Effect of Insecticides on Trichogramma Parasitoids Used in Biological Control against Prays oleae Insect Pest
Affiliation(s)
1 Laboratory of Genetic Resources Improvement and Protection of Olive Tree, Olive Tree Institute, Sfax, Tunisia. 2 Electrochemistry and Environment Laboratory, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
1 Laboratory of Genetic Resources Improvement and Protection of Olive Tree, Olive Tree Institute, Sfax, Tunisia. 2 Electrochemistry and Environment Laboratory, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the direct effect of the insecticides deltamethrin and spinosad on three egg parasitoids species: Trichogramma oleae, T. cacoeciae and T. bourarachae. The parasitoid pupae were exposed to pesticide residues on fresh olive tree leaves at recommended concentrations (RC) at different time intervals: 3, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days after pesticide applications. Parasitism viability (% emergence from parasitized eggs) and adult emergence time (developmental time from pupa to adult emergence) were evaluated. Regarding to the International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC) guidelines, results of toxicity effects of insecticides show that: Deltamethrin was moderately harmful to all Trichogramma species at RC (Decis® 100 milliliters·ha−1), however, spinosad was harmless to moderately harmful at RC (Tracer® 20 milliliters·ha−1). Trichogramma species revealed differences with regard to adult emergence time and exhibited significant changes in parasitism viability with increasing time after pesticide treatment. While deltamethrin residues affected parasitism viability 31 days after the product application, spinosad displayed similar viability for almost species 24 days after the application. The usefulness of Trichogramma parasitoids used as biological control agents, in olive tree ecosystem, was discussed in integrated pest management programs for Prays oleae control when parasitoid species were exposed during pupal stage to the insecticide residue.
This study investigated the direct effect of the insecticides deltamethrin and spinosad on three egg parasitoids species: Trichogramma oleae, T. cacoeciae and T. bourarachae. The parasitoid pupae were exposed to pesticide residues on fresh olive tree leaves at recommended concentrations (RC) at different time intervals: 3, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days after pesticide applications. Parasitism viability (% emergence from parasitized eggs) and adult emergence time (developmental time from pupa to adult emergence) were evaluated. Regarding to the International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC) guidelines, results of toxicity effects of insecticides show that: Deltamethrin was moderately harmful to all Trichogramma species at RC (Decis® 100 milliliters·ha−1), however, spinosad was harmless to moderately harmful at RC (Tracer® 20 milliliters·ha−1). Trichogramma species revealed differences with regard to adult emergence time and exhibited significant changes in parasitism viability with increasing time after pesticide treatment. While deltamethrin residues affected parasitism viability 31 days after the product application, spinosad displayed similar viability for almost species 24 days after the application. The usefulness of Trichogramma parasitoids used as biological control agents, in olive tree ecosystem, was discussed in integrated pest management programs for Prays oleae control when parasitoid species were exposed during pupal stage to the insecticide residue.
Cite this paper
Blibech, I. , Ksantini, M. , Jardak, T. and Bouaziz, M. (2015) Effect of Insecticides on Trichogramma Parasitoids Used in Biological Control against Prays oleae Insect Pest. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 5, 362-372. doi: 10.4236/aces.2015.53038.
Blibech, I. , Ksantini, M. , Jardak, T. and Bouaziz, M. (2015) Effect of Insecticides on Trichogramma Parasitoids Used in Biological Control against Prays oleae Insect Pest. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 5, 362-372. doi: 10.4236/aces.2015.53038.
