The Effect of Measuring Magnetic Susceptibility of Water Samples by Starting with Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) before Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization (ARM)
Affiliation(s)
1 State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. 2 Department of Lands, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi. 3 Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 4 Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
1 State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. 2 Department of Lands, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi. 3 Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 4 Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
ABSTRACT
Estimating magnetic properties of water samples by first measuring the Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization (ARM) before Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) is induced has been costly due to the discard of samples measured by staring with the latter before the former. However, no clear understanding exists on the effect of measuring magnetic properties values by first inducing IRM before ARM. This study explored the effect of measuring concentration related parameters (χlf, χfd and χARM), a mineral related parameter (S-300) and grain size parameters (χfd% and χARM/SIRM ratio) fromwater samples by starting with IRM before ARM. Forty three surface water samples were collected from the estuarine of Yangtze River (China) with the aim of measuring magnetic characteristics by starting with IRM before ARM. The results indicated that, measuring magnetic properties by either starting with ARM or IRM led to similar values for χlf, χfd, χfd%, χARM, S-300 and χARM/SIRM ratio (p > 0.05). These results imply that, measuring concentrationrelated parameters does not necessarily require measuring ARM first and then IRM. Researchers can start by measuring any parameter between ARM and IRM without affecting the final results of the water samples, but with proper demagnetization when started with IRM.
Estimating magnetic properties of water samples by first measuring the Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization (ARM) before Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) is induced has been costly due to the discard of samples measured by staring with the latter before the former. However, no clear understanding exists on the effect of measuring magnetic properties values by first inducing IRM before ARM. This study explored the effect of measuring concentration related parameters (χlf, χfd and χARM), a mineral related parameter (S-300) and grain size parameters (χfd% and χARM/SIRM ratio) fromwater samples by starting with IRM before ARM. Forty three surface water samples were collected from the estuarine of Yangtze River (China) with the aim of measuring magnetic characteristics by starting with IRM before ARM. The results indicated that, measuring magnetic properties by either starting with ARM or IRM led to similar values for χlf, χfd, χfd%, χARM, S-300 and χARM/SIRM ratio (p > 0.05). These results imply that, measuring concentrationrelated parameters does not necessarily require measuring ARM first and then IRM. Researchers can start by measuring any parameter between ARM and IRM without affecting the final results of the water samples, but with proper demagnetization when started with IRM.
Cite this paper
Mzuza, M. , Limbu, S. , (2015) The Effect of Measuring Magnetic Susceptibility of Water Samples by Starting with Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) before Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization (ARM). International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 614-618. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.66048.
Mzuza, M. , Limbu, S. , (2015) The Effect of Measuring Magnetic Susceptibility of Water Samples by Starting with Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) before Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization (ARM). International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 614-618. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.66048.
References
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[1] Fialová, H., Maier, G., Petrovsky, E., Kapi?ka, A., Boyko, T. and Scholger, R. (2006) Magnetic Properties of Soils from Sites with Different Geological and Environmental Settings. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 59, 273-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2005.10.006 [2] Wang, H., Xu, L., Sun, X., Lu, M., Du, X., Huo, Y. and Snowball, I. (2011) Comparing Mineral Magnetic Properties of Sediments in Two Reservoirs in “Strongly” and “Mildly” Eroded Regions on the Guizhou Plateau, Southwest China: A Tool for Inferring Differences in Sediment Sources and Soil Erosion. Geomorphology, 130, 255-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.003 [3] Zhang, W., Xing, Y., Yu, L., Feng, H. and Lu, M. (2008) Distinguishing Sediments from the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, China: A Mineral Magnetic Approach. The Holocene, 18, 1139-1145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683608095582 [4] Zhang, W., Yu, L., Lu, M., Hutchinson, S.M. and Feng, H. (2007) Magnetic Approach to Normalizing Heavy Metal Concentrations for Particle Size Effects in Intertidal Sediments in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Environmental Pollution, 147, 238-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.003 [5] Cullity, B.D. and Graham, C.D. (2011) Introduction to Magnetic Materials. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. [6] Walden, J., Slattery, M.C. and Burt, T.P. (1997) Use of Mineral Magnetic Measurements to Fingerprint Suspended Sediment Sources: Approaches and Techniques for Data Analysis. Journal of Hydrology, 202, 353-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00078-4 [7] Shilton, V.F., Booth, C.A., Smith, J.P., Giess, P., Mitchell, D.J. and Williams, C.D. (2005) Magnetic Properties of Urban Street Dust and Their Relationship with Organic Matter Content in the West Midlands, UK. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3651-3659.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.005 [8] Owens, P.N., Walling, D.E. and Leeks, G.J. (1999) Use of Floodplain Sediment Cores to Investigate Recent Historical Changes in Overbank Sedimentation Rates and Sediment Sources in the Catchment of the River Ouse, Yorkshire, UK. CATENA, 36, 21-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00010-7 [9] Walling, D. (2005) Tracing Suspended Sediment Sources in Catchments and River Systems. Science of the Total Environment, 344, 159-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.02.011 [10] Wilkinson, S.N., Hancock, G.J., Bartley, R., Hawdon, A.A. and Keen, R.J. (2013) Using Sediment Tracing to Assess Processes and Spatial Patterns of Erosion in Grazed Rangelands, Burdekin River Basin, Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 180, 90-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.02.002 [11] Hofman, J., Wuyts, K., Van Wittenberghe, S., Brackx, M. and Samson, R. (2014) Reprint of on the Link between Biomagnetic Monitoring and Leaf-Deposited Dust Load of Urban Trees: Relationships and Spatial Variability of Different Particle Size Fractions. Environmental Pollution, 192, 285-294.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.006 [12] Thompson, R. and Oldfield, F. (1986) Environmental Magnetism. Allen & Unwin: Springer, London. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-8036-8 [13] Maher, B.A. (1988) Magnetic Properties of Some Synthetic Sub-Micron Magnetites. Geophysical Journal International, 94, 83-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1988.tb03429.x [14] Robinson, S.G. and Sahota, J.T. (2000) Rock-Magnetic Characterization of Early, Redoxomorphic Diagenesis in Turbiditic Sediments from the Madeira Abyssal Plain. Sedimentology, 47, 367-394.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00298.x [15] Yamazaki, T. (2009) Environmental Magnetism of Pleistocene Sediments in the North Pacific and Ontong-Java Plateau: Temporal Variations of Detrital and Biogenic Components. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002413 [16] Yamazaki, T. and Ikehara, M. (2012) Origin of Magnetic Mineral Concentration Variation in the Southern Ocean. Paleoceanography, 27, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011pa002271 [17] Venkatachalapathy, R., Veerasingam, S., Basavaiah, N., Ramkumar, T. and Deenadayalan, K. (2011) Environmental Magnetic and Geochemical Characteristics of Chennai Coastal Sediments, Bay of Bengal, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 120, 885-895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12040-011-0108-z [18] Dunlop, D.J. and Prévot, M. (1982) Magnetic Properties and Opaque Mineralogy of Drilled Submarine Intrusive Rocks. Geophysical Journal International, 69, 763-802.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1982.tb02774.x [19] Venkatramanan, S., Chung, S., Park, N., Ramkumar, T. and Gnanachandrasamy, G. (2014) A Preliminary Investigation of Hydrogeochemistry, Metals and Saturation Indices of Minerals in Nakdong Surface Water and Adjacent Deltaic Groundwater Using WATEQ4F Geochemical Model. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 7, 456-466.