Phosphatase Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphorus Compounds
Affiliation(s)
1 Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL, USA. 2 USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
1 Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL, USA. 2 USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
ABSTRACT
Phosphatases are diverse groups of enzymes that deserve special attention because of their significant roles in organic phosphorus (OP) mineralization to inorganic available forms (Pi). This work 1) compared the catalytic potentials of commercially acid phosphatase from wheat germ, sweet potato, and potato, and alkaline phosphatase from E. coli; 2) demonstrated that the rate of hydrolysis, catalytic efficiency, thermal stability, and optimal pH of these enzymes depended on enzyme sources and the stereochemical or stereoisomeric structures of the substrates; 3) revealed that both acid and alkaline phosphatases exhibited broad range of substrate hydrolysis with high affinity for p-nitrophenyl phosphate bis (cyclohexylammonium) than the widely used p-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium hexahydrate for phosphatase assay. Sweet potato had relatively higher reaction kinetics (Vmax, Km, Kcat, Kcat/Km) values with most substrates tested. The order of catalytic activity was in the order: sweet potato > wheat germ > potato, while the order of substrate hydrolyzed was: PNPBC > PNP > PNP2A2E > DG6P2Na > DG6PNa > Bis-PNP > phytate. The optimum pH for the acid phosphatase was observed to be 5.0. Generally, the activity of alkaline phosphatase was similar to that of acid phosphatase with optimal pH between 10 and 13, depending on the substrates. Knowledge derived from this work would be helpful in enzyme catalysis in soils and water environments.
Phosphatases are diverse groups of enzymes that deserve special attention because of their significant roles in organic phosphorus (OP) mineralization to inorganic available forms (Pi). This work 1) compared the catalytic potentials of commercially acid phosphatase from wheat germ, sweet potato, and potato, and alkaline phosphatase from E. coli; 2) demonstrated that the rate of hydrolysis, catalytic efficiency, thermal stability, and optimal pH of these enzymes depended on enzyme sources and the stereochemical or stereoisomeric structures of the substrates; 3) revealed that both acid and alkaline phosphatases exhibited broad range of substrate hydrolysis with high affinity for p-nitrophenyl phosphate bis (cyclohexylammonium) than the widely used p-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium hexahydrate for phosphatase assay. Sweet potato had relatively higher reaction kinetics (Vmax, Km, Kcat, Kcat/Km) values with most substrates tested. The order of catalytic activity was in the order: sweet potato > wheat germ > potato, while the order of substrate hydrolyzed was: PNPBC > PNP > PNP2A2E > DG6P2Na > DG6PNa > Bis-PNP > phytate. The optimum pH for the acid phosphatase was observed to be 5.0. Generally, the activity of alkaline phosphatase was similar to that of acid phosphatase with optimal pH between 10 and 13, depending on the substrates. Knowledge derived from this work would be helpful in enzyme catalysis in soils and water environments.
KEYWORDS
Enzymes, Phosphatases, Organic Phosphorus Mineralization, Wheat Germ, Sweet Potato, E. coli
Enzymes, Phosphatases, Organic Phosphorus Mineralization, Wheat Germ, Sweet Potato, E. coli
Cite this paper
Tazisong, I. , Senwo, Z. and He, Z. (2015) Phosphatase Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphorus Compounds. Advances in Enzyme Research, 3, 39-51. doi: 10.4236/aer.2015.32005.
Tazisong, I. , Senwo, Z. and He, Z. (2015) Phosphatase Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphorus Compounds. Advances in Enzyme Research, 3, 39-51. doi: 10.4236/aer.2015.32005.
