The Level of Soluble FMS-Like Tyrosinkinase-1, Placental Growth Factor and Vitamin E in Pre-Eclampsia and Normotensive Pregnancy
ABSTRACT
Background: This study aims to determine the differences of angiogenic markers sFlt-1 (soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1), Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) and antioxidant (vitamin E) levels in pre-eclampsia compared with normotensive pregnancies. Methods: In a cross-sectional study performed on 40 normotensive pregnancies and 40 pre-eclampsia women, serum levels of sFlt-1, PlGF and vitamin E were measured with ELISA methods. Statistical analysis used Mann Whitney. Results: The serum levels from the group of normotensive pregnancy and pre-eclampsia women consecutively are as follows: sFlt-1 2251.32 ± 416.17 pg/mL and 2950.78 ± 221.34 pg/mL, having a very significant difference (p = 0.00); PlGF 391.67 ± 293.92 pg/mL and 150.15 ± 105.34 pg/mL, having a very significant difference; vitamin E 8537.21 ± 6299.74 unit and 700.61 ± 233.70 unit, having a very significant difference. Conclusion: There is a very significant difference between an-giogenic markers and antioxidant levels in pre-eclampsia and normotensive pregnancies.
Background: This study aims to determine the differences of angiogenic markers sFlt-1 (soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1), Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) and antioxidant (vitamin E) levels in pre-eclampsia compared with normotensive pregnancies. Methods: In a cross-sectional study performed on 40 normotensive pregnancies and 40 pre-eclampsia women, serum levels of sFlt-1, PlGF and vitamin E were measured with ELISA methods. Statistical analysis used Mann Whitney. Results: The serum levels from the group of normotensive pregnancy and pre-eclampsia women consecutively are as follows: sFlt-1 2251.32 ± 416.17 pg/mL and 2950.78 ± 221.34 pg/mL, having a very significant difference (p = 0.00); PlGF 391.67 ± 293.92 pg/mL and 150.15 ± 105.34 pg/mL, having a very significant difference; vitamin E 8537.21 ± 6299.74 unit and 700.61 ± 233.70 unit, having a very significant difference. Conclusion: There is a very significant difference between an-giogenic markers and antioxidant levels in pre-eclampsia and normotensive pregnancies.
Cite this paper
Wantania, J. , Durry, M. and Bernadus, J. (2015) The Level of Soluble FMS-Like Tyrosinkinase-1, Placental Growth Factor and Vitamin E in Pre-Eclampsia and Normotensive Pregnancy. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 6, 475-481. doi: 10.4236/ijcm.2015.67063.
Wantania, J. , Durry, M. and Bernadus, J. (2015) The Level of Soluble FMS-Like Tyrosinkinase-1, Placental Growth Factor and Vitamin E in Pre-Eclampsia and Normotensive Pregnancy. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 6, 475-481. doi: 10.4236/ijcm.2015.67063.
References
[1] Cunningham, F.G., Leveno, K.J., Bloom, S.L., Hauth, J.C., Rouse, D.J. and Spong, C.Y., Eds. (2014) Williams Obstetrics. 24th Edition, McGraw Hill, New York. [2] Wagner, L.K. (2004) Diagnosis and Management of Pre-Eclampsia. American Family Physician, 70, 2317-2324. [3] Emery, P.S. (2005) Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Overdiagnosis Is Appropriate. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 72, 345-352.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.72.4.345 [4] Barton, J.R. and Sibai, B.M. (2007) Pre-Eclampsia. In: Manual of Obstetrics, 7th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Texas. [5] Alkaff, T.R., Hartini, T.N.S. and Hakimi, M. (2008) The Correlation between Seasonal Variation and Pre-Eclampsia in Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, 1999-2003. Majalah Obstet Ginekol Indones, 32, 139-142. [6] Wang, A., Rana, S. and Karumanchi, S.A. (2009) Pre-Eclampsia: The Role of Angiogenic Factors in Its Pathogenesis. Physiology, 24, 147-158.