References
[1] Hoffmann, M.P., Pitcher, S.A., Cheever, S.A., Gardner, J., Losey, J.E., Kuhar, T.P., Curtis, A.L. and Youngman, R.R. (2006) Efficacy of Inoculative Releases of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) against European Corn Borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Field Corn. Biological Control, 36, 345-349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.10.008 [2] Hegazi, E., Herz, A., Hassan, S.A., EKhafagi, W., Agamy, E., Zaitun, A., Gehan, A.E., Showeil, S., ElSaid, S. and Khamis, N. (2007) Field Efficiency of Indigenous Egg Parasitoids Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) to Control the Olive Moth Prays oleae (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) and the Jasmine Moth Palpita unionalis (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in an Olive Plantation in Egypt. Biological Control, 43, 171-187.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.07.009 [3] Tzanakakis, M.E. (2003) Seasonal Development and Dormancy of Insects and Mites Feeding on Olive: A Review. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 52, 87-224.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854203764817670 [4] Jardak, T. (1980) Etudes bioécologiques de Prays oleae BERN (Lepidoptera, Hyponomeutidae) et de ses parasites oophages du genre Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae). Essais d’utilisation en lutte biologique. Thèse de 3ème cycle, Aix Marseille Université, 5-42. [5] Smith, S.M. (1996) Biological Control with Trichogramma: Advances, Successes and Potential of Their Use. Annual Review of Entomology, 41, 375-406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.002111 [6] Franz, J.M., Bogenschutz, H., Hassan, S.A., Huang, P., Naton, E., Suter, H. and Viggiani, G. (1980) Results of a Joint Pesticide Test Programme by the Working Group: Pesticides and Beneficial Arthropods. Entomophaga, 25, 231-236.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371922 [7] Hassan, S.A., Hafes, B., Degrande, P.E. and Herai, K. (1998) The Side-Effects Of Pesticides on the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), Acute Dose-Response and Persistence Tests. Journal of Applied Entomology, 122, 569-573.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1998.tb01547.x [8] Thompson, G.D., Dutton, R. and Sparks, T.C. (2000) Spinosad—A Case Study: An Example from a Natural Products Discovery Programme. Pest Management Science, 56, 696-702.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1526-4998(200008)56:8<696::AID-PS182>3.0.CO;2-5 [9] Cônsoli, F.L., Parra, J.R.P. and Hassan, S.A. (2009) Side-Effects of Insecticides Used in Tomato Fields on the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), a Natural Enemy of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep., Gelechiidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 122, 43-47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1998.tb01459.x [10] Bret, B.L., Larson, L.L., Schoonover, J.R., Sparks, T.C. and Thompson, G.D. (1997) Biological Properties of Spinosad. Down to Earth, 52, 6-13. [11] Saunders, D.G. and Bret, B.L. (1997) Fate of Spinosad in the Environment. Down to Earth, 52, 14-20. [12] Thomson, L.J., Glenn, D.C. and Hoffmann, A.A. (2000) Effects of Sulfur on Trichogramma Egg Parasitoids in Vineyards: Measuring Toxic Effects and Establishing Release Windows. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 40, 1165-1171.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/EA00074 [13] Thompson, G. and Hutchins, S. (1999) Spinosad. Pesticide Outlook, 10, 78-81. [14] Williams, T., Valle, J. and Vinuela, E. (2003) Is the Naturally-Derived Insecticide Spinosad® Compatible with Insect Natural Enemies? Biocontrol Science and Technology, 13, 459-475.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958315031000140956 [15] Pietrantonio, P.V. and Benedict, J.H. (1999) Effect of New Cotton Insecticide Chemistries, Tebufenozide, Spinosad and Chlorfenapyr, on Orius insidiosus and Two Cotesia Species. Southwestern Entomologist, 24, 21-29. [16] Tillman, P.G. and Mulrooney, J.E. (2000) Effect of Selected Insecticides on the Natural Enemies Coleomegilla maculata and Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), and Bracon mellitor, Cardiochiles nigriceps and Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93, 1638-1643.