References
[1] Senwo, Z.N., Ranatunga, T.D., Tazisong, I.A., Taylor, R.W. and He, Z. (2007) Phosphatase Activity of Ultisols and Relationship to Soil Fertility Indices. Journal of Food Agriculture andEnvironment, 5, 262-266. [2] Blair, R.M., Savin, M.C. and Chen, P.Y. (2014) Phosphatase Activities and Available Nutrients in Soil Receiving Pelletized Poultry Litter. Soil Science, 179, 182-189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SS.0000000000000061 [3] Tazisong, I.A., Senwo, Z.N., Cade-Menun, B.J. and He, Z. (2014) Phosphorus Forms and Mineralization Potentials of Alabama Upland Cotton Production Soils Amended with Poultry Litter. In: He, Z.Q. and Zhang, H.L., Eds., Applied Manure and Nutrient Chemistry for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, New York, London, 191-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8807-6_10 [4] Waldrip, H.M. and Acosta-Martínez, V. (2014) Phosphatase Activities and their Effects on Phosphorus Availability in Soils Amended with Livestock Manures. In: He, Z.Q. and Zhang, H.L., Eds., Applied Manure and Nutrient Chemistry for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, New York, London, 123-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8807-6_7 [5] Webb, E.C. (1992) Enzyme Nomenclature. Academic Press, San Diego. [6] He, Z.Q. and Honeycutt, C.W. (2001) Enzymatic Characterization of Organic Phosphorus in Animal Manure. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30, 1685-1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.3051685x [7] Pagliari, P.H. and Laboski, C.A.M. (2012) Investigation of the Inorganic and Organic Phosphorus Forms in Animal Manure. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41, 901-910. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0451 [8] Anderson, H. and Magdoff, F.R. (2005) Relative Movement and Soil Fixation of Soluble Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 2228-2233.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0025 [9] Borie, F. and Rubio, R. (2003) Total and Organic Phosphorus in Chilean Volcanic Soils. Gayana Botánica, 60, 69-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-66432003000100011 [10] Young, E.O., Ross, D.S., Cade-Menun, B.J. and Liu, C.W. (2013) Phosphorus Speciation in Riparian Soils: A Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Enzyme Hydrolysis Study. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 77, 1636-1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2012.0313 [11] Zhu, Y., Wu, F., He, Z., Guo, J., Qu, X., Xie, F., Giesy, J.P., Liao, H. and Guo, F. (2013) Characterization of Organic Phosphorus in Lake Sediments by Sequential Fractionation and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Environmental Science and Technology, 47, 7679-7687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es305277g [12] Hayes, J.E., Richardson, A.E. and Simpson, R.J. (2000) Components of Organic Phosphorus in Soil Extracts That Are Hydrolysed by Phytase and Acid Phosphatase. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 32, 279-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000249 [13] Kerovuo, J., Rouvinen, J. and Hatzack, F. (2000) Analysis of Myo-Inositol Hexakisphosphate Hydrolysis by Bacillus Phytase: Indication of a Novel Reaction Mechanism. Biochemistry Journal, 352, 623-628.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/0264-6021:3520623 [14] He, Z.Q., Honeycutt, C.W., Griffin, T.S., Larkin, R.P., Olanya, M. and Halloran, J.H. (2010) Increases of Soil Phosphatase and Urease Activities in Potato Fields by Cropping Rotation Practices. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 8, 1112-1117. [15] Waldrip, H.M., He, Z.Q. and Erich, M.S. (2011) Effects of Poultry Manure Amendment on Phosphorus Uptake by Ryegrass, Soil Phosphorus Fractions and Phosphatase Activity. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 47, 407-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-011-0546-4 [16] Waldrip, H.M., He, Z. and Griffin, T.S. (2012) Effects of Organic Dairy Manure on Soil Phosphatase Activity, Available Soil Phosphorus, and Growth of Sorghum-Sudangrass. Soil Science, 177, 629-637.