Cultivation of Microalgae Monoraphidium sp., in the Plant Pilot the Grand Valle Bio Energy, for Biodiesel Production
Author(s)
Gisel Chenard Díaz1,
Yordanka Reyes Cruz2,
René González Carliz2,
Rosa C. Vitorino de Paula2,
Donato A. Gomes Aranda2,
Marcellus A. G. Dario1,
Gustavo Saraiva Marass1,
Nelson C. Furtado3
Affiliation(s)
1 Grand Valle Bio Energy Ltda., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2 Greentec Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 3 Brazilian Center for Physical Researches, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
1 Grand Valle Bio Energy Ltda., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2 Greentec Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 3 Brazilian Center for Physical Researches, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
ABSTRACT
At present, Brazil imports approximately 11 billion liters/year of diesel. With the interruption of the works in the new Petrobras refineries, the projection is that by 2025 this volume will increase to 24.2 billion liters of diesel/year. In this sense, the biodiesel factory Grand Valle Bio Energy Ltda., located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, in conjunction with the FAPERJ makes some investments in technology development for the cultivation and use of microalgae as an alternative raw material in the production of biodiesel. Based on arguments previously said, this work presents the results of the microalgae cultivation Monoraphidium sp. in photobioreactors the pilot plant of the company. The installation with an area of 120 m2 is included with 2 open photobioreactors of type falling film (20 m × 1 m), with a cascade of 18mm and capacity of 4000 L. The lineage cultivated is selected from previous ecophysiological studies that are identified as promising for biodiesel production by having a high potential for the production of lipids. This lineage is maintained at collection of the stock of cultures Laboratory of Green Technologies of the School of Chemistry/ UFRJ. The cultivation was performed in means ASM-1 (Gorham et al., 1964), initial pH 8.0, with aeration and circulation average of 8 hours a day during 19 days. The culture was started with an inoculum of 1 × 107 cel/ml. The lipid production was determined in two phases of growth: on day 4 (exponential phase) and 15 day (stationary phase). For the determination and quantification of lipid content, two different methods were assessed for a sample of biomass, submitted to the same processes the separation and drying. The results showed the methodology of Bligh & Dyer with modifications as the most efficient in extracting lipids. The total lipid content of the biomass Monoraphidium sp. was 30.58%. The growth rate varied between 0.74 ± 0.01 and 0.68 ± 0.02.
At present, Brazil imports approximately 11 billion liters/year of diesel. With the interruption of the works in the new Petrobras refineries, the projection is that by 2025 this volume will increase to 24.2 billion liters of diesel/year. In this sense, the biodiesel factory Grand Valle Bio Energy Ltda., located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, in conjunction with the FAPERJ makes some investments in technology development for the cultivation and use of microalgae as an alternative raw material in the production of biodiesel. Based on arguments previously said, this work presents the results of the microalgae cultivation Monoraphidium sp. in photobioreactors the pilot plant of the company. The installation with an area of 120 m2 is included with 2 open photobioreactors of type falling film (20 m × 1 m), with a cascade of 18mm and capacity of 4000 L. The lineage cultivated is selected from previous ecophysiological studies that are identified as promising for biodiesel production by having a high potential for the production of lipids. This lineage is maintained at collection of the stock of cultures Laboratory of Green Technologies of the School of Chemistry/ UFRJ. The cultivation was performed in means ASM-1 (Gorham et al., 1964), initial pH 8.0, with aeration and circulation average of 8 hours a day during 19 days. The culture was started with an inoculum of 1 × 107 cel/ml. The lipid production was determined in two phases of growth: on day 4 (exponential phase) and 15 day (stationary phase). For the determination and quantification of lipid content, two different methods were assessed for a sample of biomass, submitted to the same processes the separation and drying. The results showed the methodology of Bligh & Dyer with modifications as the most efficient in extracting lipids. The total lipid content of the biomass Monoraphidium sp. was 30.58%. The growth rate varied between 0.74 ± 0.01 and 0.68 ± 0.02.
Cite this paper
Díaz, G. , Cruz, Y. , Carliz, R. , Paula, R. , Aranda, D. , Dario, M. , Marass, G. and Furtado, N. (2015) Cultivation of Microalgae Monoraphidium sp., in the Plant Pilot the Grand Valle Bio Energy, for Biodiesel Production. Natural Science, 7, 370-378. doi: 10.4236/ns.2015.77040.
Díaz, G. , Cruz, Y. , Carliz, R. , Paula, R. , Aranda, D. , Dario, M. , Marass, G. and Furtado, N. (2015) Cultivation of Microalgae Monoraphidium sp., in the Plant Pilot the Grand Valle Bio Energy, for Biodiesel Production. Natural Science, 7, 370-378. doi: 10.4236/ns.2015.77040.