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00043.2008 [7] Baumann, M.U., Bersinger, N.A., Mohaupt, M.G., Raio, L., Gerber, S. and Surbek, D.V. (2008) First-Trimester Serum Levels of Soluble Endoglin and Soluble FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 as First-Trimester Markers for Late-Onset Pre-Eclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology, 199, 266.e1-266.e6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.06.069 [8] Davidson, J.M., Homuth, V., Jeyabalan, A., Conrad, K.P., Karumanchi, S.A., Quagging, S., et al. (2004) New Aspect in the Pathophysiology of Pre-Eclampsia. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 15, 2440-2448.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000135975.90889.60 [9] Levine, R.J., Qian, C., Maynard, S.E., Yu, K.F., Epstein, F.H. and Karumanchi, S.A. (2006) Serum sFlt1 Concentration during Pre-Eclampsia and Mid Trimester Blood Pressure in Healthy Nulliparous Women. American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology, 194, 1034-1041.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2005.10.192 [10] Stepan, H. (2009) Angiogenic Factors and Pre-Eclampsia: An Early Marker Is Needed. Clinical Science (London), 116, 231-232.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20080598 [11] Dechend, R. and Luft, F. (2008) Angiogenesis Factors and Preeclampsia. Nature Medicine, 14, 1187-1188.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1108-1187 [12] Noris, M., Perico, M. and Remuzzi, G. (2005) Mechanism of Disease: Pre-Eclampsia. Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology, 1, 98-114.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncpneph0035 [13] Robinson, C.J., Johnson, D.D., Chang, E.Y., Armstrong, D.M. and Wang, W. (2006) Evaluation of Placenta Growth Factor and Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 Receptor Levels in Mild and Severe Preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 195, 255-259.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2005.12.049 [14] Lam, C., Lim, K. and Karumanchi, S.A. (2005) Circulating Angiogenic Factors in the Pathogenesis and Prediction of Preeclampsia. Hypertension, 46, 1077-1085.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000187899.34379.b0 [15] Rana, S., Karumanchi, S.A., Levine, R.J., Venkatesha, S., Sakti, H.J.A., Tarnez, H., et al. (2007) Sequential Changes in Antiangiogenic Factors in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Developing Preeclampsia. Hypertension, 50, 137-142.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.087700 [16] Lindheimer, M.D. and Romero, R. (2007) Emerging Roles of Antiangiogenic and Angiogenic Proteins in the Pathogenesis and Prediction of Preeclampsia. Hypertension, 50, 35-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.089045 [17] Ohkuchi, A., Hirashima, C., Matsunara, S., Suzuki, H., Takahashi, H., Arai, F., et al. (2007) Alterations in Placental Growth Factor Levels before and after the Onset of Preeclampsia are More Pronounced in Women with Early-Onset Severe Preeclampsia. Hypertension Research, 30, 151-159.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1291/hypres.30.151 [18] Rumbold, A. and Crowther, C.A. (2010) Vitamin E Supplementation in Pregnancy (Review). The Cochrane Library. [19] Rumbold, A., Crowther, C., Haslam, R., Dekker, G. and Robinson, J. (2006) Vitamins C and E and the Risks of Preeclampsia and Perinatal Complications. The New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 1796-1806.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa054186 [20] Zagorska, A. and Dulak, J. (2004) HIF-1: The Known and Unknown of Hypoxia Sensing. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 51, 563-578. [21] Welch, P., Amankwah, K.S., Miller, P., McAsey, M.E. and Torry, D. (2006) Correlations of Placental Perfusion and PlGF Protein Expression in Early Human Pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 194, 1625-1629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.012 [22] Lazar, L. (2012) The Role of Oxidative Stress in Female Reproduction and Pregnancy. In: Lushchak, V., Ed., Oxidative Stress and Diseases, In Tech, 313-336.