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e31827c4b78 [17] Acosta-Martinez, V. and Waldrip, H.M. (2014) Soil Enzyme Activities as Affected by Manure Types, Application Rates and Management Practices. In: He, Z.Q. and Zhang, H.L., Eds., Applied Manure and Nutrient Chemistry for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, New York and London, 99-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8807-6_6 [18] Li, S.M., Li, L., Zhanh, F.S. and Tang, C. (2004) Acid Phosphatase Role in Chickpea/Maize Intercropping. Annals of Botany, 94, 297-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mch140 [19] Acosta-Martinez, V., Dowd, S.E., Sun, Y., Wester, D. and Allen, V. (2010) Pyrosequencing Analysis for Characterization of Bacterial Diversity in a Soil as Affected by Integrated Livestock-Cotton Production Systems. Applied Soil Ecology, 45, 13-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.01.005 [20] He, Z.Q., Griffin, T.S. and Honeycutt, C.W. (2004) Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphorus in Swine Manure and Soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33, 367-372.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.3670 [21] He, Z.Q., Olk, D.C., Honeycutt, C.W. and Fortuna, A.M. (2009) Enzymatically- and Ultraviolet-Labile Phosphorus in Humic Acid Fractions from Rice Soils. Soil Science, 174, 81-87.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e3181981dc5 [22] Johnson, N.R. and Hill, J.E. (2010) Phosphorus Species Composition of Poultry Manure-Amended Soil Using High-Throughput Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 74, 1786-1791.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2009.0431 [23] Johnson, N.R. and Hill, J.E. (2011) High-Throughput Measurement and Classification of Organic P in Environmental Samples. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 52, 1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/2660 [24] Strickland, J.D.H. and Solorzano, L. (1966) Determination of Monoesterase Hydrolysable Phosphate and Phosphomonoesterase Activity in Sea Water. In: Barnes, H., Ed., Some Contemporary Studies in Marine Science, Allen G. and Unwin, London, 665-674. [25] Vincent, J.B., Crowder, M.W. and Averill, B.A. (1992) Hydrolysis of Phosphate Monoesters: A Biological Problem with Multiple Chemical Solutions. Trends in Biochemical Science, 17, 105-110.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(92)90246-6 [26] Cathala, G. and Brunel, C. (1975) Bovine Kidney Alkaline Phosphatase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 250, 6046- 6053. [27] Tabatabai, M.A. and Bremner, J.M. (1969) Use of P-Nitrophenyl Phosphate for Assay of Soil Phosphatase Activity. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 1, 301-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(69)90012-1 [28] Joner, E.J., van Aarde, I.M. and Vosatka, M. (2000) Phosphatase Activity of Extra-Radical Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Hyphae: A Review. Plant and Soil, 226, 199-210.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026582207192 [29] Tazisong, I.A., He, Z. and Senwo, Z.N. (2013) Inorganic and Enzymatically Hydrolyzable Organic Phosphorus of Alabama Decatur Silt Loam Soils Cropped with Upland Cotton. Soil Science, 178, 231-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e31829cf464 [30] Tazisong, I.A., Senwo, Z.N., Taylor, R.W. and He, Z. (2008) Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphates by Commercially Available Phytases: Biocatalytic Potentials and Effects of Ions on their Enzymatic Activities. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 6, 500-505. [31] He, Z.Q., Honeycutt, C.W., Cade-Menun, B.J., Senwo, Z.N. and Tazisong, I.A. (2008) Phosphorus in Poultry Litter and Soil: Enzymatic and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 72, 1425- 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0407 [32] He, Z.Q., Olk, D.C. and Cade-Menun, B.J. (2011) Forms and Lability of Phosphorus in Humic Acid Fractions of Hord Silt Loam Soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75, 1712-1722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0355 [33] Malcolm, R.E. (1982) Assessment of Phosphatase Activity in Soils. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 15, 403-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(83)90003-2 [34] Murphy, J. and Riley, J.P. (1962) A Modified Single Solution Method for Determination of Phosphate in Natural Waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 27, 31-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5 [35] Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer, L. (2003) Biochemistry. W.H Freeman and Company, New York. [36] Siddiqua, A., Saeed, A., Naz, R., Sherazi, M., Abbas, S. and Saeed, A. (2012) Purification and Biochemical Properties of Acid Phosphatase from Robu Fish Liver. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 14, 223-228. [37] Wyss, M., Brugger, R., Kronenberger, A., Remy, R., Fimbel, R., Oesterhelt, G., Lehmann, M. and van Loon, A.P.G.M. (1998) Biochemical Characterization of Fungal Phytases (Myo-Inositol Hexakisphosphate Phosphohydrolases): Catalytic Properties. