Environmental Efficiency in Water Use in Offshore Platforms in Campos Basin-RJ-Brazil
ABSTRACT
In drilling and production of oil at sea, potable water is most commonly transported to oil platforms using offshore supply vessels (OSV). This transport generates a series of environmental impacts, such as the emission of greenhouse gases and risks to human health. Furthermore, transporting high volumes of water requires large vessels and consequently, very high fuel consumption. To minimise the environmental impacts, water supply options were studied. The desalination of seawater and the reusing of streams from grey water (light and dark) and black water were evaluated and compared with the characteristics of the current supply via OSV. The amount of fuel consumed was collected in the logistics department of the oil company that used the OSVs. Air emissions were quantified using the methodology that the IPCC recommended. The information on the types of sewage treatment was found in the technical manuals from the manufacturers. It was concluded that the reused water could achieve up to 70% reduction in atmospheric emissions, the use of chemicals in the water treatment plant, sludge generation and the consumption of marine diesel fuel for the transport of water. On the other hand, the same reduction can be observed both from the effluent disposal at sea and in the chlorine of the sewage treatment plant. Therefore, the source of water used and the reduction of air emissions can be maintained without impairment of the normal water use in offshore platforms in the Campos Basin. The objective of this study was to diagnose problems related to the current form of water supply, to quantify them and to propose measures for increasing environmental efficiency.
In drilling and production of oil at sea, potable water is most commonly transported to oil platforms using offshore supply vessels (OSV). This transport generates a series of environmental impacts, such as the emission of greenhouse gases and risks to human health. Furthermore, transporting high volumes of water requires large vessels and consequently, very high fuel consumption. To minimise the environmental impacts, water supply options were studied. The desalination of seawater and the reusing of streams from grey water (light and dark) and black water were evaluated and compared with the characteristics of the current supply via OSV. The amount of fuel consumed was collected in the logistics department of the oil company that used the OSVs. Air emissions were quantified using the methodology that the IPCC recommended. The information on the types of sewage treatment was found in the technical manuals from the manufacturers. It was concluded that the reused water could achieve up to 70% reduction in atmospheric emissions, the use of chemicals in the water treatment plant, sludge generation and the consumption of marine diesel fuel for the transport of water. On the other hand, the same reduction can be observed both from the effluent disposal at sea and in the chlorine of the sewage treatment plant. Therefore, the source of water used and the reduction of air emissions can be maintained without impairment of the normal water use in offshore platforms in the Campos Basin. The objective of this study was to diagnose problems related to the current form of water supply, to quantify them and to propose measures for increasing environmental efficiency.
Cite this paper
Duarte, V. , Kiperstok, A. , Queiroz, L. and Torres, E. (2015) Environmental Efficiency in Water Use in Offshore Platforms in Campos Basin-RJ-Brazil. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 614-623. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.78050.
Duarte, V. , Kiperstok, A. , Queiroz, L. and Torres, E. (2015) Environmental Efficiency in Water Use in Offshore Platforms in Campos Basin-RJ-Brazil. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 614-623. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.78050.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/mel.2009.7 [4] Rem Ship (2013) Rem Leader VS 499 LNG PSV Platform Support Vessel.
www.rem-maritime.no [5] Williams, E., Lerner, B. and Murphy, P. (2009) Determination of Emission Factors from Commercial Marine Vessels NOAA/ESRL/CSD, Boulder, CO 80305 and CIRES/University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309.
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http://www.dipelpetroleo.com.br/oleos-diesel.aspx [9] Lima, P.C.R. (2004) Gas Natural: Uma importante alternativa energetica para o Brasil Biblioteca Digital da Camara dos Deputados.
http://www2.camara.leg.br/documentos-e-pesquisa/publicacoes/estnottec/pdf/2004_2717.pdf [10] Dkrz, D.K. (2014) Particulate Matter from Ship Emissions. Regional Chemistry Transport Model: Pollutants from Ship Emissions.
http://www.dkrz.de/about-en/media/galerie/Vis/regional/feinstaub [11] Benkovitz, C.M., Berkowitz, C.M., Easter, R.C., Nemesure, S., Wagener, R. and Schwartz, S.E. (1994) Sulfate over the North Atlantic and Adjacent Continental Regions: Evaluation for October and November 1986 Using a Three-Dimensional Model Driven by Observation-Derived Meteorology. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 20725-20756.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jd01634 [12] Corbett, J.J. and Winebrake, J.J. (2007) Emissions Tradeoffs among Alternate Marine Fuels: Total Fuel Cycle Analysis of Residual Oil, Marine Gas Oil and Marine Diesel Oil. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. [13] Jun, P., Gillenwater, M. and Barbour, W. (2000) CO2, CH4, and N2O Emissions from Transportation-Water-Bourne Navigation.
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_4_Water-borne_Navigation.pdf [14] Brasil, Ministério do Meio Ambiente (2011) RESOLU??O CONAMA No 430 de 13 de Maio de 2011.
http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/agua/praias/res_conama_357_05.pdf [15] IMO, International Maritime Organization (2006) MEPC 159 (55) Revised Guidelines on Implementation of Effluent Standards and Performance Tests for Sewage Treatment Plants. Adopted on 13 October 2006.
http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/Sewage/Documents/
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20USING%20SEAWATER%20REVERSE%20OSMOSIS%20MEMBRANES.pdf [19] Ladewig, B. and Asquith, B. (2011) Desalination Concentrate Management. Springer Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London and New York. [20] Chesters, S.P., Penna, N., Gallego, S., Fazel, M., Armstrong, M. and Del Vigo, F. (2011) Results from 99 Seawater Ro Membrane Autopsies.