[1] Cunningham, F.G., Leveno, K.J., Bloom, S.L., Hauth, J.C., Rouse, D.J. and Spong, C.Y., Eds. (2014) Williams Obstetrics. 24th Edition, McGraw Hill, New York. [2] Wagner, L.K. (2004) Diagnosis and Management of Pre-Eclampsia. American Family Physician, 70, 2317-2324. [3] Emery, P.S. (2005) Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Overdiagnosis Is Appropriate. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 72, 345-352.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.72.4.345 [4] Barton, J.R. and Sibai, B.M. (2007) Pre-Eclampsia. In: Manual of Obstetrics, 7th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Texas. [5] Alkaff, T.R., Hartini, T.N.S. and Hakimi, M. (2008) The Correlation between Seasonal Variation and Pre-Eclampsia in Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, 1999-2003. Majalah Obstet Ginekol Indones, 32, 139-142. [6] Wang, A., Rana, S. and Karumanchi, S.A. (2009) Pre-Eclampsia: The Role of Angiogenic Factors in Its Pathogenesis. Physiology, 24, 147-158.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00043.2008 [7] Baumann, M.U., Bersinger, N.A., Mohaupt, M.G., Raio, L., Gerber, S. and Surbek, D.V. (2008) First-Trimester Serum Levels of Soluble Endoglin and Soluble FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 as First-Trimester Markers for Late-Onset Pre-Eclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology, 199, 266.e1-266.e6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.06.069 [8] Davidson, J.M., Homuth, V., Jeyabalan, A., Conrad, K.P., Karumanchi, S.A., Quagging, S., et al. (2004) New Aspect in the Pathophysiology of Pre-Eclampsia. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 15, 2440-2448.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000135975.90889.60 [9] Levine, R.J., Qian, C., Maynard, S.E., Yu, K.F., Epstein, F.H. and Karumanchi, S.A. (2006) Serum sFlt1 Concentration during Pre-Eclampsia and Mid Trimester Blood Pressure in Healthy Nulliparous Women. American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology, 194, 1034-1041.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2005.10.192 [10] Stepan, H. (2009) Angiogenic Factors and Pre-Eclampsia: An Early Marker Is Needed. Clinical Science (London), 116, 231-232.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20080598 [11] Dechend, R. and Luft, F. (2008) Angiogenesis Factors and Preeclampsia. Nature Medicine, 14, 1187-1188.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1108-1187 [12] Noris, M., Perico, M. and Remuzzi, G. (2005) Mechanism of Disease: Pre-Eclampsia. Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology, 1, 98-114.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncpneph0035 [13] Robinson, C.J., Johnson, D.D., Chang, E.Y., Armstrong, D.M. and Wang, W. (2006) Evaluation of Placenta Growth Factor and Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 Receptor Levels in Mild and Severe Preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 195, 255-259.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2005.12.049 [14] Lam, C., Lim, K. and Karumanchi, S.A. (2005) Circulating Angiogenic Factors in the Pathogenesis and Prediction of Preeclampsia. Hypertension, 46, 1077-1085.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000187899.34379.b0 [15] Rana, S., Karumanchi, S.A., Levine, R.J., Venkatesha, S., Sakti, H.J.A., Tarnez, H., et al. (2007) Sequential Changes in Antiangiogenic Factors in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Developing Preeclampsia. Hypertension, 50, 137-142.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.087700 [16] Lindheimer, M.D. and Romero, R. (2007) Emerging Roles of Antiangiogenic and Angiogenic Proteins in the Pathogenesis and Prediction of Preeclampsia. Hypertension, 50, 35-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.089045 [17] Ohkuchi, A., Hirashima, C., Matsunara, S., Suzuki, H., Takahashi, H., Arai, F., et al. (2007) Alterations in Placental Growth Factor Levels before and after the Onset of Preeclampsia are More Pronounced in Women with Early-Onset Severe Preeclampsia. Hypertension Research, 30, 151-159.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1291/hypres.30.151 [18] Rumbold, A. and Crowther, C.A. (2010) Vitamin E Supplementation in Pregnancy (Review). The Cochrane Library. [19] Rumbold, A., Crowther, C., Haslam, R., Dekker, G. and Robinson, J. (2006) Vitamins C and E and the Risks of Preeclampsia and Perinatal Complications. The New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 1796-1806.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa054186 [20] Zagorska, A. and Dulak, J. (2004) HIF-1: The Known and Unknown of Hypoxia Sensing. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 51, 563-578. [21] Welch, P., Amankwah, K.S., Miller, P., McAsey, M.E. and Torry, D. (2006) Correlations of Placental Perfusion and PlGF Protein Expression in Early Human Pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 194, 1625-1629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.012 [22] Lazar, L. (2012) The Role of Oxidative Stress in Female Reproduction and Pregnancy. In: Lushchak, V., Ed., Oxidative Stress and Diseases, In Tech, 313-336.