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 65, 367-373. [38] Asaduzzaman, A.K.M., Rahman, M.H. and Yeasmin, T. (2011) Purification and Characterization of Acid Phosphatase from a Germinating Black Gram (Vignamungo L.) Seedling. Archives of Biological Science, 63, 747-756. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS1103747A [39] Scott, E.M. (1966) Kinetics Comparison of Genetically Different Acid Phosphatases of Human Erythrocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 241, 3049-3052. [40] Turner, B.L., Baxter, R., Ellwood, N.T.W. and Whitton, B.A. (2001) Characterization of the Phosphatase Activities of Mosses in Relation to their Environment. Plant, Cell and Environment, 24, 1165-1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00767.x [41] Martin, B., Pallen, C.J., Wang, J.H. and Graves, D.J. (1985) Use of Fluorinated Tyrosine Phosphate to Probe the Substrate Specificity of the Low Molecular Weight Phosphate Activity of Calcineurin. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 260, 14932-14937. [42] Wagschal, K., Franqui-Espiet, D., Lee, C.C., Robertson, G.H. and Wong, D.W.S. (2005) Enzyme-Couple Assay for β-Xylosidase Hydrolysis of Natural Substrates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 5318-5323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.9.5318-5323.2005 [43] Nigam, V.N., Davidson, H.M. and Fishman, W.H. (1959) Kinetics of Hydrolysis of the Orthophosphate Monoesters of Phenol, P-Nitrophenol, and Glycerol by Human Prostatic Acid Phosphatase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 234, 1550-1554. [44] Barbara, K.J. and Grisolia, S. (1960) Purification and Properties of a Nonspecific Acid Phosphatase from Wheat Germ. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 235, 2278-2281. [45] Denu, J.M. and Dixson, J.E. (1995) A Catalytic Mechanism for the Dual-Specific Phosphatase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 5910-5914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.13.5910 [46] Wilson, I.B., Dayan, J. and Cyr, K. (1964) Some Properties of Alkaline Phosphatase from Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 239, 4182-4184. [47] Mushak, P. and Coleman, J.E. (1972) Hydrolysis of a Stable Oxygen Ester of Phosphorothioic Acid by Alkaline Phosphatase. Biochemistry, 11, 201-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00752a009
[1] Senwo, Z.N., Ranatunga, T.D., Tazisong, I.A., Taylor, R.W. and He, Z. (2007) Phosphatase Activity of Ultisols and Relationship to Soil Fertility Indices. Journal of Food Agriculture andEnvironment, 5, 262-266. [2] Blair, R.M., Savin, M.C. and Chen, P.Y. (2014) Phosphatase Activities and Available Nutrients in Soil Receiving Pelletized Poultry Litter. Soil Science, 179, 182-189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SS.0000000000000061 [3] Tazisong, I.A., Senwo, Z.N., Cade-Menun, B.J. and He, Z. (2014) Phosphorus Forms and Mineralization Potentials of Alabama Upland Cotton Production Soils Amended with Poultry Litter. In: He, Z.Q. and Zhang, H.L., Eds., Applied Manure and Nutrient Chemistry for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, New York, London, 191-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8807-6_10 [4] Waldrip, H.M. and Acosta-Martínez, V. (2014) Phosphatase Activities and their Effects on Phosphorus Availability in Soils Amended with Livestock Manures. In: He, Z.Q. and Zhang, H.L., Eds., Applied Manure and Nutrient Chemistry for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, New York, London, 123-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8807-6_7 [5] Webb, E.C. (1992) Enzyme Nomenclature. Academic Press, San Diego. [6] He, Z.Q. and Honeycutt, C.W. (2001) Enzymatic Characterization of Organic Phosphorus in Animal Manure. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30, 1685-1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.3051685x [7] Pagliari, P.H. and Laboski, C.A.M. (2012) Investigation of the Inorganic and Organic Phosphorus Forms in Animal Manure. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41, 901-910. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0451 [8] Anderson, H. and Magdoff, F.R. (2005) Relative Movement and Soil Fixation of Soluble Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 2228-2233.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0025 [9] Borie, F. and Rubio, R. (2003) Total and Organic Phosphorus in Chilean Volcanic Soils. Gayana Botánica, 60, 69-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-66432003000100011 [10] Young, E.O., Ross, D.S., Cade-Menun, B.J. and Liu, C.W. (2013) Phosphorus Speciation in Riparian Soils: A Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Enzyme Hydrolysis Study. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 77, 1636-1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2012.0313 [11] Zhu, Y., Wu, F., He, Z., Guo, J., Qu, X., Xie, F., Giesy, J.P., Liao, H. and Guo, F. (2013) Characterization of Organic Phosphorus in Lake Sediments by Sequential Fractionation and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Environmental Science and Technology, 47, 7679-7687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es305277g [12] Hayes, J.E., Richardson, A.E. and Simpson, R.J. (2000) Components of Organic Phosphorus in Soil Extracts That Are Hydrolysed by Phytase and Acid Phosphatase. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 32, 279-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000249 [13] Kerovuo, J., Rouvinen, J. and Hatzack, F. (2000) Analysis of Myo-Inositol Hexakisphosphate Hydrolysis by Bacillus Phytase: Indication of a Novel Reaction Mechanism. Biochemistry Journal, 352, 623-628.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/0264-6021:3520623 [14] He, Z.Q., Honeycutt, C.W., Griffin, T.S., Larkin, R.P., Olanya, M. and Halloran, J.H. (2010) Increases of Soil Phosphatase and Urease Activities in Potato Fields by Cropping Rotation Practices. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 8, 1112-1117. [15] Waldrip, H.M., He, Z.Q. and Erich, M.S. (2011) Effects of Poultry Manure Amendment on Phosphorus Uptake by Ryegrass, Soil Phosphorus Fractions and Phosphatase Activity. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 47, 407-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-011-0546-4 [16] Waldrip, H.M., He, Z. and Griffin, T.S. (2012) Effects of Organic Dairy Manure on Soil Phosphatase Activity, Available Soil Phosphorus, and Growth of Sorghum-Sudangrass. Soil Science, 177, 629-637.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e31827c4b78 [17] Acosta-Martinez, V. and Waldrip, H.M. (2014) Soil Enzyme Activities as Affected by Manure Types, Application Rates and Management Practices. In: He, Z.Q. and Zhang, H.L., Eds., Applied Manure and Nutrient Chemistry for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, New York and London, 99-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8807-6_6 [18] Li, S.M., Li, L., Zhanh, F.S. and Tang, C. (2004) Acid Phosphatase Role in Chickpea/Maize Intercropping. Annals of Botany, 94, 297-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mch140 [19] Acosta-Martinez, V., Dowd, S.E., Sun, Y., Wester, D. and Allen, V. (2010) Pyrosequencing Analysis for Characterization of Bacterial Diversity in a Soil as Affected by Integrated Livestock-Cotton Production Systems. Applied Soil Ecology, 45, 13-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.01.005 [20] He, Z.Q., Griffin, T.S. and Honeycutt, C.W. (2004) Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphorus in Swine Manure and Soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33, 367-372.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.3670 [21] He, Z.Q., Olk, D.C., Honeycutt, C.W. and Fortuna, A.M. (2009) Enzymatically- and Ultraviolet-Labile Phosphorus in Humic Acid Fractions from Rice Soils. Soil Science, 174, 81-87.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e3181981dc5 [22] Johnson, N.R. and Hill, J.E. (2010) Phosphorus Species Composition of Poultry Manure-Amended Soil Using High-Throughput Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 74, 1786-1791.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2009.0431 [23] Johnson, N.R. and Hill, J.E. (2011) High-Throughput Measurement and Classification of Organic P in Environmental Samples. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 52, 1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/2660 [24] Strickland, J.D.H. and Solorzano, L. (1966) Determination of Monoesterase Hydrolysable Phosphate and Phosphomonoesterase Activity in Sea Water. In: Barnes, H., Ed., Some Contemporary Studies in Marine Science, Allen G. and Unwin, London, 665-674. [25] Vincent, J.B., Crowder, M.W. and Averill, B.A. (1992) Hydrolysis of Phosphate Monoesters: A Biological Problem with Multiple Chemical Solutions. Trends in Biochemical Science, 17, 105-110.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(92)90246-6 [26] Cathala, G. and Brunel, C. (1975) Bovine Kidney Alkaline Phosphatase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 250, 6046- 6053. [27] Tabatabai, M.A. and Bremner, J.M. (1969) Use of P-Nitrophenyl Phosphate for Assay of Soil Phosphatase Activity. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 1, 301-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(69)90012-1 [28] Joner, E.J., van Aarde, I.M. and Vosatka, M. (2000) Phosphatase Activity of Extra-Radical Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Hyphae: A Review. Plant and Soil, 226, 199-210.