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1638 [17] Mason, P.G., Erlandson, M.A., Elliott, R.H. and Harris, B.J. (2002) Potential Impact of Spinosad on Parasitoids of Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Canadian Entomologist, 134, 59-68.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/Ent13459-1 [18] Pawlisz, A.V., Busnarda, J., McLauchlin, A., Caux, P.Y. and Kent, R.A. (1998) Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for Deltamethrin. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality, 13, 175-210.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:3<175::AID-TOX1>3.0.CO;2-4 [19] Arambourg, Y. (1966) La teigne de l’olivier. A. S. Balachowsky Entomologie appliquée à l’agriculture, 2, 181-193. [20] Hassan, S.A., Halsall, N., Gray, A.P., Kuehner, C., Moll, M.F., Bakker, M., Roembke, J., Yousef, A., Nasr, F. and Abdelgader, H. (2000) A Laboratory Method to Evaluate the Side Effects of Plant Protection Products on Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). In: Candolfi, M.P., et al., Eds., Guidelines to Evaluate Side-Effects of Plant Protection Products to Non-Target Arthropods, IOBC/WPRS, 107-119. [21] Shu, C.P.C., Harles, P., Orr, D.B. and Van Duyn, J.W. (2000) Effect of Insecticides on Trichogramma Exiguum (Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) Preimaginal Development and Adult Survival. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93, 577-583.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.577 [22] Hommay, G., Gertz, C., Kienlen, J.C., Pizzol, J. and Chavigny, P. (2002) Comparison between the Control Efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Two Trichogramma cacoeciae Marshal Strains against Grape Moth (Lobesia botrana Den and Schiff.), Depending on Release Density. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 12, 569-581.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958315021000016234 [23] Melo, R.L., Pratissoli, D., Polanczyk, R.A., Melo, D.F., Barros, R. and Milanez, A.M. (2007) Biology and Thermal Requirements of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Parasitizing Eggs of Diaphania hyalinata L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Neotropical Entomology, 36, 431-435.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2007000300011 [24] Herz, A., Hassan, S.A., Hegazi, E., Khafagi, W.E., Nasr, F.N., Youssef, A.A., Agamy, E., Blibech, I., Ksentini, I., Ksantini, M., Jardak, T., Bento, A., Pereira, J.A., Torres, L., Souliotis, C., Moschos, T. and Milonas, P. (2007) Egg Parasitoids of the Genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) in Olive Groves of the Mediterranean Region. Biological Control, 40, 48-56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.08.002 [25] Hassan, S.A. (1994) Guideline for the Evaluation of Side Effect of Plant Protection Products on Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). IOBC Bulletin, 2, 119-128. [26] Li, K.H., Xu, X., Li, Y.F., Meng, Q.Z. and Zhou, L.C (1986) Determination of Toxicity of 29 Chemicals to Trichogramma japonicum at Various Developmental Stages. Natural Enemies of Insects, 8, 187-194. [27] Canête, C.L. (2005) Seletividade de inseticidas a espécies de Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Tesis (Doutorado em Ciências-Zoologia), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 117 p. [28] Hassan, S.A. (1998) The Suitability of Trichogramma cacoeciae as an Indicator Species for Testing the Side Effects of Pesticides on Beneficial Arthropods, Compared to Other Hymenopterous Parasitoids. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 21, 89-92. [29] Cisneros, J., Goulson, D., Derwent, L.C., Penagos, D.I., Hernández, O. and Williams, T. (2002) Toxic Effects of Spinosad on Predatory Insects. Biological Control, 23, 156-163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.2001.1000 [30] Araya, J.E., Araya, M. and Guerrero, M.A. (2010) Effects of Some Insecticides Applied in Sublethal Concentrations on the Survival and Longevity of Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) Adults. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 70, 221-227.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392010000200005 [31] Carrillo, D., Jorge, E., Peña, M. and Rogers, E. (2009) Relative Susceptibility of Haeckeliania sperata (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to Pesticides Used in Citrus and Ornamental Systems in Florida. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102, 905-912.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0307
