Evaluation of Thixotropic Models for Waxy Crudes
ABSTRACT
Thixotropy is a great rheological behavior of waxy crudes oils and is of great importance for hydraulic characteristics and security of oil pipeline restart. In this paper, through the experiment of four waxy crudes, three kinds of thixotropic rheology characteristics in the conditions that shear stress decays under a constant shear rate, shear stress decays after shear rate steps up and hysteresis loop of shear rate cycle changes are studied . For eight thixotropic models, experimental data are fitted in the method of least-squares and average deviation is taken as a statistical indicator to evaluate the thixotropic models. It shows that the model with the idea of Cheng that completely reversible and totally irreversible structures both exist in waxy oil products and based on Houska model can describe thixotropic behaviors of waxy crudes most well.
Thixotropy is a great rheological behavior of waxy crudes oils and is of great importance for hydraulic characteristics and security of oil pipeline restart. In this paper, through the experiment of four waxy crudes, three kinds of thixotropic rheology characteristics in the conditions that shear stress decays under a constant shear rate, shear stress decays after shear rate steps up and hysteresis loop of shear rate cycle changes are studied . For eight thixotropic models, experimental data are fitted in the method of least-squares and average deviation is taken as a statistical indicator to evaluate the thixotropic models. It shows that the model with the idea of Cheng that completely reversible and totally irreversible structures both exist in waxy oil products and based on Houska model can describe thixotropic behaviors of waxy crudes most well.
Cite this paper
Guo, L. , Chen, X. , Shi, S. , Wang, Y. and Yu, X. (2015) Evaluation of Thixotropic Models for Waxy Crudes. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 5, 304-312. doi: 10.4236/ojapps.2015.56031.
Guo, L. , Chen, X. , Shi, S. , Wang, Y. and Yu, X. (2015) Evaluation of Thixotropic Models for Waxy Crudes. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 5, 304-312. doi: 10.4236/ojapps.2015.56031.
References
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The Chemical Engineering Journal, 3, 100-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(72)85011-1 [22] Huang, C.R. and Fabisiak, W. (1978) A Rheological Equation Characterizing Both the Time Dependent and the Steady State Viscosity of Whole Human Blood. American Institute of Chemical Engineers—Symposium Series, 74, 19-21. [23] Fang, B., Jin, H. and Jiang, T.Q. (1999) Study on Constitutive Equation of Blood Hysteresis Loop (I): Hysteresis Loop Constitutive Equation of Reflecting Viscoelasticity and Thixotropy. The 6th National Conference on Rheology, Center China University of Science and Technology Press, Wuhan. [24] Fang, B. and Jiang, T.Q. (1998) Mathematical Charaterization of Blood Viscoelasticity and Thixotropy Studies on the Novel 5-Paramater Time-Dependent Constitutive Equation and Its Suitability. Journal of East China University of Science and Technology, 24, 393-398. [25] Fang, B., Song, D.Y. and Jiang, T.Q. (1999) Study on the Novel 7-Parameter Constitutive Equation for Viscoelastic- Thixotropic Fluids. Advances in Rheology. The 6th National Conference on Rheology, Center China University of Science and Technology Press, Wuhan. [26] Hou, L. and Zhang, J.J. (2005) Study on Thixotropy of Waxy Crude Based on Viscoelasticity Analysis. Journal of the University of Petroleum, China (Natural Science), 29, 84-94. [27] Liu, G., Zhang, G.Z. and Deng, Y. (2003) Viscoelasticity-Thixotropy Constitutive Equation for Gelled Crude Oil. Journal of the University of Petroleum, China (Natural Science), 27, 72-75.