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026582207192 [29] Tazisong, I.A., He, Z. and Senwo, Z.N. (2013) Inorganic and Enzymatically Hydrolyzable Organic Phosphorus of Alabama Decatur Silt Loam Soils Cropped with Upland Cotton. Soil Science, 178, 231-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e31829cf464 [30] Tazisong, I.A., Senwo, Z.N., Taylor, R.W. and He, Z. (2008) Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphates by Commercially Available Phytases: Biocatalytic Potentials and Effects of Ions on their Enzymatic Activities. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 6, 500-505. [31] He, Z.Q., Honeycutt, C.W., Cade-Menun, B.J., Senwo, Z.N. and Tazisong, I.A. (2008) Phosphorus in Poultry Litter and Soil: Enzymatic and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 72, 1425- 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0407 [32] He, Z.Q., Olk, D.C. and Cade-Menun, B.J. (2011) Forms and Lability of Phosphorus in Humic Acid Fractions of Hord Silt Loam Soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75, 1712-1722.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0355 [33] Malcolm, R.E. (1982) Assessment of Phosphatase Activity in Soils. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 15, 403-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(83)90003-2 [34] Murphy, J. and Riley, J.P. (1962) A Modified Single Solution Method for Determination of Phosphate in Natural Waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 27, 31-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5 [35] Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer, L. (2003) Biochemistry. W.H Freeman and Company, New York. [36] Siddiqua, A., Saeed, A., Naz, R., Sherazi, M., Abbas, S. and Saeed, A. (2012) Purification and Biochemical Properties of Acid Phosphatase from Robu Fish Liver. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 14, 223-228. [37] Wyss, M., Brugger, R., Kronenberger, A., Remy, R., Fimbel, R., Oesterhelt, G., Lehmann, M. and van Loon, A.P.G.M. (1998) Biochemical Characterization of Fungal Phytases (Myo-Inositol Hexakisphosphate Phosphohydrolases): Catalytic Properties. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 65, 367-373. [38] Asaduzzaman, A.K.M., Rahman, M.H. and Yeasmin, T. (2011) Purification and Characterization of Acid Phosphatase from a Germinating Black Gram (Vignamungo L.) Seedling. Archives of Biological Science, 63, 747-756. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS1103747A [39] Scott, E.M. (1966) Kinetics Comparison of Genetically Different Acid Phosphatases of Human Erythrocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 241, 3049-3052. [40] Turner, B.L., Baxter, R., Ellwood, N.T.W. and Whitton, B.A. (2001) Characterization of the Phosphatase Activities of Mosses in Relation to their Environment. Plant, Cell and Environment, 24, 1165-1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00767.x [41] Martin, B., Pallen, C.J., Wang, J.H. and Graves, D.J. (1985) Use of Fluorinated Tyrosine Phosphate to Probe the Substrate Specificity of the Low Molecular Weight Phosphate Activity of Calcineurin. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 260, 14932-14937. [42] Wagschal, K., Franqui-Espiet, D., Lee, C.C., Robertson, G.H. and Wong, D.W.S. (2005) Enzyme-Couple Assay for β-Xylosidase Hydrolysis of Natural Substrates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 5318-5323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.9.5318-5323.2005 [43] Nigam, V.N., Davidson, H.M. and Fishman, W.H. (1959) Kinetics of Hydrolysis of the Orthophosphate Monoesters of Phenol, P-Nitrophenol, and Glycerol by Human Prostatic Acid Phosphatase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 234, 1550-1554. [44] Barbara, K.J. and Grisolia, S. (1960) Purification and Properties of a Nonspecific Acid Phosphatase from Wheat Germ. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 235, 2278-2281. [45] Denu, J.M. and Dixson, J.E. (1995) A Catalytic Mechanism for the Dual-Specific Phosphatase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 5910-5914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.13.5910 [46] Wilson, I.B., Dayan, J. and Cyr, K. (1964) Some Properties of Alkaline Phosphatase from Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 239, 4182-4184. [47] Mushak, P. and Coleman, J.E. (1972) Hydrolysis of a Stable Oxygen Ester of Phosphorothioic Acid by Alkaline Phosphatase. Biochemistry, 11, 201-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00752a009