References
[1] Shimizu, Y. (2003) Microbial Metabolism. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 6, 236-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00064-X [2] Spolaore, P., Joannis-Cassan, C., Duran, E. and Isambert, A. (2006) Commercial Applications of Microalgae. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 101, 87-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1263/jbb.101.87 [3] Huang, G., Chen, F., Wei, D., et al. (2010) Biodiesel Production by Microalgal Biotechnology. Applied Energy, 87, 38- 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.016 [4] Amaro, H.M., Guedes, A.C. and Malcata, F.X. (2011) Advances and Perspectives in Using Microalgae to Produce Biodiesel. Applied Energy, 88, 3402-3410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.014 [5] Kee, L.M. and Lee, K.T. (2012) Microalgae Biofuels: A Critical Review of Issues, Problems and the Way Forward. Biotechnology Advances, 30, 673-690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.11.008 [6] Gorham, P.R., McLachlan, R.W. and Hammer, U.T. (1964) Isolation and Culture of Toxic Strains of (Lyngb.) de Breb. Anabaena flos-aquae. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, 15, 796-804. [7] Fogg, G.E. and Thake, B. (1987) Algae Cultures and Phytoplankton Ecology. 3rd Edition, The University of Winsconsins Press, Ltd., London. [8] Association of Official Analytical Chemists—(AOAC) (1998) Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 16th Edition, v.2, Washington DC, 1018 p. [9] Cecchi, H.M. (2005) Fundamentos teóricos e práticos em análise de alimentos. 3rd Edition, Unicamp, Campinas, 207. [10] Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A. and Smith, F. (1956) Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28, 350-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017 [11] Demiate, I.V., Wosiacki, G., Czelusniak, C. and Nogueira, A. (2002) Determinacao de acucares redutores e totais em alimentos. Comparacao entre métodos colorimétricos e titulométricos. Exact and Soil Scienciens, Agrárian S. and Engeneering, 8, 65-78. [12] Lourenco, S.O. (2006) Cultivo de microalgas marinhas: Princípios e aplicacoes. RiMa, Sao Carlos, 606. [13] Brum, A.A.S., de Arruda, L.F. and Regitano-D’arce, M.A.B. (2009) Métodos de extracao e qualidade da fracao lipídica de matérias-primas de origem vegetal e animal. Química Nova, 13, 849-854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422009000400005 [14] Bligh, G. and Dyer, W. (1959) A Rapid Method for Total Lipid Extraction and Purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37, 911-917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o59-099 [15] Yoo, C., Jun, S.Y. and Lee, J.Y. (2010) Selection of Microalgae for Lipid Production under High Levels Carbon Dioxide. Bioresource Technology, 101, S71-S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.030 [16] Begon, M., Harper, J.L. and Townsend, C.R. (1995) Ecología: Individuos, poblaciones y comunidades. Ediciones Omega, Barcelona. [17] Reynolds, C.S. (2006) Ecology of Phytoplankton (Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542145 [18] Marinho, M.M. and Azevedo, S.M.F.O. (2007) Influence of N/P Ratio on Competitive Abilities for Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Microcystis aeruginosa and Aulacoseira distans. Aquatic Ecology, 41, 525-533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10452-007-9118-y [19] Carolino, L. do R.V.C. (2011) Cultivo de microalgas unicelulares para determinacao da producao lipídica e sequestro de carbono. ULisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Mestrado de Biologia Celular e Biotecnologia, 91. [20] Rawat, I., Ranjith Kumar, R., Mutanda, T. and Bux, F. (2011) Dual Role of Microalgae: Phycoremediation of Domestic Wastewater and Biomass Production for Sustainable Biofuels Production. Applied Energy, 88, 3411-3424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.11.025 [21] Reyes, Y., Chenard, G., Aranda, D., Gorgonio, C., Duartes, A., Joao, R., Balcellar, L. and Fortes, M. (2012) Biodiesel Production by Hydroesterification of Microalgal Biomass Using Heterogeneous Catalyst. Natural Science, 4, 778-783. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2012.410102 [22] PI000479 (2012) Processo de hidroesterificacao para a producao de biodiesel a partir de biomassa úmida de microalgas. [23] Jaruwan, C., Wanida, P., Afrasiab, K., Imrana, N.S., Werasit, S. and Pramuk, P. (2014) Screening of High-Lipid Content Microalgae for Biodiesel Production. TSB, 16-18. [24] Colla, L.M., Bertolini, T.E. and Costa, J.A.V. (2004) Fatty Acids Profile of Spirulina platensis Grown under Different Temperatures and Nitrogen Concentrations. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 59, 55-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-1-212 [25] Olguín, E., Galicia, S. and Angulo-Guerrero, O. (2001) The Effect of Low Light Flux and Nitrogen Deficiency on the Chemical Composition of Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira) Grown on Digested Pig Waste. Bioresource Technology, 77, 19- 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00142-5