[1] Li, C.X. (2007) Crude Oil Rheology. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing, 136-140. [2] Mewis, J. and Wagner, N.J. (2009) Thixotropy. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 147, 214-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2008.09.005 [3] Cheng, D.C.-H. (1987) Thixotropy. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 9, 151-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1987.tb00472.x [4] Mewis, J. (1979) Thixotropy—General Review. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 6, 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0257(79)87001-9 [5] Barnes, H.A. (1997) Thixotropy Review. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 70, 1-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0257(97)00004-9 [6] Dullaert, K. and Mewis, J. (2005) Thixotropy: Build-Up and Breakdown Curves during Flow. Journal of Rheology, 6, 1213-1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.2039868 [7] Dullaert, K. and Mewis, J. (2006) A Structural Kinetics Model for Thixotropy. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 139, 21-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2006.06.002 [8] Huang, C.R. (1972) A Thermodynamic Approach to Generalised Rheological Equations of State for Time-Dependent and Time-Independent Non-Newtonian Fluids. The Chemical Engineering Journal, 3, 100-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(72)85011-1 [9] Li, H., Zhang, X.M. and Zhang, S.H. (2000) SY/T 7550-2000 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Standard of The People’s Republic of China—Determination of Wax, Resins and Asphaltenes Contents in Crude Oil. Petroleum industry Press, Beijing. [10] Shi, J., Quan, Z.Y. and Cheng, P.J. (1995) SY/T 0545-1995 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Standard of the People’s Republic of China-Determination of Thermal Characteristics Related to Wax Precipitation of Oil—Differen- tial Scanning Calorimetry. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing. [11] Luo, Z.M., Li, C.X. and Zhao M.X. (1994) SY/T 0541-1994 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Standard of The People’s Republic of China-Determination of Crude Freezing Point. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing. [12] Zhu, G.Y., Hua, H.Z. and Guan, H.Z. (1984) GB1884-1983 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Standard of The People’s Republic of China—Oil and Liquid Petroleum Products Density Measuremen. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing. [13] Houska, M. (1981) Engineering Aspects of the Rheology of Thixotrpic Liquids. PhD Thesis, Czech Technical University of Prague, Prague. [14] Wachs, A., Vinay, G. and Frigaard, I. (2009) A 1.5D Numerical Model for the Start Up of Weakly Compressible Flow of Aviscoplastic and Thixotropic Fluid in Pipelines. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech, 2, 1-53. [15] Sestak, J., Charles, M.E. and Cawkwell, M.G. (1987) Start-Up of Gelled Crude Oil Pipeline. Journal of Pipelines, 6, 15-24. [16] Cheng, D.C-H. (1986) Yield Stress: A Time Dependent Property and How to Measure It. Rheologica Acta, 25, 542- 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01774406 [17] Zhao, X.D. (1999) Study on Unsteady Hydraulic and Thermodynamic Calculation Method of the Modified Crude Oil Pipeline Restarting. PhD Thesis, University of Petroleum, Beijing. [18] Zhang, F., Zhang, J.J. and Yang, X.J. (2004) Comparison of Thixotropic Models of Waxy Crude Oil: Proceedings of the XIV International Congress on Rheology. PhD Thesis, Korea Society of Rheology, Seoul. [19] Ma, W.P., Qi, H.S. and Peng, S.Y. (2008) Experimental Research on Thixotropic Characteristic of Daqing Crude Oil Blended with Russian Crude Oil. Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation, 27, 27-32. [20] Chen, H.J. (2002) The Restarting Pressure Research of a Crude Pipeline. PhD Thesis, University of Petroleum, Beijing. [21] Huang, C.R. (1972) A Thermodynamic Approach to Generalized Rheological Equations of State for Time-Dependent and Time-Independent Non-Newtonian Fluids. The Chemical Engineering Journal, 3, 100-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(72)85011-1 [22] Huang, C.R. and Fabisiak, W. (1978) A Rheological Equation Characterizing Both the Time Dependent and the Steady State Viscosity of Whole Human Blood. American Institute of Chemical Engineers—Symposium Series, 74, 19-21. [23] Fang, B., Jin, H. and Jiang, T.Q. (1999) Study on Constitutive Equation of Blood Hysteresis Loop (I): Hysteresis Loop Constitutive Equation of Reflecting Viscoelasticity and Thixotropy. The 6th National Conference on Rheology, Center China University of Science and Technology Press, Wuhan. [24] Fang, B. and Jiang, T.Q. (1998) Mathematical Charaterization of Blood Viscoelasticity and Thixotropy Studies on the Novel 5-Paramater Time-Dependent Constitutive Equation and Its Suitability. Journal of East China University of Science and Technology, 24, 393-398. [25] Fang, B., Song, D.Y. and Jiang, T.Q. (1999) Study on the Novel 7-Parameter Constitutive Equation for Viscoelastic- Thixotropic Fluids. Advances in Rheology. The 6th National Conference on Rheology, Center China University of Science and Technology Press, Wuhan. [26] Hou, L. and Zhang, J.J. (2005) Study on Thixotropy of Waxy Crude Based on Viscoelasticity Analysis. Journal of the University of Petroleum, China (Natural Science), 29, 84-94. [27] Liu, G., Zhang, G.Z. and Deng, Y. (2003) Viscoelasticity-Thixotropy Constitutive Equation for Gelled Crude Oil. Journal of the University of Petroleum, China (Natural Science), 27, 72-75.