[1] Hoffmann, M.P., Pitcher, S.A., Cheever, S.A., Gardner, J., Losey, J.E., Kuhar, T.P., Curtis, A.L. and Youngman, R.R. (2006) Efficacy of Inoculative Releases of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) against European Corn Borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Field Corn. Biological Control, 36, 345-349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.10.008 [2] Hegazi, E., Herz, A., Hassan, S.A., EKhafagi, W., Agamy, E., Zaitun, A., Gehan, A.E., Showeil, S., ElSaid, S. and Khamis, N. (2007) Field Efficiency of Indigenous Egg Parasitoids Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) to Control the Olive Moth Prays oleae (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) and the Jasmine Moth Palpita unionalis (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in an Olive Plantation in Egypt. Biological Control, 43, 171-187.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.07.009 [3] Tzanakakis, M.E. (2003) Seasonal Development and Dormancy of Insects and Mites Feeding on Olive: A Review. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 52, 87-224.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854203764817670 [4] Jardak, T. (1980) Etudes bioécologiques de Prays oleae BERN (Lepidoptera, Hyponomeutidae) et de ses parasites oophages du genre Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae). Essais d’utilisation en lutte biologique. Thèse de 3ème cycle, Aix Marseille Université, 5-42. [5] Smith, S.M. (1996) Biological Control with Trichogramma: Advances, Successes and Potential of Their Use. Annual Review of Entomology, 41, 375-406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.002111 [6] Franz, J.M., Bogenschutz, H., Hassan, S.A., Huang, P., Naton, E., Suter, H. and Viggiani, G. (1980) Results of a Joint Pesticide Test Programme by the Working Group: Pesticides and Beneficial Arthropods. Entomophaga, 25, 231-236.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371922 [7] Hassan, S.A., Hafes, B., Degrande, P.E. and Herai, K. (1998) The Side-Effects Of Pesticides on the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), Acute Dose-Response and Persistence Tests. Journal of Applied Entomology, 122, 569-573.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1998.tb01547.x [8] Thompson, G.D., Dutton, R. and Sparks, T.C. (2000) Spinosad—A Case Study: An Example from a Natural Products Discovery Programme. Pest Management Science, 56, 696-702.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1526-4998(200008)56:8<696::AID-PS182>3.0.CO;2-5 [9] Cônsoli, F.L., Parra, J.R.P. and Hassan, S.A. (2009) Side-Effects of Insecticides Used in Tomato Fields on the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), a Natural Enemy of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep., Gelechiidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 122, 43-47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1998.tb01459.x [10] Bret, B.L., Larson, L.L., Schoonover, J.R., Sparks, T.C. and Thompson, G.D. (1997) Biological Properties of Spinosad. Down to Earth, 52, 6-13. [11] Saunders, D.G. and Bret, B.L. (1997) Fate of Spinosad in the Environment. Down to Earth, 52, 14-20. [12] Thomson, L.J., Glenn, D.C. and Hoffmann, A.A. (2000) Effects of Sulfur on Trichogramma Egg Parasitoids in Vineyards: Measuring Toxic Effects and Establishing Release Windows. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 40, 1165-1171.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/EA00074 [13] Thompson, G. and Hutchins, S. (1999) Spinosad. Pesticide Outlook, 10, 78-81. [14] Williams, T., Valle, J. and Vinuela, E. (2003) Is the Naturally-Derived Insecticide Spinosad® Compatible with Insect Natural Enemies? Biocontrol Science and Technology, 13, 459-475.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958315031000140956 [15] Pietrantonio, P.V. and Benedict, J.H. (1999) Effect of New Cotton Insecticide Chemistries, Tebufenozide, Spinosad and Chlorfenapyr, on Orius insidiosus and Two Cotesia Species. Southwestern Entomologist, 24, 21-29. [16] Tillman, P.G. and Mulrooney, J.E. (2000) Effect of Selected Insecticides on the Natural Enemies Coleomegilla maculata and Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), and Bracon mellitor, Cardiochiles nigriceps and Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93, 1638-1643.