[1] Shimizu, Y. (2003) Microbial Metabolism. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 6, 236-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00064-X [2] Spolaore, P., Joannis-Cassan, C., Duran, E. and Isambert, A. (2006) Commercial Applications of Microalgae. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 101, 87-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1263/jbb.101.87 [3] Huang, G., Chen, F., Wei, D., et al. (2010) Biodiesel Production by Microalgal Biotechnology. Applied Energy, 87, 38- 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.016 [4] Amaro, H.M., Guedes, A.C. and Malcata, F.X. (2011) Advances and Perspectives in Using Microalgae to Produce Biodiesel. Applied Energy, 88, 3402-3410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.014 [5] Kee, L.M. and Lee, K.T. (2012) Microalgae Biofuels: A Critical Review of Issues, Problems and the Way Forward. Biotechnology Advances, 30, 673-690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.11.008 [6] Gorham, P.R., McLachlan, R.W. and Hammer, U.T. (1964) Isolation and Culture of Toxic Strains of (Lyngb.) de Breb. Anabaena flos-aquae. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, 15, 796-804. [7] Fogg, G.E. and Thake, B. (1987) Algae Cultures and Phytoplankton Ecology. 3rd Edition, The University of Winsconsins Press, Ltd., London. [8] Association of Official Analytical Chemists—(AOAC) (1998) Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 16th Edition, v.2, Washington DC, 1018 p. [9] Cecchi, H.M. (2005) Fundamentos teóricos e práticos em análise de alimentos. 3rd Edition, Unicamp, Campinas, 207. [10] Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A. and Smith, F. (1956) Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28, 350-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017 [11] Demiate, I.V., Wosiacki, G., Czelusniak, C. and Nogueira, A. (2002) Determinacao de acucares redutores e totais em alimentos. Comparacao entre métodos colorimétricos e titulométricos. Exact and Soil Scienciens, Agrárian S. and Engeneering, 8, 65-78. [12] Lourenco, S.O. (2006) Cultivo de microalgas marinhas: Princípios e aplicacoes. RiMa, Sao Carlos, 606. [13] Brum, A.A.S., de Arruda, L.F. and Regitano-D’arce, M.A.B. (2009) Métodos de extracao e qualidade da fracao lipídica de matérias-primas de origem vegetal e animal. Química Nova, 13, 849-854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422009000400005 [14] Bligh, G. and Dyer, W. (1959) A Rapid Method for Total Lipid Extraction and Purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37, 911-917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o59-099 [15] Yoo, C., Jun, S.Y. and Lee, J.Y. (2010) Selection of Microalgae for Lipid Production under High Levels Carbon Dioxide. Bioresource Technology, 101, S71-S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.030 [16] Begon, M., Harper, J.L. and Townsend, C.R. (1995) Ecología: Individuos, poblaciones y comunidades. Ediciones Omega, Barcelona. [17] Reynolds, C.S. (2006) Ecology of Phytoplankton (Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542145 [18] Marinho, M.M. and Azevedo, S.M.F.O. (2007) Influence of N/P Ratio on Competitive Abilities for Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Microcystis aeruginosa and Aulacoseira distans. Aquatic Ecology, 41, 525-533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10452-007-9118-y [19] Carolino, L. do R.V.C. (2011) Cultivo de microalgas unicelulares para determinacao da producao lipídica e sequestro de carbono. ULisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Mestrado de Biologia Celular e Biotecnologia, 91. [20] Rawat, I., Ranjith Kumar, R., Mutanda, T. and Bux, F. (2011) Dual Role of Microalgae: Phycoremediation of Domestic Wastewater and Biomass Production for Sustainable Biofuels Production. Applied Energy, 88, 3411-3424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.11.025 [21] Reyes, Y., Chenard, G., Aranda, D., Gorgonio, C., Duartes, A., Joao, R., Balcellar, L. and Fortes, M. (2012) Biodiesel Production by Hydroesterification of Microalgal Biomass Using Heterogeneous Catalyst. Natural Science, 4, 778-783. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2012.410102 [22] PI000479 (2012) Processo de hidroesterificacao para a producao de biodiesel a partir de biomassa úmida de microalgas. [23] Jaruwan, C., Wanida, P., Afrasiab, K., Imrana, N.S., Werasit, S. and Pramuk, P. (2014) Screening of High-Lipid Content Microalgae for Biodiesel Production. TSB, 16-18. [24] Colla, L.M., Bertolini, T.E. and Costa, J.A.V. (2004) Fatty Acids Profile of Spirulina platensis Grown under Different Temperatures and Nitrogen Concentrations. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 59, 55-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-1-212 [25] Olguín, E., Galicia, S. and Angulo-Guerrero, O. (2001) The Effect of Low Light Flux and Nitrogen Deficiency on the Chemical Composition of Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira) Grown on Digested Pig Waste. Bioresource Technology, 77, 19- 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00142-5