Cyanobacteria Diversity in Blooms from the Greater Sudbury Area
ABSTRACT
The Greater Sudbury Area is approximately 400 km north of the city of Toronto and falls within a large number of temperate lakes of various sizes. This area has been mined for nickel and other metals for several decades. These activities have affected the watersheds of Northern Ontario and have influenced the chemistry of a number of lakes. Blooms of cyanobacteria occur yearly in several lakes, mainly in the early and late summer months. Much of the chemistry of these lakes is known but the nature of the cyanobacterial blooms and the factors that may contribute to their sudden appearance are not. We sampled blooms from five Greater Sudbury Area lakes and identified the species present by morphological and molecular methods. The dominant genera present as characterized by morphological examination were Synechocystis, Leptolyngbya, Anabaena, Cyl-indrospermum, Nostoc, Borzia, Phormidium, Pseudoanabaena, Oscillatoria, and Planktothrix. Three of these isolates, Leptolyngbya, Anabaena, and Planktothrix were confirmed by partial rRNA sequence analysis.
The Greater Sudbury Area is approximately 400 km north of the city of Toronto and falls within a large number of temperate lakes of various sizes. This area has been mined for nickel and other metals for several decades. These activities have affected the watersheds of Northern Ontario and have influenced the chemistry of a number of lakes. Blooms of cyanobacteria occur yearly in several lakes, mainly in the early and late summer months. Much of the chemistry of these lakes is known but the nature of the cyanobacterial blooms and the factors that may contribute to their sudden appearance are not. We sampled blooms from five Greater Sudbury Area lakes and identified the species present by morphological and molecular methods. The dominant genera present as characterized by morphological examination were Synechocystis, Leptolyngbya, Anabaena, Cyl-indrospermum, Nostoc, Borzia, Phormidium, Pseudoanabaena, Oscillatoria, and Planktothrix. Three of these isolates, Leptolyngbya, Anabaena, and Planktothrix were confirmed by partial rRNA sequence analysis.
Cite this paper
Evans, S. and Saleh, M. (2015) Cyanobacteria Diversity in Blooms from the Greater Sudbury Area. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 871-882. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.711071.
Evans, S. and Saleh, M. (2015) Cyanobacteria Diversity in Blooms from the Greater Sudbury Area. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 871-882. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.711071.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006025 [3] Walsby, A.E. (1994) Gas Vesicles. Microbiological Review, 58, 94-144. [4] Merel, S., Walker, D., Chicana, R., Snyder, S., Baures, E. and Thomas, O. (2013) State of Knowledge and Concerns on Cyanobacterial Blooms and Cyanotoxins. Environment International, 59, 303-327.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.013 [5] Kaebernick, M., Neilan, B.A., Börner, T. and Dittmann, E. (2000) Light and the Transcriptional Response of the Microcystin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 3387-3392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.8.3387-3392.2000 [6] Vezie, C., Brient, L., Sivonen, K., Bertru, B., Lefeuvre, J.-C. and Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (1997) Variation of Microcystin Content of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Isolated Strains in Lake Grand-Lieu (France). Microbial Ecology, 35, 126-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002489900067 [7] Thiel, T., Bramble, J. and Rogers, S. (1989) Optimum Conditions for Growth of Cyanobacteria on Solid Media. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 61, 27-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03546.x [8] Reynolds, C.S. and Walsby, A.E. (1975) Water-Blooms. Biological Reviews, 50, 437-481.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1975.tb01060.x [9] Ganf, G.G. and Oliver, R.L. (1982) Vertical Separation of Light and Available Nutrients as a Factor Causing Replacement of Green Algae by Blue-Green Algae in the Plankton of a Stratified Lake. Journal of Ecology, 70, 829-844. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260107 [10] Van Rijn, J. and Shilo, M. (1985) Carbohydrate Fluctuations, Gas Vacuolation, and Verticalmigration of Scum-Forming Cyanobacteria in Fishponds. Limnology and Oceanography, 30, 1219-1228.