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1638 [17] Mason, P.G., Erlandson, M.A., Elliott, R.H. and Harris, B.J. (2002) Potential Impact of Spinosad on Parasitoids of Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Canadian Entomologist, 134, 59-68.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/Ent13459-1 [18] Pawlisz, A.V., Busnarda, J., McLauchlin, A., Caux, P.Y. and Kent, R.A. (1998) Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for Deltamethrin. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality, 13, 175-210.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:3<175::AID-TOX1>3.0.CO;2-4 [19] Arambourg, Y. (1966) La teigne de l’olivier. A. S. Balachowsky Entomologie appliquée à l’agriculture, 2, 181-193. [20] Hassan, S.A., Halsall, N., Gray, A.P., Kuehner, C., Moll, M.F., Bakker, M., Roembke, J., Yousef, A., Nasr, F. and Abdelgader, H. (2000) A Laboratory Method to Evaluate the Side Effects of Plant Protection Products on Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). In: Candolfi, M.P., et al., Eds., Guidelines to Evaluate Side-Effects of Plant Protection Products to Non-Target Arthropods, IOBC/WPRS, 107-119. [21] Shu, C.P.C., Harles, P., Orr, D.B. and Van Duyn, J.W. (2000) Effect of Insecticides on Trichogramma Exiguum (Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) Preimaginal Development and Adult Survival. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93, 577-583.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.577 [22] Hommay, G., Gertz, C., Kienlen, J.C., Pizzol, J. and Chavigny, P. (2002) Comparison between the Control Efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Two Trichogramma cacoeciae Marshal Strains against Grape Moth (Lobesia botrana Den and Schiff.), Depending on Release Density. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 12, 569-581.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958315021000016234 [23] Melo, R.L., Pratissoli, D., Polanczyk, R.A., Melo, D.F., Barros, R. and Milanez, A.M. (2007) Biology and Thermal Requirements of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Parasitizing Eggs of Diaphania hyalinata L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Neotropical Entomology, 36, 431-435.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2007000300011 [24] Herz, A., Hassan, S.A., Hegazi, E., Khafagi, W.E., Nasr, F.N., Youssef, A.A., Agamy, E., Blibech, I., Ksentini, I., Ksantini, M., Jardak, T., Bento, A., Pereira, J.A., Torres, L., Souliotis, C., Moschos, T. and Milonas, P. (2007) Egg Parasitoids of the Genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) in Olive Groves of the Mediterranean Region. Biological Control, 40, 48-56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.08.002 [25] Hassan, S.A. (1994) Guideline for the Evaluation of Side Effect of Plant Protection Products on Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). IOBC Bulletin, 2, 119-128. [26] Li, K.H., Xu, X., Li, Y.F., Meng, Q.Z. and Zhou, L.C (1986) Determination of Toxicity of 29 Chemicals to Trichogramma japonicum at Various Developmental Stages. Natural Enemies of Insects, 8, 187-194. [27] Canête, C.L. (2005) Seletividade de inseticidas a espécies de Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Tesis (Doutorado em Ciências-Zoologia), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 117 p. [28] Hassan, S.A. (1998) The Suitability of Trichogramma cacoeciae as an Indicator Species for Testing the Side Effects of Pesticides on Beneficial Arthropods, Compared to Other Hymenopterous Parasitoids. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 21, 89-92. [29] Cisneros, J., Goulson, D., Derwent, L.C., Penagos, D.I., Hernández, O. and Williams, T. (2002) Toxic Effects of Spinosad on Predatory Insects. Biological Control, 23, 156-163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.2001.1000 [30] Araya, J.E., Araya, M. and Guerrero, M.A. (2010) Effects of Some Insecticides Applied in Sublethal Concentrations on the Survival and Longevity of Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) Adults. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 70, 221-227.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392010000200005 [31] Carrillo, D., Jorge, E., Peña, M. and Rogers, E. (2009) Relative Susceptibility of Haeckeliania sperata (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to Pesticides Used in Citrus and Ornamental Systems in Florida. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102, 905-912.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0307