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https://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch21.html
[1] Lemos, F. (2013) Personal Communication. [2] Sanabra, M.C., Santamaría, J.J.U. and De Osés, F.X.M. (2013) Manoeuvring and Hotelling External Costs: Enough for Alternative Energy Sources? Maritime Policy & Management: The Flagship Journal of International Shipping and Port Research.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03088839.2013.782441#.UhumC9K-owA [3] Aas, B., Sr, ?. and Wallace S.W. (2009) The Role of Supply Vessels in Offshore Logistics. Molde University College, The Norwegian School of Logistics. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 11, 302-325.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/mel.2009.7 [4] Rem Ship (2013) Rem Leader VS 499 LNG PSV Platform Support Vessel.
www.rem-maritime.no [5] Williams, E., Lerner, B. and Murphy, P. (2009) Determination of Emission Factors from Commercial Marine Vessels NOAA/ESRL/CSD, Boulder, CO 80305 and CIRES/University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309.
http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/conference/ei17/session4/williams.pdf [6] Eyring, V., Isa, I., Berntsenc, T., Collins, W.J., Corbett, J.J., Endresenf, O., Grainger, R.G., Moldanova, J., Schlage, H. and Stevensoni, D.S. (2009) Transport Impacts on Atmosphere and Climate: Shipping. Atmospheric Environment.
http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/~dstevens/publications/eyring_ae09.pdf [7] Eyring, V., Corbett, J.J., Lee, D.S. and Winebrake, J.J. (2007) Brief Summary of the Impact of Ship Emissions on Atmospheric Composition, Climate, and Human Health.
http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/~VeronikaEyring/Eyringetal_IMOBriefSummary_FINAL.pdf [8] Petróleo, D. (2009) óleo Diesel Marítimo.
http://www.dipelpetroleo.com.br/oleos-diesel.aspx [9] Lima, P.C.R. (2004) Gas Natural: Uma importante alternativa energetica para o Brasil Biblioteca Digital da Camara dos Deputados.
http://www2.camara.leg.br/documentos-e-pesquisa/publicacoes/estnottec/pdf/2004_2717.pdf [10] Dkrz, D.K. (2014) Particulate Matter from Ship Emissions. Regional Chemistry Transport Model: Pollutants from Ship Emissions.
http://www.dkrz.de/about-en/media/galerie/Vis/regional/feinstaub [11] Benkovitz, C.M., Berkowitz, C.M., Easter, R.C., Nemesure, S., Wagener, R. and Schwartz, S.E. (1994) Sulfate over the North Atlantic and Adjacent Continental Regions: Evaluation for October and November 1986 Using a Three-Dimensional Model Driven by Observation-Derived Meteorology. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 20725-20756.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jd01634 [12] Corbett, J.J. and Winebrake, J.J. (2007) Emissions Tradeoffs among Alternate Marine Fuels: Total Fuel Cycle Analysis of Residual Oil, Marine Gas Oil and Marine Diesel Oil. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. [13] Jun, P., Gillenwater, M. and Barbour, W. (2000) CO2, CH4, and N2O Emissions from Transportation-Water-Bourne Navigation.
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_4_Water-borne_Navigation.pdf [14] Brasil, Ministério do Meio Ambiente (2011) RESOLU??O CONAMA No 430 de 13 de Maio de 2011.
http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/agua/praias/res_conama_357_05.pdf [15] IMO, International Maritime Organization (2006) MEPC 159 (55) Revised Guidelines on Implementation of Effluent Standards and Performance Tests for Sewage Treatment Plants. Adopted on 13 October 2006.
http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/Sewage/Documents/
Resolution%20MEPC.159-55.pdf [16] Trozzi, C. (2011) Emission Estimate Methodology for Maritime Navigation. Roma.
http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/conference/ei19/session10/trozzi.pdf [17] Upsher, F.J. and Fletcher, L.E. (1996) Review of Chlorine and Organohalides and Their Significance to the Royal Australian Navy.
http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/handle/1947/3916 [18] Franks, R., Wilf, M., Voutchkov, N., Murkute, P. and Kizer, J. (2011) A Pilot Study Using Seawater Osmosis Membranes in Combination with Various Pretreatments to Meet the Challenges of Pacific Seawater Desalination.
http://www.membranes.com/docs/papers/New%20Folder/A%20PILOT%20STUDY%
20USING%20SEAWATER%20REVERSE%20OSMOSIS%20MEMBRANES.pdf [19] Ladewig, B. and Asquith, B. (2011) Desalination Concentrate Management. Springer Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London and New York. [20] Chesters, S.P., Penna, N., Gallego, S., Fazel, M., Armstrong, M. and Del Vigo, F. (2011) Results from 99 Seawater Ro Membrane Autopsies.
http://www.genesysro.com/uploads/docs/PER11–297.pdf [21] Guasp, R.E., Jara, C.P.B., Garcia, J., Veja, J.P., Damien, T., Winkle, C. and Smith, H.H. (2005) Desalination by Distillation.
https://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch21.html