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00284-8 [20] Winterhalder, K. (1996) Environmental Degradation and Rehabilitation of the landscape around Sudbury, a Major Mining and Smelting Area. Environmental Reviews, 4, 185-224.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a96-011 [21] Rippka, R., Deruelles, J., Waterbury, J., Herdman, M. and Stanier, R. (1979) Generic Assignments, Strain Histories and Properties of Pure Cultures of Cyanobacteria. Journal of General Microbiology, 111, 1-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-111-1-1 [22] Vaara, T., Vaara, M. and Niemelä, S. (1979) Two Improved Methods for Obtaining Axenic Cultures of Cyanobacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 38, 1011-1014. [23] Brosius, J., Dull, T., Sleeter, D.D. and Noller, H.F. (1981) Gene Organization and Primary Structure of a Ribosomal RNA Operon from Escherichia coli. Journal of Molecular Biology, 148, 107-127.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74335-4_8 [32] Ward, D.M. and Castenholz, R.W. (2000) Cyanobacteria in Geothermal Habitats. In: Whitton, B.A. and Potts, M., Eds., The Ecology of Cyanobacteria: Their Diversity in Time and Space, Kluwer, Boston, 37-59 [33] Tang, E.P.Y., Tremblay, R. and Vincent, W.F. (1997) Cyanobacterial Dominance of Polar Freshwater Ecosystems: Are High-Latitude Mat-Formers Adapted to Low Temperature? Journal of Phycology, 33, 171-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00171.x [34] Paerl, H.W. (1983) Partitioning of CO2 Fixation in the Colonial Cyanobacterium Microcystis Aeruginosa: Mechanism Promoting Formation of Surface Scums. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 46, 252-259. [35] Foy, R.H., Gibson, C.E. and Smith, R.V. (1976) The Influence of Day Length, Light Intensity and Temperature on the Growth Rates of Planktonic Blue-Green Algae. British Phycological Journal, 11, 151-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071617600650181 [36] Wyman, M. and Fay, P. (1986) Underwater Light Climate and the Growth and Pigmentation of Planktonic Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) I. The Influence of Light Quality. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B, 277, 367-380.
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[1] Oliver, R.L. and Ganf, G.G. (2000) Freshwater Cyanobacteria. In: Whitton, B.A. and Potts, M., Eds., The Ecology of Cyanobacteria: Their Diversity in Time and Space, Kluwer, Boston, 149-187. [2] Zohary, T. and Breen, C.M. (1989) Environmental Factors Favoring the Formation of Microcystis aeruginosa Hyperscums in a Hypertrophic Lake. Hydrobiology, 178, 179-192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006025 [3] Walsby, A.E. (1994) Gas Vesicles. Microbiological Review, 58, 94-144. [4] Merel, S., Walker, D., Chicana, R., Snyder, S., Baures, E. and Thomas, O. (2013) State of Knowledge and Concerns on Cyanobacterial Blooms and Cyanotoxins. Environment International, 59, 303-327.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.013 [5] Kaebernick, M., Neilan, B.A., Börner, T. and Dittmann, E. (2000) Light and the Transcriptional Response of the Microcystin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 3387-3392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.8.3387-3392.2000 [6] Vezie, C., Brient, L., Sivonen, K., Bertru, B., Lefeuvre, J.-C. and Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (1997) Variation of Microcystin Content of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Isolated Strains in Lake Grand-Lieu (France). Microbial Ecology, 35, 126-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002489900067 [7] Thiel, T., Bramble, J. and Rogers, S. (1989) Optimum Conditions for Growth of Cyanobacteria on Solid Media. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 61, 27-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03546.x [8] Reynolds, C.S. and Walsby, A.E. (1975) Water-Blooms. Biological Reviews, 50, 437-481.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1975.tb01060.x [9] Ganf, G.G. and Oliver, R.L. (1982) Vertical Separation of Light and Available Nutrients as a Factor Causing Replacement of Green Algae by Blue-Green Algae in the Plankton of a Stratified Lake. Journal of Ecology, 70, 829-844. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260107 [10] Van Rijn, J. and Shilo, M. (1985) Carbohydrate Fluctuations, Gas Vacuolation, and Verticalmigration of Scum-Forming Cyanobacteria in Fishponds. Limnology and Oceanography, 30, 1219-1228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1985.30.6.1219 [11] Walsby, A.E. (1987) Mechanisms of Buoyancy Regulation by Planktonic Cyanobacteria with Gas Vesicles. In: Fay, P. and Van Baalen, C., Eds., The Cyanobacteria: A Comprehensive Review, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 376-392. [12] Reynolds, C.S., Oliver, R.L. and Walsby, A.E. (1987) Cyanobacterial Dominance: The Role of Buoyancy Regulation in Dynamic Lake Environments. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 21, 379-390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1987.9516234 [13] Burns, B.P., Saker, M.L., Moffitt, M.C. and Neilan, B.A. (2005) Molecular Detection of Genes Responsible for Cyanobacterial Toxin Production in the Genera Microcystis, Nodularia, and Cylindrospermopsin. In: Spencer, J.F.T. and Ragout de Spencer, A.L., Eds., Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 268: Public Health Microbiology: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press, Totowa, 213-222. [14] Pietsch, C., Wiegand, C., Ame, M.V., Nucklisch, A., Wunderlin, D. and Pflugmacher, S. (2001) The Effects of a Cyanobacterial Crude Extract on Different Aquatic Organisms: Evidence for Cyanobacterial Toxin Modulating Factors. Environmental Toxicology, 16, 535-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.10014 [15] Kromkamp, J. and Walsby, A.E. (1990) A Computer Model of Buoyancy and Vertical Migration in Cyanobacteria. Journal of Plankton Research, 12, 161-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/12.1.161 [16] Canadian Daily Climate Data (2009) National Climate Data and Information Archive. Environment Canada, Ottawa. http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climateData/canada_e.html [17] Heale, E.L. (1995) Integrated Management and Progressive Rehabilitation of Industrial Lands. In: Gunn, J.M., Ed., Restoration and Recovery of an Industrial Region, Springer, Berlin, 289-298. [18] Conroy, N.I. Hawley, K. and Keller, W. (1978) Extensive Monitoring of Lakes in the Greater Sudbury Area, 1974-1976. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Sudbury, 40. [19] Nriagu, J.O., Wong, H.K.T., Lawson, G. and Daniel, P. (1998) Saturation of Ecosystems with Toxic Metals in Sudbury basin, Ontario, Canada. The Science of the Total Environment, 223, 99-117.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00284-8 [20] Winterhalder, K. (1996) Environmental Degradation and Rehabilitation of the landscape around Sudbury, a Major Mining and Smelting Area. Environmental Reviews, 4, 185-224.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a96-011 [21] Rippka, R., Deruelles, J., Waterbury, J., Herdman, M. and Stanier, R. (1979) Generic Assignments, Strain Histories and Properties of Pure Cultures of Cyanobacteria. Journal of General Microbiology, 111, 1-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-111-1-1 [22] Vaara, T., Vaara, M. and Niemelä, S. (1979) Two Improved Methods for Obtaining Axenic Cultures of Cyanobacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 38, 1011-1014. [23] Brosius, J., Dull, T., Sleeter, D.D. and Noller, H.F. (1981) Gene Organization and Primary Structure of a Ribosomal RNA Operon from Escherichia coli. Journal of Molecular Biology, 148, 107-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(81)90508-8 [24] Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W. and Lipman, D.J. (1990) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 215, 403-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2 [25] Altschul, S.F. and Erickson, B.W. (1985) Significance of Nucleotide Sequence Alignments: A Method for Random Sequence Permutation that Preserves Dinucleotide and Codon Usage. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2, 526-538. [26] Stanier, R.Y. and Cohen-Bazire, G. (1977) Phototrophic Prokaryotes: The Cyanobacteria. Annual Reviews in Microbiology, 31, 225-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.001301 [27] Sutherland, J.M., Reaston, J., Stewart, W.D.P. and Herdman, M. (1985) Akinetes of the Cyanobacterium Nostoc PCC 7524: Macromolecular Composition, Structure and control of Differentiation. Journal of General Microbiology, 131, 2855-2863. [28] Sutherland, J.M., Stewart, W.D.P. and Herdman, M. (1985) Akinetes of the Cyanobacterium Nostoc PCC 7524: Morphological Changes during Synchronous Germination. Archives of Microbiology, 142, 269-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693402 [29] Nubel, U., Engelen, B., Felske, A., Snaidr, J., Wieshuber, A., Amann, R.I., Ludwig, W. and Backhaus, H. (1996) Sequence Heterogeneities of Genes Encoding16S rRNAs in Paenibacillus polymyxa Detected by Temperature Gradientgel Electrophoresis. Journal of Bacteriology, 178, 5636-5643. [30] Vincent, W.F. (2009) Cyanobacteria. Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, 3, 226-232. [31] Zakhia, F., Jungblut, A.D., Taton, A., Vincent, W.F. and Wilmotte, A. (2008) Cyanobacteria in Cold Ecosystems. In: Margesin, R., Schinner, F., Marx, J.-C. and Gerday, C., Eds., Psychrophiles: From Biodiversity to Biotechnology, Springer, Heidelberg, 121-135.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74335-4_8 [32] Ward, D.M. and Castenholz, R.W. (2000) Cyanobacteria in Geothermal Habitats. In: Whitton, B.A. and Potts, M., Eds., The Ecology of Cyanobacteria: Their Diversity in Time and Space, Kluwer, Boston, 37-59 [33] Tang, E.P.Y., Tremblay, R. and Vincent, W.F. (1997) Cyanobacterial Dominance of Polar Freshwater Ecosystems: Are High-Latitude Mat-Formers Adapted to Low Temperature? Journal of Phycology, 33, 171-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00171.x [34] Paerl, H.W. (1983) Partitioning of CO2 Fixation in the Colonial Cyanobacterium Microcystis Aeruginosa: Mechanism Promoting Formation of Surface Scums. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 46, 252-259. [35] Foy, R.H., Gibson, C.E. and Smith, R.V. (1976) The Influence of Day Length, Light Intensity and Temperature on the Growth Rates of Planktonic Blue-Green Algae. British Phycological Journal, 11, 151-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071617600650181 [36] Wyman, M. and Fay, P. (1986) Underwater Light Climate and the Growth and Pigmentation of Planktonic Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) I. The Influence of Light Quality. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B, 277, 367-380.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1986.0027 [37] Guerrero, M.G. and Lara, C. (1987). Assimilation of Inorganic Nitrogen. In: Fay, P. and van Baalen, C., Eds., The Cyanobacteria, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 163-186. [38] Turpin, D.H. (1991) Effects of Inorganic N Availability on Algal Photosynthesis and Carbon Metabolism. Journal of Phycology, 27, 14-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00014.x [39] Tandeau de Marsec, N. and Houmard, J. (1993) Adaptation of Cyanobacteria to Environmental Stimuli: New Steps towards Molecular Mechanisms. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 104, 119-190.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05866.x [40] Steinberg, C.E.W. and Hartman, M. (1988) Planktonic Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria and the Eutrophication of Lakes and Rivers. Freshwater Biology, 20, 279-287.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1988.tb00452.x [41] Steinberg, C.E.W. and Gruhl, E. (1992) Physical Measures to Inhibit Planktonic Cyanobacteria. In: Sutcliffe, D.W. and Jones, J.G., Eds., Eutrophication: Research and Application to Water Supply, Freshwater Biological Association, Cumbria, 163-184. [42] Schindler, D.W. (1977) Evolution of Phosphorus Limitation in Lakes. Science, 195, 260-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.195.4275.260 [43] Stockner, J.G. and Shortreed, K.S. (1988) Response of Anabaena and Synechococcus Tomanipulation of Nitrogen:Phosphorus Ratios in a Lake Fertilization Experiment. Limnology and Oceanography, 33, 1348-1361. [44] Say, P.J. and Whitton, B.A. (1977) Influence of Zinc on Lotic Plants. II. Environmental Effects on Toxicity of Zinc to Hormidium rivulare. Freshwater Biology, 7, 377-384.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1977.tb01685.x [45] Shehata, F.H.A. and Whitton, B.A. (1982) Zinc Tolerance in Strains of the Blue-Green Alga Anacystis nidulans. British Phycological Journal, 17, 5-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071618200650021 [46] Verma, S.K. and Singh, H.N. (1991) Evidence for Energy-Dependent Copper Efflux as Amechanism of Cu2+ Resistance in the Cyanobacterium Nostoc calcicola. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 84, 291-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04612.x [47] Jensen, T.E., Baxter, M., Rachlin, J.W. and Jani, V. (1982) Uptake of Heavy Metals by Plectonema boryanum (Cyanophyceae) into Cellular Components, Especially Polyphosphate Bodies: An X-Ray Energy Dispersive Study. Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological, 27, 119-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(82)90104-0 [48] Takamura, N., Kasai, F. and Watanabe, M.M. (1989) Effects of Cu, Cd and Zn on Photosynthesis of Freshwater Benthic Algae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 1, 39-52.
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