mahapatro, A. and Ghosh, S. (2007) Charge Carrier Transport in Metal Phthalocyanine Based Disordered Thin Films. Journal of Applied Physics, 101, Article ID: 034318.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2434946 [27] Lu, X. and Hipps, K.W. (1997) Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Metal Phthalocyanines: d6 and d8 Cases. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 101, 5391-5396.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9707448 [28] Thakur, A., Singh, G., Saini, G.S.S., Goyal, N. and Tripathi, S.K. (2007) Optical Properties of Amorphous Ge20Se80 and Ag6(Ge0.20Se0.80)94 Thin Films. Optical Materials, 30, 565-570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2006.12.013 [29] Metz, J. and Hanack, M. (1983) Synthesis, Characterization, and Conductivity of (μ-Cyano)(phthalocyaninato)co-balt(III). Journal of the American Chemical Society, 105, 828-830.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00342a030