Effects of Laser Pulse Numbers on Surface Biocompatibility of Titanium for Implant Fabrication
Affiliation(s)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.
ABSTRACT
Generally, materials with high biocompatibility are more appropriate for bone and tissue transplant applications, due to their higher effectiveness in the healing process and infection problems. This study presents the effects of laser surface texturing on the surface topography properties, roughness, and wettability of thin titanium sheets, which consequently enhance the biocompatibility of this material. Creating line patterns across the surfaces, the titanium samples are prepared using variety of laser parameters. The apatite inducing ability of each sample is tested through the use of simulated body fluid (SBF). The final biocompatibility level of titanium samples is analyzed through wettability, surface angle measurements, and average surface temperature profile. Overall, the effects of laser parameter, pulse numbers, upon the biocompatibility of titanium are thoroughly examined, with results indicating that a scanning speed of 100 μm/ms results in desirable bone type apatite inducing abilities across the surface of treated titanium sheets.
Generally, materials with high biocompatibility are more appropriate for bone and tissue transplant applications, due to their higher effectiveness in the healing process and infection problems. This study presents the effects of laser surface texturing on the surface topography properties, roughness, and wettability of thin titanium sheets, which consequently enhance the biocompatibility of this material. Creating line patterns across the surfaces, the titanium samples are prepared using variety of laser parameters. The apatite inducing ability of each sample is tested through the use of simulated body fluid (SBF). The final biocompatibility level of titanium samples is analyzed through wettability, surface angle measurements, and average surface temperature profile. Overall, the effects of laser parameter, pulse numbers, upon the biocompatibility of titanium are thoroughly examined, with results indicating that a scanning speed of 100 μm/ms results in desirable bone type apatite inducing abilities across the surface of treated titanium sheets.
KEYWORDS
Laser Surface Micro Texturing, Titanium, Implant, Biocompatability, Hydroxyapatite Deposition
Laser Surface Micro Texturing, Titanium, Implant, Biocompatability, Hydroxyapatite Deposition
Cite this paper
Radmanesh, M. and Kiani, A. (2015) Effects of Laser Pulse Numbers on Surface Biocompatibility of Titanium for Implant Fabrication. Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 6, 168-175. doi: 10.4236/jbnb.2015.63017.
Radmanesh, M. and Kiani, A. (2015) Effects of Laser Pulse Numbers on Surface Biocompatibility of Titanium for Implant Fabrication. Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 6, 168-175. doi: 10.4236/jbnb.2015.63017.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00121-6 [2] Ahmmed, K.T., Ling, E.J.Y., Servio, P. and Kietzig, A.M. (2015) Introducing a New Optimization Tool for Femtosecond Laser-Induced Surface Texturing on Titanium, Stainless Steel, Aluminum and Copper. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 66, 258-268.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.713964 [5] Erdoan, M., Oktem, B., Kalaycolu, H., Yava?, S., Mukhopadhyay, P.K., Eken, K., Ilday, F., et al. (2011) Texturing of Titanium (Ti6Al4V) Medical Implant Surfaces with MHz-Repetition-Rate Femtosecond and Picosecond Yb- Doped Fiber Lasers. Optics Express, 19, 10986-10996.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.010986 [6] Kokubo, T. and Takadama, H. (2006) How Useful Is SBF in Predicting in Vivo Bone Bioactivity? Biomaterials, 27, 2907-2915.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017 [7] Mirhosseini, N., Crouse, P.L., Schmidth, M.J.J., Li, L. and Garrod, D. (2007) Laser Surface Micro-Texturing of Ti-6Al-4V Substrates for Improved Cell Integration. Applied Surface Science, 253, 7738-7743.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.168 [8] van Tol, A.F., Tibballs, J.E., Gjerdet, N.R. and Ellison, P. (2013) Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Surface Roughness on Bone-Cement-Implant Shear Bond Strength. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 28, 254-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.08.005 [9] Tavangar, A., Tan, B. and Venkatakrishnan, K. (2011) Synthesis of Bio-Functionalized Three-Dimensional Titania Nanofibrous Structures Using Femtosecond Laser Ablation. Acta Biomaterialia, 7, 2726-2732.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.02.020 [10] Wang, H.S., Liang, C.Y., Yang, Y. and Li, C.Y. (2010) Bioactivities of a Ti Surface Ablated with a Femtosecond Laser through SBF. Biomedical Materials, 5, Article ID: 054115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/5/5/054115 [11] Das, K., Balla, V.K., Bandyopadhyay, A. and Bose, S. (2008) Surface Modification of Laser-Processed Porous Titanium for Load-Bearing Implants. Scripta Materialia, 59, 822-825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.06.018 [12] Kazemi, K. and Goldak, J.A. (2009) Numerical Simulation of Laser Full Penetration Welding. Computational Materials Science, 44, 841-849.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.01.002 [13] De Aza, P.N., Fernandez-Pradas, J.M. and Serra, P. (2004) In Vitro Bioactivity of Laser Ablation Pseudowollastonite Coating. Biomaterials, 25, 1983-1990.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.036 [14] Nolte, S., Momma, C., Jacobs, H., Tünnermann, A., Chichkov, B.N., Wellegehausen, B. and Welling, H. (1997) Ablation of Metals by Ultrashort Laser Pulses. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 14, 2716-2722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.14.002716 [15] Fasasi, A.Y., Mwenifumbo, S., Rahbar, N., Chen, J., Li, M., Beye, A.C., Arnold, C.B. and Soboyejo, W.O. (2009) Nano-Second UV Laser Processed Micro-Grooves on Ti6Al4V for Biomedical Applications. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 29, 5-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2008.05.002 [16] Kiani, A., Venkatakrishnan, K., Tan, B. and Venkataramanan, V. (2011) Maskless Lithography Using Silicon Oxide Etch-Stop Layer Induced by Megahertz Repetition Femtosecond Laser Pulses. Optics Express, 19, 10834-10842.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.010834 [17] Kiani, A., Venkatakrishnan, K. and Tan, B. (2010) Direct Laser Writing of Amorphous Silicon on Si-Substrate Induced by High Repetition Femtosecond Pulses. Journal of Applied Physics, 108, Article ID: 074907.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3493192 [18] Kuang, J.H., Hung, T.P., Lai, K., Hsu, C.M. and Lin, A.D. (2012) The Surface Absorption Coefficient of S304L Stainless Steel by Nd: YAG Micro-Pulse Laser. Advanced Materials Research, 472, 2531-2534.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.472-475.2531 [19] Venkatakrishnan, K., Stanley, P., Sivakumar, N.R., Tan, B. and Lim, L.E.N. (2003) Effect of Scanning Resolution and Fluence Fluctuation on Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Thin Films. Applied Physics A, 77, 655-658.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-002-1668-1 [20] Ramsden, J.J., Allen, D.M., Stephenson, D.J., Alcock, J.R., Peggs, G.N., Fuller, G. and Goch, G. (2007) The Design and Manufacture of Biomedical Surfaces. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 56, 687-711.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2007.10.001
[1] Hutmacher, D.W. (2000) Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering Bone and Cartilage. Biomaterials, 21, 2529-2543.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00121-6 [2] Ahmmed, K.T., Ling, E.J.Y., Servio, P. and Kietzig, A.M. (2015) Introducing a New Optimization Tool for Femtosecond Laser-Induced Surface Texturing on Titanium, Stainless Steel, Aluminum and Copper. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 66, 258-268.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2014.09.017 [3] Coelho, P.G., Granjeiro, J.M., Romanos, G.E., Suzuki, M., Silva, N.R., Cardaropoli, G., Thompson, V.P. and Lemons, J.E. (2009) Basic Research Methods and Current Trends of Dental Implant Surfaces. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 88, 579-596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31264 [4] Ulerich, J.P., Ionescu, L.C., Chen, J.B., Soboyejo, W.O. and Arnold, C.B. (2007) Modifications of Ti-6Al-4V Surfaces by Direct-Write Laser Machining of Linear Grooves. Proceedings of SPIE 6458, Photon Processing in Microelectronics and Photonics VI, 645819.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.713964 [5] Erdoan, M., Oktem, B., Kalaycolu, H., Yava?, S., Mukhopadhyay, P.K., Eken, K., Ilday, F., et al. (2011) Texturing of Titanium (Ti6Al4V) Medical Implant Surfaces with MHz-Repetition-Rate Femtosecond and Picosecond Yb- Doped Fiber Lasers. Optics Express, 19, 10986-10996.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.010986 [6] Kokubo, T. and Takadama, H. (2006) How Useful Is SBF in Predicting in Vivo Bone Bioactivity? Biomaterials, 27, 2907-2915.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017 [7] Mirhosseini, N., Crouse, P.L., Schmidth, M.J.J., Li, L. and Garrod, D. (2007) Laser Surface Micro-Texturing of Ti-6Al-4V Substrates for Improved Cell Integration. Applied Surface Science, 253, 7738-7743.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.168 [8] van Tol, A.F., Tibballs, J.E., Gjerdet, N.R. and Ellison, P. (2013) Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Surface Roughness on Bone-Cement-Implant Shear Bond Strength. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 28, 254-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.08.005 [9] Tavangar, A., Tan, B. and Venkatakrishnan, K. (2011) Synthesis of Bio-Functionalized Three-Dimensional Titania Nanofibrous Structures Using Femtosecond Laser Ablation. Acta Biomaterialia, 7, 2726-2732.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.02.020 [10] Wang, H.S., Liang, C.Y., Yang, Y. and Li, C.Y. (2010) Bioactivities of a Ti Surface Ablated with a Femtosecond Laser through SBF. Biomedical Materials, 5, Article ID: 054115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/5/5/054115 [11] Das, K., Balla, V.K., Bandyopadhyay, A. and Bose, S. (2008) Surface Modification of Laser-Processed Porous Titanium for Load-Bearing Implants. Scripta Materialia, 59, 822-825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.06.018 [12] Kazemi, K. and Goldak, J.A. (2009) Numerical Simulation of Laser Full Penetration Welding. Computational Materials Science, 44, 841-849.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.01.002 [13] De Aza, P.N., Fernandez-Pradas, J.M. and Serra, P. (2004) In Vitro Bioactivity of Laser Ablation Pseudowollastonite Coating. Biomaterials, 25, 1983-1990.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.036 [14] Nolte, S., Momma, C., Jacobs, H., Tünnermann, A., Chichkov, B.N., Wellegehausen, B. and Welling, H. (1997) Ablation of Metals by Ultrashort Laser Pulses. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 14, 2716-2722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.14.002716 [15] Fasasi, A.Y., Mwenifumbo, S., Rahbar, N., Chen, J., Li, M., Beye, A.C., Arnold, C.B. and Soboyejo, W.O. (2009) Nano-Second UV Laser Processed Micro-Grooves on Ti6Al4V for Biomedical Applications. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 29, 5-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2008.05.002 [16] Kiani, A., Venkatakrishnan, K., Tan, B. and Venkataramanan, V. (2011) Maskless Lithography Using Silicon Oxide Etch-Stop Layer Induced by Megahertz Repetition Femtosecond Laser Pulses. Optics Express, 19, 10834-10842.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.010834 [17] Kiani, A., Venkatakrishnan, K. and Tan, B. (2010) Direct Laser Writing of Amorphous Silicon on Si-Substrate Induced by High Repetition Femtosecond Pulses. Journal of Applied Physics, 108, Article ID: 074907.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3493192 [18] Kuang, J.H., Hung, T.P., Lai, K., Hsu, C.M. and Lin, A.D. (2012) The Surface Absorption Coefficient of S304L Stainless Steel by Nd: YAG Micro-Pulse Laser. Advanced Materials Research, 472, 2531-2534.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.472-475.2531 [19] Venkatakrishnan, K., Stanley, P., Sivakumar, N.R., Tan, B. and Lim, L.E.N. (2003) Effect of Scanning Resolution and Fluence Fluctuation on Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Thin Films. Applied Physics A, 77, 655-658.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-002-1668-1 [20] Ramsden, J.J., Allen, D.M., Stephenson, D.J., Alcock, J.R., Peggs, G.N., Fuller, G. and Goch, G. (2007) The Design and Manufacture of Biomedical Surfaces. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 56, 687-711.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2007.10.001